In recent 20 years,cultivated land area is decreasing quickly along with fast economic development in Hubei Province,which will cause potential effect to food security strategy of China.Gross domestic product,total investment of fixed assets,urbanization level and cultivated land area are selected as the four major factors for analysis in this paper.The correlations of cultivated land area decrease and economic development in Hubei Province from 1990 to 2007 were discussed in details as the major subject by contrast analysis and least squares approach.The study shows a negative correlation between economic growth and the available cultivated land,and cultivated land area decrease was impacted mostly by the economic development in recent 20 years in Hubei Province.Change of 9298% in cultivated land resource occupied can be illustrated because of the growth of gross domestic product,total investment of fixed assets and urbanization level.But along with economic growth and level improvement of intensive land use,unit land cost of economic growth will show a downward trend.In addition,cultivated land area decrease was higher in developed area and plain area than in underdeveloped area and upland area.So in the future,it should be emphasized more to use land intensively by scientific planning and protect high quality cultivated land by economic measure and benefit compensation.The analytical results and conclusions of this paper will not only provide scientific basis for the rational use and effective protection of cultivated land in Hubei Province,but also provide an important reference for further study on cultivated land resources changed in other regions of China during economic development.

The urban social economic development possesses characteristics of system,dynamics and complication.Applying system dynamics method to establish models can depict systemic nonlinear structure and dynamic characteristics adequately and predict the trend of economic development with the restriction of environment.Based on the analysis of the structure including economic development and environmental protection in Suzhou,the system dynamics model composed of the economic subsystem and environmental subsystem was established.Three developing modes were designed with the adjustment parameters of ratios of fixed assets and labors in the three industrial sectors,pollutants emitted per 10 thousand Yuan of industrial output value and the proportion of environmental investigation,and the optimum one was the coordinated developing mode of economy and environment.From the comparison among the three modes,two suggestions are submitted for the government of Suzhou: firstly,the structure of industry should be optimized and the tertiary industry must be taken more efforts on it; secondly, the ratio of the investigation on environmental protection should be increased while the control of pollutant emission per unit of industrial output value is necessary. These two aspects should be paid the same importance to achieve the harmony development of economy and environment in Suzhou.

Characteristics of reproductive biology of 〖WTBX〗Tridentiger trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 at the Yangtze estuary were studied. The results show as follows:(1)Morphological traits between male and female 〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 are different.Relative fatnesses of male and female 〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 are 347±036 and 217±052,respectively.The ratio value of body length and body height,body length and head length,head length and eye diameter,head length and eye distance have significantly different between male and female.(2)〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 spawns in the summer from March to July,and main from April to June.The individual absolute fecundity is 12 6892 eggs and body length relative fecundity is 2069 eggs/mm.(3)The egg is circular and its diameter ranges from 0482 to 0606 mm.The sperm consists of round head with 098±012 μm of the long diameter and 728±106 μm flagellum.(4)〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 spawns in burrows and the nest will be protected by male fish.(5)The shape of fertilized eggs looks like a pear or a shuttle and there is an adhesive filament disc on the external eggmembrane of the animal pole. Fertilization rate under artificial and natural condition are 7858% and 8384%,respectively.Normally,embryo can develop under the temperature condition from 17 to 25℃ and hatch time depending on water temperature.In theory the sum of effective temperature of embryonic development is 3 1283 h·℃.Reproductive biology and abundance of 〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 may be affected by environment change of the Yangtze River estuary.

ridentiger trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗,a smallsized fish species widely distributed in the Yangtze estuary,feeds on benthic organisms;contrarily it is preyed by largesized carnivorous fishes.Thus,it plays an important role in the food chain of the Yangtze estuarine ecosystem.Early life stages of many fish species are sensitive to heavy metal pollution.As industrial development,heavy metal pollution has become a problem in the Yangtze estuarine area.However,the studies of toxicology of heavy metal ions to the early life of 〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 are scarce.In this study,the effects of Cu2+,Zn2+and Pb2+ on four early developmental periods,i.e.,fertilized egg to hatching stage,organogenesis stage to hatching stage,eyed stage to hatching stage and larval stage of 〖WTBX〗T.trigonocephalus〖WTBZ〗 were investigated.Experimental results showed that the intensity of toxic effects of 3 heavy metal ions was Cu2+>Zn2+>Pb2+.Toxic symptom of embryo was body curvature,body atrophy,body deformity and pericardial tumefaction.At the beginning of toxicosis larvae moved acutely,and then gradually became weak.The head and body of some experimental larvae appeared curving.The safety concentration of Cu2+,Zn2+ and Pb2+ to the early larvae was 0010 mg/L,0136 mg/L and 0167 mg/L,respectively.The purpose of this study is to provide information that may help to evaluate pollution effects on early life stages of fishes,and to provide guidance for the conservation of important fish species in the Yangtze estuary.
 

