With the rapid development of economic globalization and regional integration,studying the Shanghai urban tourism under the background of the Yangtze River Delta and exploring the interaction between urban tourism and regional tourism will exert head and demonstration effects on further investigation.By analyzing the challenges Shanghai urban tourism faced,the scale and structure of the tourism cities system in the Yangtze River Delta,and surveying the degree of spatial discrimination and connection degree of tourism economy of these cities,the author assumes that the interaction between Shanghai urban tourism and tourism of the Yangtze River Delta should take the following steps to promote the interactive development: firstly,setting up the network of the core cities (Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou);secondly,establishing a great tourism system of the Yangtze River Delta by networking industry,market,organization,service and the other subnets;finally,building a tourism regional complex which includes Shanghai urban tourism and regional tourism of the Yangtze River Delta.

This study examines a new regional entity of Nanjing cityregion and its governance under the perspective of new regionalism.After tracing the building of Nanjing cityregion，it is found that cityregion is a form of new regionalism in China.This research has the following findings：（1） Building Nanjing cityregion is a process from government to governance，as it involves nonstate organizations and private sectors in the decisionmaking；（2） In the making of Nanjing cityregion，seeking regional identity and visioning can be identified，which are starting points for regional coordination；（3）Intercity cooperation is greatly enhanced among cities in the Nanjing cityregion，including tourism and city promotion and building transportation networks.In addition，this study also differentiates new regionalism in Nanjing cityregion from those in western countries.Finally，this study argues that Nanjing cityregion is a new governance scalar upon the existing regional institution and political geography.The experiences of building Nanjing cityregion will shed light on regional coordination and coordinated planning.

The paper adopts the methods of cumulative anomaly and nonparametric tests to analyze the change of maximum water level (MWL) of Taihu Lake from 1954 to 1999,and detect its relation to the climate change.The change of Taihu Lake MWL can be divided into two periods with 1980s as the demarcation:the MWL decreased before the 80s and increased after the 80s.Meiyu and tropic cyclone directly influence on the variation of MWL,and it is indicated by Wilcoxon test that the change of MWL is closely correlated to western north pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM),while the correlation is not significant between minimum water level and WNPSM.Kendall’s test verified the consistency among the changes of MWL and climate factors.The MWL increased very fast after the 80s,human activities play an important role in this process.The anthropogenic activities such as river network change,lake reclamation and land use change were investigated about their role in the MWL change of Taihu Lake.The paper comes to the conclusion that the rise of Taihu MWL is still mainly determined by climate change factors,while human activities deteriorate the situations of MWL rise,and will play a more important role in the process.

Based on annual precipitation observed data of the 79 county and city weather stations of the part correspondence over Poyang Lake basin in Jiangxi Province during 1960~2006,method of linear regression was used to study separately three essential factor change tendencies of annual precipitation,number of rain days and number of heavy rain days and so on in five major basins.Mann method has been carried on the significance test of change tendency.Ratio of departure and meansquare deviation which achieves 15 and 20 is as climatic anomalies test rating.Abnormity inspection to various time series of various basins had been carried out.Using the MannKendall Method to carry on the mutation test to various time series,results are summarized as below：（1）Annual precipitation change tendency of various basins is consistent.The correlation between annual precipitation and annual rainstorm day number is close.In Rao River basin where the precipitation intensity is larger than others there are more heavy precipitation events.Precipitation temporal distribution is relatively even in middle reaches basin of Ganjiang River,where strong precipitation events are fewer.（2）In various basins,time series of annual precipitation and rainstorm day number all display undulation escalation trend.Since 90s exceptionally more probabilities of rainstorm day number have been obvious.（3）Number of annual precipitation day showed undulatory increase before the middle of the 1980s and undulatory decline after the middle of the 1980s.Since 2002 trend of number of rain days has been obviously decreased in all river basins.（4）In various basins,annual precipitation,the precipitation day number and the rainstorm day number have not appeared trendy mutation.（5）Imbalance of annual precipitation temporal distribution is aggravating in Poyang Lake basin in recent 50 years, which leads dry and waterlogged disaster risk increasing.

