The paper analyzed the relation between energy consumption and economic growth with the conceptual model of relative “delinking” and “relinking”,cointegration techniques and Grangercausality test based on annual data from 1990 to 2005 in Jiangsu Province.The results showed that there was weak delinking between energy consumption and economic growth during the years 1990～2000,but in recent years,the trend in Jiangsu Province was an expansive relinking of energy consumption from economic growth.The study also found that energy consumption and economic growth was cointegrated and there was only unidirectional Granger causality running from energy consumption to real GDP，but not the vice versa.The estimation results are of policy implication on economic growth and energy strategies for Jiangsu Province.〖

This article analyzed the characteristics of an effective ecological plan,and laid out four criteria to evaluate effectiveness of an ecological plan,namely the goal accomplishment,the netbenefits of plan,public satisfaction and appropriately controlled implementation process.Based on this concept,an multiplevalue oriented index system was established,which involved multiple value orientation of different stakeholders and three subsystems,the planning process,the implementation process and the outcome of plan.In the third part,the index system mentioned above was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of ecocity construction plan in Taicang County of Suzhou City，which showed that this analytical approach is feasible and operable in practical condition.Suggestions to improve the effectiveness of ecological plan and build longterm management system for ecological plan in China were also proposed in the final part.〖

Presently,our country’s economy is at an important and historic stage,when industrialization and urbanization have massively increased,and economic development is in bad need for energy.Inevitably,the economic growth will lead to a rapid increase in energy consumption.However,due to China’s energy distribution and the uneven economic distribution,interregional energy 〖JP2〗consumption levels vary considerably〖JP〗.In order to clarify the status of energy consumption and the regional disparity among every provinces of China,this paper selected unit GDP energy consumption,unit industrial added value energy consumption and the relevant economic indices in China in 2007,to analyze the situation of energy consumption from the aspects of economic development and the energy industry value of corresponding provinces GDP.The results showed that:as provinces economy developed,〖JP2〗the unit GDP energy consumption〖JP〗 and industrial value added energy consumption became lower;economically backward provinces 〖JP2〗had a higher unit GDP energy〖JP〗 consumption and industrial value added energy consumption;the more the energy industry value of corresponding provinces GDP,the higher unit energy consumption index.From the above results,the model of unit GDP consumption and the structure model among the industrial added value (IAV) energy consumption,economic development and the proportion of energy industry value in the GDP were made in this study.Based on the unit GDP consumption and the unit IAV energy consumption,provinces of China were divided into four kinds,and a matrix was constructed.Finally,the causes of energy consumption status were analyzed and some effective suggestions were put forward.

Sizefractionated chlorophylla of phytoplankton and water quality variables were investigated monthly from June 2005 to May 2006 in Dianshan Lake.Results showed that the chlorophylla concentration of microphytoplankton (20～200 um) and nanophytoplankton (2～20 um) were main contributors to the annual mean of chlorophylla in Dianshan Lake,both accounting for 7479%.Seasonal variations of percentages of all sizefractionated chlorophylla were closely related with seasonal succession of phytoplankton community structure.Percentage of microphytoplankton chlorophylla peaked in spring,while that of nano,picophytoplankton peaked in autumn and winter,respectively.Bivariate correlation analysis showed that percentage of microphytoplankton chlorophylla was correlated positively with NH3N,while that of nanophytoplankton〖JP〗 was correlated negatively with NH3N.〖JP2〗Percentage of picophytoplankton chlorophylla was correlated negatively with BOD5,significantly.Correspondingly,the feasibility of nonclassic biomanipulation in controlling algal bloom in Dianshan Lake on the basis of feeding habits of aquatic animals such as filtering fish was also discussed

Based on the investigation on resources of old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area,a composite index system for landscape evaluation of old and famous trees was built from the aesthetic values,ecological values and resources requirement values，and the old and famous trees were evaluated by analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) method．The results showed that,tree gesture was the most influential factor for landscape evaluation of old and famous trees by this evaluation system,followed by interesting legends,color,plant season change,etc.From all of the 449 old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area,14 plants belong to extremely high level,accounting for 312% of total;84 plants belong to high level,accounting for 1871%;217 plants belong to medium,accounting for 4833%;123 plants belong to poor,accounting for 2739%;11 plants belong to very poor,accounting for 245%.The species with higher landscape value are 〖WTBX〗Ginkgo biloba,Pinus taiwanensis,Osmamthus fragrans,Diospyros glaucifolia,Lindera megaphylla,Acer buergerianum,Emmenopterys henryi,Lindera erythrocarpa〖WTBZ〗,and the scenic spots are Taibaishutang,Ganlusi and Tonghuisi.〖