Central China is core area of  multicultural civilization，strategic hinterland and traffic arteries.It is necessity to carry on boom strategy in a timely manner in central China for national benefits.Moreover,the development of tourism attractions,as a foundation of the development of tourism,is significant.Statistical data of tourism attractions were collected and literature review was summarized and analyzed in this paper.The conclusions are introduced from the number of tourist attractions,the level of quality,capacity and level of operation,management status,the characteristics of spatial distribution,as well as attraction types,by comparing eastern China with western China,as follows.The distribution of 1A4A grade tourism attractions are balanced,but overall percentage of is low;The total quantity of tourists is medium but inbound tourists are few;the incomes and profits are high but the average profit and operating profit margin are low;geographical distribution is uneven between provinces;the main types of tourism attractions are natural landscape and ancient heritages,less recreation attractions and resorts are developed.Accordingly，a development strategy of updating and increasing tourism attractions and the concept of cultural brands,regional division and cooperation,unitary marketing are brought in and discussed.

This article analyzed the value orientation and management system for tourism development in the U.S.national park system.The result indicates the U.S.national park system has provided Americans wellpreserved heritage resources,comfortable and ecological recreation environment,promoted patriotism education.Moreover,the public service of national parks improved the national cohesion.In contrast,the national reserve system in China has got caught with the deficiency of core beliefs for development,overlapping of organization functions,weak legal system,insufficient funds for maintenance and management,absence of public service awareness.To that end,the paper concluded,China need to change the economicoriented tourism development in national reserves and adjust the institution arrangement as follows:strictly control the admission of national reserves and remake a new list of national reserves;improve existing laws to ensure the protection of all the heritages with national significance;press ahead with the“giant department”reform to realize unified management for national reserve system;launch a mechanism of selection through competition to limit the quantitative increase of reserves,and concentrate the state financial input on the reserves in urgent need of protection;introduce aboriginal people’s plans to push on the progress of culture protection and social justice;promote the personnel quality for national reserves and provide a scientific and educational interpretative system for every reserve to realize the patriotism education functions for the national reserve system.

The distributed hydrological model has become the key issues of hydrology research based on the GIS and RS technology now.This paper introduces the VIC model and SWAT model from the interdisciplinary aspect of hydrology and meteorology.The two models were applied to Bailian River Valley of Hubei province to discuss its adaptability in flow simulation of the midsmall valley.Combined with DEM,vegetation and soil data,through model preprocessing,the framework of VIC model and SWAT model in Bailian river valley was established.The results show that the simulation difference of the VIC model and SWAT model is very small,the efficiency coefficient and correlation coefficient of the SWAT model are higher than that of the VIC model,and the annual simulation effect of the SWAT model is more average.But the simulation effect of the VIC model is better in 1995 and 1999 than in the other years;especially the flood simulation result is great distinct from the fact measure data in 2002,which lead to the whole lowness efficiency coefficient,the flood simulation result of the SWAT model approaches the actual data.The two distributed hydrological models can reflect the daily flow hydrological process of the basin on the whole and can be adaptable for the valley.