Annual and seasonal variations analyzed by linear tendency estimate and MannKendall test of 20 cmpan evaporation of 32 meteorological stations over the YangtzeHuaihe River in Anhui Province from 1963 to 2007 indicated a significant negative trend (-65.3 mm/10 a，confidence level of 001).The jump point of the evaporation happened in 1976,and the obvious variation in 1982.The most remarkable decrease happened in summer.The evaporation had a significant negative trend of 24 stations and a positive trend (confidence level of 005) of only 1 station,which shows a spatial declining trend of more in North and less in South.Combining with other research on the impact climate factors of pan evaporation (7 factors:temperature，sunshine duration，daily temperature rang,wind speed，relative humidity，precipitation and lowcloud),the main result indicated as follows:(1)the annual temperature increased and pan evaporation decreased,therefore the “pan evaporation paradox” actually existed in Anhui Province,but the correlation between temperature and pan evaporation was not significant;(2)the pan evaporation had significant negative correlation with the sunlight，daily temperature range and wind speed，meanwhile the lowcloud cover,precipitation and relative humidity may also play an important role in an unknown mechanism.

The influence of Australian cold air activities on precipitation of middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River within main flood season is studied initially by using statistical methods of spectrum.Moreover,the West Pacific Subtropical High affects grievously the above influence.The data root in Australian 700 hPa analytical temperature and precipitation of middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River.Conclusions are as follows:During summer season of China a 77 days period of the temperature alteration of Australian day to day and rainfall of the middle-lower reaches of the Changjiang River occurs in wet year,this means that there is a remote correlation of 77 days between them and they have inphase surging in the 77day period.Besides,Australian cold air activities affect rainfall of the middlelower reaches of Yangtze River after 73 days.The affecting processes are:when Australian cold air activity is stronger,WPSH moves northward and the middlelower reaches of Yangtze River is sunny and controlled by WPSH;when Australian cold air activity weakens,WPSH moves southward and the middlelower reaches of Yangtze River locate on the edge of WPSH with rainy days.To some extent the abovementioned conclusions provide forecasting foundation during main flood season of the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River.

The utilizable water resources of Shangluo aren’t sufficient to water requirement with the population and social economy development, and the contradiction between water supply and water demand is changing into more acute. Based on the development and utilization of water resources of Shangluo, for mitigating the tension of water supply and water demand, the restricting factors of water resources were studied, including the shortage of water supply, declining water quality and low utilization efficiency of water resources. Taking 2005 as a basic year, the water demand and water supply volumes in year 2010 and 2020 were forecasted by using quota method, and the balance between water supply and water demand in Shangluo was analyzed. It shows that the shortage of water supply is the key restricting factors of water resources. Then according to the restricting factors, the utilization countermeasures and measures of realizing the balance between the water supply and water demand are proposed by construction the new source engineering, development of watersaving agriculture, construction watersaving urban and increasing reuse of sewage, which are creating chance for the social economy development.

Currently,watershed management has become a tried and true mode in most countries and regions of the world.Watershed management has been constantly explored by most countries,and both the theory and the practice of river basin management have been greatly enriched.However,watershed management is still in the initial stage of exploration in our country.Therefore,how to learn the foreign successful experience in watershed management in order to form an effective watershed management model in our country has been one of the major tasks in water resources management.In order to provide some useful lessons to domestic watershed management practice,this paper summarized the successful experience and the existing problems of three representative watershed management modes,that is the Tennessee River watershed management mode,Australia MurrayDarling River watershed management model and the Thames River watershed management model in British.This paper took Yalong River hydropower development as an example.The authors first conducted a comprehensive analysis of the actual situation in Yalong River watershed.Second,River watershed and the three foreign watersheds were compared.Third,the authors adequately took the successful experience in watershed management model of the three foreign watersheds for reference to put forward the relevant measures and suggestion to the Yalong River watershed management.