Stand spatial structure shows the distribution pattern of trees and their spatial relationship in tree species,size,and distribution and so on.It decides the competition and spatial niche of the trees,and decides the stability,development probability and spatial size in management of the stand to a great extent.The aim of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of the stand spatial structure and species diversity of〖WTBX〗 Quercus acutissima〖WTBZ〗 mixed forest,and to provide the theory basis for stand spatial structure adjustment and species diversity protection.Stand spatial structure and species diversity of 〖WTBX〗Q. acutissima〖WTBZ〗 mixed forest in Qingyang county of Anhui Province,China were analyzed using three spatial structure parameters(mingling,neighborhood comparison,uniform angle index),Species richness,ShannonWiener and Pielou etc.The results showed that 〖WTBX〗Q.acutissima〖WTBZ〗 was the dominant species in the tree layer,and majority of its mingling values were smaller than 050.But 〖WTBX〗Q.chenii〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Liguidambar formosana〖WTBZ〗 exhibited intensive and most intensive mingling.When using the neighborhood comparison method and the important value to analyze the position of the trees,〖WTBX〗Q.acutissima〖WTBZ〗 had an advantage over 〖WTBX〗Q.chenii〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗L.formosana〖WTBZ〗,followed by 〖WTBX〗Q.chenii〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗L.formosana〖WTBZ〗 which were suppressed species.Considering tree distribution pattern by uniform angle index,the stand in this community was found to be a random distribution.The indices of Species richness,ShannonWiener are tree layer

We analyzed the dynamics of species composition and diversity change of 〖WTBX〗Schima argentea〖WTBZ〗 forest in Jinyun Mountain during the natural succession for the last two and a half decades,1984 to 2009.The research showed that the number of species had decreased from 57 in 1984 to 39 in 2009 and plants in herbage and liana layer died out gradually.Meanwhile,the breast area of trees in canopy layer in which DBH was longer than 75 cm has fallen.Though the composition and diversity had changed,〖WTBX〗Schima argentea〖WTBZ〗 still dominated the forest.〖WTBX〗Neolitsea aurata〖WTBZ〗 var.〖WTBX〗glauca,Symplocos setchuanensis〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Rhododendron stamineum〖WTBZ〗 had become more and more from 1984 to 2009,but 〖WTBX〗Castanopsis carlesii〖WTBZ〗 var.〖WTBX〗spinulosa〖WTBZ〗 was on the contrary.The four αdiversity indices in this community were on the downtrend.Richness index had reduced from 298 in 1984 to 199 in 2009.ShannonWiener index had reduced by 034 in last 25 years while Simpson index and Pielou index remained almost the same.Besides,the analysis of βdiversity and Whittaker index which was 018 also showed that there was a large difference in the 〖WTBX〗Schima argentea〖WTBZ〗 community between 2009 and 1984.In conclusion,the remarkable difference between the two periods of time is of significance for the management of 〖WTBX〗Schima argentea〖WTBZ〗 forest in Jinyun Mountain and the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest of upper reaches of the Yangtze River.〖

There is considerable discussion about the relative importance of the integration of biodiversity features and economic cost in the conservation planning.Trying to overcome the problem,we identified priority areas for amphibian and reptile biodiversity within the Yangtze Basin using the idea of Systematic Conservation Plan.We applied the conservation planning tool,MARXAN,to summarize 57 amphibian and 85 reptile values which were formulated by whether they are endangered or domestic species as five types.The GDP of the counties in research area have been used to simulate 〖JP2〗the conservation cost for the identification〖JP〗 of the areas with high biodiversity representation and low economic cost. In accordance with iterative computing,we obtained 9 conservation priority areas including 121 counties.Our suggestion is to establish conservation network within every priority area we picked out.Meanwhile,the content about amphibians and reptiles should be highlighted in daily patrol.〖

Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust,smoke and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky,and it has important effects on the social economy and human health.Based on the daily average relative humidity,visibility and weather information 〖JP2〗of 11 Shanghai meteorological〖JP〗 sites from 1960 to 2008,climate data series of haze days over the past 50 years in Shanghai were reconstructed and the spatial and temporal characteristics and change of the number of haze days was analyzed with the method of climate statistics.The results showed that reconstructed data of haze days was pretty consistent with the records from surface meteorological observation report forms,and the change of reconstructed data was more stable.From 1960 to 2008,the number of haze days in Shanghai was significantly increasing with a linear trend of 97 d/10 a,while after 2002,the number decreased overall.The average number from 1960 to 2008 was the maximum in winter and the minimum in summer.During the past 50 years,the spatial distribution of haze days was the most in the southwestern part,more in the urban areas and the least in the northeastern and southeastern parts of Shanghai,while the spatial trend of haze days was increased more in the southwestern part and less in the eastern part.During the period from 1981 to 2008,the number of haze days 〖JP2〗increased in both the western part and the southern parts,but decreased in the eastern part of Shanghai.〖

Based on the temperature data collected from 32 weather stations in and around Three Gorges Reservoir Area,the variation trends of air temperatures in Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1960 to 2006 were studied using the statistical methods,including linear trend analysis,accumulated variance analysis and 〖WTBX〗t〖WTBZ〗test.The results showed that:(1) On the whole,the annual mean airtemperature in Three Gorges Reservoir Area markedly had a upward trend with the warming rate of 013℃/10 a during the recent 50 years,in which there was a slightly temperature fall period from 1960’s to 1980’s and a rapidly warming after the later period of 1980’s.(2) Similar to the variations of annual mean airtemperature,the seasonal mean airtemperatures also had increasing trends,and the warming rates in spring,summer,fall and winter were 010,0005,019 and 021℃/10 a,respectively.The winter warming had the greatest contribution to the rising of annual mean airtemperature in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.(3) The jump point of annual mean airtemperature was in 1996,while the jump points of seasonal mean airtemperatures were in 1996,1993,1997 and 1996 from spring to winter,respectively.The jump point of annual mean airtemperature roughly was synchronous with that of each seasonal one.(4) The warmer year and significantly warmer year appeared after 1996 in Three Gorges Reservoir Area,and 1998 and 2006 were abnormally warmer years.The cooler years appeared before 1990’s,especially in the 1980’s,and there were no significantly cooler year and abnormally cooler year yet in the area.〖

The effect on the regional climate caused by changes of underlying surface after the foundation of Three Gorges Reservoir was simulated by 〖JP2〗MM5V3,a mesoscale numerical model.Whether the foundation〖JP〗 of Three Gorges Reservoir will be a main factor of severe drought and heat wave,as well as low temperature,consecutive cryogenic freezing rain and snow disasters,which are issues concerned intensively by society,was discussed.The results show that the foundation of Three Gorges Reservoir will have a sealike effect to the local temperature.The temperature decreases in spring around the reservoir areas.And in summer,the temperature increases in downstream of reservoir while decreases in the upper stream of reservoir.In winter the temperature increases on the whole.Change of precipitation in spring mainly locates in south mountain area along the reservoir,and the increasing rainbands alternate with the decreasing rainbands.In summer,precipitation increases along the middle and upper reaches of Three Gorges Reservoir and the nearby mountain areas,but precipitation decreases in areas around downstream reservoir.And in winter,precipitation decreases mainly from dam areas to Wushan in Three Gorges.It is also found that the relative humidity of reservoir areas increases in spring, with a range of about 05~10%.In summer,〖JP2〗relative humidity increases〖JP〗 in areas around upper stream of the reservoir,but decrease in areas around downstream reservoir.Relative humidity changes little in winter.In conclusion, Three Gorges Reservoir water conservancy project is not the main inducement of extreme weather disasters such as drought, low temperature and consecutive cryogenic freezing rain.〖

Wenchuan earthquake caused severe damage to the disaster region,at same time it left precious remains.The remains after Wenchuan earthquake，〖JP2〗which are valuable for science study,education and memory〖JP〗 are great in quantity as well as rich in classification.They are arousing tourists’ general interest.As postdisaster rebuilding going and Sichuan tourism recovering,it’s of great significance for protection and exploitation of those remains.This paper summarized the classification and characters of Wenchuan earthquake remains,and sort them out by the natural or cultural remains landscape from the point of tourism resource view.Afterwards,values on science study,social welfare and tourism economy were analyzed in detail.Based on all the above,in order to realize the values better,some suggestions about the protection,management,conservation and exploitation of these resources were proposed.〖