In mountainous region,debrisflow bottomland is a precious soil resource with wide and flat terrain,good hydrothermal condition and greatly potential land productivity.Therefore,the exploitation and utilization of debrisflow bottomland for agricultural development can help to improve the status of socioeconomy and ecoenvironment.In this paper，on the base of field investigation,experimental analysis and RS and GIS technologies,the principles and basis for reclaiming agriculture from debrisflow bottomland were expounded on systematically,an equation of the relationship between human and livestock consumption and bottomland yield was established,the socioeconomic and ecological benefits of developing debrisflow bottomland were calculated and countermeasures of agricultural development from debrisflow bottomland  were explored through a case of Jiangjia Gually in the upper reaches of Xiaojiang Basin.From this research,the following results and conclusions are got:(1) the established equation can effectively assess the socioeconomic and ecological benefits of reclaiming agriculture from debrisflow bottomland and reflect the ecoenvironmental characteristics of a certain valley;(2) the debrisflow bottom of Jiangjia Gully can yield more than 5 million Yuan economic benefits of agriculture every year,which can provide 338 tons of marketable grain production except for producing grain to feed 6 418 persons of the whole valley,so it is an important approach to develop rural socioeconomy in the impoverished region by exploiting and utilizing the debrisflow land for agriculture;(3) it is necessary to comprehensively exploit and utilize the bottomland of debrisflow area for agricultural development,as well as to strengthen debrisflow disaster prevention and control and enhance consciousness of disaster prevention and mitigation.

Taking Xitiaoxi catchment located in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake basin as a case，the land use scenario in 2020 is simulated by applying CLUES model and Markov model with the spatial data of land use in 1985 and 2002 and the driving factors affecting land use change.Based on the forecasted land use map of 2020，the temporal and spatial patterns of land use are investigated with landscape metrics from both class and landscape levels.The results reveal that the significant characteristics of land use change in the future will be the increase of construction land and the decrease of farmland and forest land.In the future，the landscape metrics in the study area will change greatly.In the landscape level，patch number，patch density，diversity and evenness index and shape indices all increase，while the average patch area decreases.It indicates that the landscape is fragmenting，the patch shape is becoming more complicated，and the land use will advance toward diversity and homogenization.Moreover，the landscape heterogeneity varies with different kinds of landscapes，indicating the complexity of landscape ecosystem.

Water was turbid within the Yangtze River while clear within Poyang Lake at their confluence for a long time.Recently，such situation however no longer exists，and it has been replaced by clear water within the Yangtze River and turbid water within Poyang Lake.This inversion of clearturbid water in Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River has gained extensive attentions，however few researchers analyzed systemically the causes of this phenomenon.This paper，with the supporting of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat images，analyzed the starting time and causes of inversion of clearturbid water in Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River.The water clarities derived from MODIS images within the Yangtze River and the northern Poyang Lake revealed that the water clarity of the northern Poyang Lake was higher than that of the Yangtze River before 2004，the water clarity of the Yangtze River，however，was higher than that of the northern Poyang Lake in 2005 and 2006 and the inversion of clearturbid water occurred；The comparison of synchronous water clarities of the Yangtze River and northern Poyang Lake showed that the inversion was influenced doubly by the increased water clarity of the Yangtze River and the declined one of northern Poyang Lake，in which the change of water clarity of northern Poyang Lake played one important role；The number of dredging and shipping vessels derived from Landsat images and its relation with the water clarity of northern Poyang Lake showed that the dredging activities starting in 2001 in northern Poyang Lake resulted in the prominent decline of water clarity in this region.

With the increasingly obvious eutrophication in Three Gorges Reservoir after impounding water in 2003，more importance was attached to Nonpoint Source (NPS) pollution control.Resting on the ecoenvironment investigation in 2004 and 2005，characteristics of NPS pollutant influx and cause of the pollutants were studied for Three Gorges Reservoir and its upstream watershed (Three Gorges region).Administrative strategies for the pollution were also discussed.As a result，NPS contributes much more than point source in the total pollutant influx.Concerning the spatial distribution，upstream rivers take a dominant proportion.As to the nutrient behavior in the eutrophication，the effect of nitrogen on the water is mainly through dissolved nitrogen.In contrast，the effect of phosphorus is through particles.In view of the occurrence of NPS pollutant，four main characteristics are addressed.The vulnerable ecosystem and improper land use firstly aid a lot to the soil erosion and pollutant transfer.Furthermore，rapid developing rural economy and backward farming technology increase the risk of NPS pollution.Combined with practical situation of Three Gorges region，particular strategies are finally put forward including partitioned area management，treatment project implementation，ecoeconomy development and cultivating administration.