As an important part of renewable energy,biomass energy plays an important role in replacing other kinds of energy,protecting the environment,reducing carbon emission,increasing farmers’ income.With Hubei Province which is poor in resources and energy as the object,this paper studies the cultivation of market environment for biomass energy development,which is fairly representative.Through indepth study on current situation of the raw material market,product market and technology market of biomass energy,it is found that imperfect development of biomass energy policies and regulations,incomplete market protection mechanism,lack of public awareness,unsmooth investment and financing system,difficult technological and research innovation are the factors restricting the development of biomass energy industry.Therefore,the paper advances suggestion of cultivating the market environment for the development of biomass energy in three aspects.With regard to the policies and regulations,it is necessary for government to establish protective policies as the supplementary force to control and regulate the market and to define the direction of biomass energy development.As to the supervision system,it is required to set up strict market access standard for biomass energy and the effective pricing mechanism,so as to prevent the overdevelopment of biomass energy.And for the enterprise operation and management,it is necessary to carry out enterprises cluster strategy and improve core competitiveness.

Based on the study on land ecosystem service value in China，the value of different land use type is modified according to the development of ecoenvironment and social economy in Wanzhou，Chongqing City.The modified value is taken as the ecologic economic parameter of decision making variable in grey linear programming of land use structures.And the optimization of land use structures by grey linear programming is studied by taken Wanzhou as a case.The results show that the cultivated land area in Wanzhou will slightly decreased while the construction land will slightly increased，forest land will increased dramatically，and it is difficult to improve the ecosystem service value by single increasing the wetland area.Grassland ecological restoration and increasing orchard area will improve the ecosystem service value by comprehensive treatment of geological hazards and soil loss.The ecosystem service theory value in Wanzhou is 11.89 billion yuan each year，the correction value is 10.64 billion yuan each year，and the present value is 9.65 billion yuan each year.This shows the ecological restoration has good economical efficiency.The optimization of land use structures based on ecosystem service value could satisfy the development of social economy with land demand，and realized the benefit of ecology and economy inphase，the study supported a new way to solve the key technical problem in land use programming in China.

To ascertain the quantity,habitat distribution and population dynamic of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus),a random sampling survey and native visit on wild population resources and its dynamics were conducted in Yanxia Natural Reserves of Guizhou province,China,in June of 2006,August and October of 2007.The results show that contribution of wild giant salamanders manly concentrates in a small region where is a water network consisted of underground water area and surface aquatic system.In terms of temporal dynamic of population,the quantity decreased sharply in 80s and trended to stable after the middle of 90s in last century.Due to habitat loss or human’s disturb,there were few places in surface aquatic system suiting giant salamander and the range of habitat has dwindled into underground water area.A great quantity of young giant salamanders (hatched at Sept.or Oct.annually) in breeding cavern Longdong streamed out with water from Xiyejing in annual winter,which maybe relate with water temperature,period of growth or population density.According to the breeding characteristics of giant salamander recorded from other researches and quantities streamed from breeding cavern,it was calculated that the population density was about 0085 kg/m2 and the gross of resource was 1 700 kg.Because of exterior endangered factors,the habitats and quantity of giant salamanders have been suffering destruction and decline,so it is very urgent to enhance the conservation and management of resources.

It is very important for Chinese agricultural competitiveness in the international market in the future to promote the transfer of farmers’ land and to improve the utilization of land resources.The paper begins with a brief introduction to the research status of factors influencing farmers’ land transfer,then it analyzes the farmers’ behavior of land transfer from empirical study basing on field questionnaires completed by 142 farmers which were randomly selected from four villages in Gaoyou and Xinghua County of Jiangsu Province,China.Two models for studying such behavior and its corresponding land area were set up using probit and tobit regressive method.Result shows that the higher the level of security farmers’ family has the greater likelihood farmers will transfer out their land and its corresponding areas.The more agricultural labor force farmers have the more likelihood they will transfer land in.On the contrary,the more nonagricultural labor forces they have the more area of farmland will transfer out.The low level of farmers’ family security and the limitative chances for nonagricultural job are likely the most important factors impeding the development of land rental markets.

Raising pigs massively is a way of producing specialization and the development trend of agriculture industrialization managing. If the excrements from piggery can’t be handled appropriately and used fully,the environment will be damaged seriously.There are a lot of the biological energy and the nutriments,such as NH3,P2O5,K2O and so on,in the excrements.Development of the ecological agricultures of“AgricultureForestryFishery”by making full use of the outputs in the methanegenerating pits through the fermentation of excrements from piggery not only can promote the countryside economy,increase the peasant’s income,but also can protect the ecological environment.The modes of production,the rules of operation,the structures of system and benefits of ecological agriculture based on utilizing the excrements from the small,medium and large piggeries have been analyzed separately.The results in research show that the governments must enhance the management for the excrements from piggeries and formulate the preferential policies for development of the ecological agriculture,and that pigraising families must establish social responsibility of saving the resources and protecting the environment in order to promote development of the ecological agricultures.

Undoubtly Strategic Environmental Assessment(SEA)currently is the front topic in the environmental assessment;however,the uncertainty exists in the area of SEA in a large scale.And as a result,a large number of obstacles and hindrances emerge from the existence of uncertainty.On the foundation of the introduction of uncertainty for SEA,an effective and efficient framework for SEA based on uncertainty analysis was introduced in this paper.The framework for replying to the uncertainty of SEA from management aspects includes SEA early involvement in the planning period,interactive of work procedure,integration of strategy designing with SEA,followup evaluation.Through the implementation of this management framework the following problems have been solved:how to confront uncertainty of SEA and reduce it,as a result,it could enhance the evaluation of effectiveness of SEA which meets the need of SEA.The framework was then employed to assess the regional development strategy for Chengnan New Zone in Jintan City,China.The result indicated that Planning Environmental Impact Assessment (PEIA) early involvement and integrating urban planning with its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can consider the elements of uncertainty in the planning and environmental factors in a timely and systematical manner at the beginning of planning period. Furthermore,it could provide the establishment 〖JP2〗and implementation of the future planning more scientific and objective environmental protection〖JP〗 measures and policy proposals could be put forword,which were acceptable by the planning agency.In other words,the framework was quite feasible and practical for the comprehensive environmental assessment of development plan.

The characteristics of seasonal change for pollutants in the urban river can reflect the intensity and mode of human activities.It is effective to control pollutants by studying the rule of these changes.Based on the analysis of the total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),organic matter (OM) and heavy metals in the sediments of Tonglv River in different polluted areas,the seasonal characteristics of the different areas of the urban river are showed.In No.1 area where TN,TP,OM and heavy metals are the highest in winter seasonal changes are obvious.In No.2 area,the contents of Cu,Zn are the highest of all the areas.In No.3 area,the contents of Pb,Cr,Cd are the highest of all the areas.It shows that the characteristics of seasonal changes are not so obvious in No.2 and No.3 areas because of the inconstant anthropogenic input.In No.4 area,the contents of pollutants are the lowest and TN,TP,OM,heavy metals are higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer.Studies of the correlation between elements indicate that there is a good consistency between TN and OM,but it is various between OM and heavy metals.It is indicated that pollutants in sediments are disturbed markedly by human beings in urban rivers.

In order to study the characteristics and change rules of the urban heat island (UHI) over complex terrain and to provide reference for urban ecological environment analysis,this article converts the blackbody temperature field into the potential temperature field of the area studied with reference to the thermodynamic concepts and models and with the altitude 300 m as the reference height,based on the digital elevation model (DEM) and fourteen NOAA/AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data in 2006 in Chongqing.The results are the following:(1)Intensity of temperature field changes in mountains and valleys;cooling effect of vegetation on the surface is obvious;the scope of UHI is larger in Chongqing in the daytime,the function of the Yangtze River and Jialing River valley’s cutting and separating actions on the UHI is remarkable,and the UHI on both banks of Jialing River becomes a whole body and the scope reduces at night; (2)There are several centers of UHI between July 25 to July 26.Their maximum intensities in the afternoon and early in the morning are respectively 64℃ and 22℃ and the average intensity respectively 605℃ and 205℃.And in such centers,the average intensity between the daytime and the night is 405℃; (3)Average maximum intensities between summer and autumn are respectively 523℃ and 329℃ during day and night; (4)The urban heat island intensity in the daytime is bigger than that at night in Chongqing,which is similar with the study results in Chengdu.But the average maximum intensity between summer and autumn is 426℃,which is lower than that of 650℃ in Chengdu.