Conflicts exist in nearly every field around the world.They appear as soon as benefits dispute emerges from more than two players.Water resources are special natural resource,and the conflicts of water allocation and distribution are undoubted difficult problems in international levels.For that,FH method based on Meta Game theory has been employed widely in water resources conflict management.In this paper,the main procedure of FH method was analyzed in detail and then an improved stability analysis for conflict states was proposed to pursue the conflict equilibrium,in consideration of players' foreseeable ability for state transfer.In the process of stability analysis,any player involved in conflict is assumed to be willing to improve or pursue a better state from the view of his own, which is in line with general rule in society living.If one player has no incentive to improve certain feasible state unilaterally based on his foreseeable ability,the state is a stable and satisfied one for him. Moreover,this state is the very equilibrium point of conflict problem if all players deem it stable.Finally,one case study of Huangbeihe River Basin,in Yichang City,Hubei Province,was carried out.There were three players in the water management strategies conflicts resolution,namely Dongfengqu Irrigation District Management Bureau,Huangbaihe River Basin Management Bureau,and Water Resources Bureau of Yichang City.The simulation results showed that one group of strategies was rather stable,in which Irrigation District Management Bureau increased water allocation,River Basin Management Bureau raised economic benefits and Water Resources Bureau encouraged regional cooperation and intensified administration.The suggested model supplies possible solution to the typical conflict problems.

A case study of Kunshan using data of farmland area and other nine social economic indices,such as total population,nonagricultural population,employments in primary industry,gross domestic product,per capita gross domestic product,value added of primary industry,value added of secondary industry,grain output and social fixed asset investment from 1985 to 2006,was held to research the farmland loss and its driving factors.In order to decrease the disadvantages in the application of mathematical methods of direct correlation analysis and principal component analysis (for example,the variations of social economic indices with time were similar,and it was difficult to get useful information by direct correlation analysis,and some researchers often mistaken principal component analysis for a method distinguishing relative importance of driving factors),new methods,such as correlation analysis on the changing rate of indices and segmentation of farmland loss process by principal component analysis were taken.Results showed that the new methods had distinct advantages in main driving factor analysis and process segmenting of farmland loss,and the conclusions were proved to be credible and reliable by testing the regression equations.Farmland loss in Kunshan was primarily due to the rapid development of social economics represented by the index of per capita gross domestic product,and was hastened by the development of the second industry and the increase of total population.The farmland loss process of Kunshan should be divided into three stages according to whether farmland loss handicapped the development of agriculture or not: not handicapped stage from 1985 to 1994,balanced stage from 1995 to 1997 and handicapped stage from 1998 to 2006.〖

With incubation tests in laboratory,the mineralization of organic carbon in typical paddy soils in Changshu,Jiangsu Province,was investigated,meanwhile,the relationship between microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and mineralization of organic carbon was also analyzed.Results showed that the content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in this region were 488～2731 and 058～284 g/kg，averaged in 1807 and 186 g/kg respectively.The content of microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon were 2940～1 2874,1854～8178 and 701～2879 mg/kg respectively,and were significantly 〖JP2〗different in different soil genus.The soil respiration intensity was 3476～19168 mgCO2/（kg·d），〖JP〗averaged in 79.93 mgCO2/（kg·d）.The sequence of respiration intensity in different soil genus was Wushan soil＞Wuhuangni soil＞Huihuangni soil＞White soil＞Huangni soil＞Wusha soil.The daily mineralization of soil organic carbon 〖JP2〗was between 1076～6520 mgCO2/kg,averaged in 4046 mgCO2/（kg·d）.〖JP〗The cumulative mineralization of soil organic carbon was 21525～1 30213 mgCO2/kg，averaged in 80720 mgCO2/kg,and the sequence of daily and cumulative mineralization was Wushan soil＞WuHuangni soil＞Wusha soil＞White soil＞Huihuangni soil＞Huangni soil.The rate of soil organic carbon mineralization in this region was 307%～758% and had no significant difference in different soil genus （〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗＞005）.Statistical analysis showed that there existed positive liner relationship between respiration intensity,daily mineralization of soil organic carbon  and microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon,the correlative parameter were 0686，0594，0826，0749，respectively.〖

At present，acid rain has aroused great concerns of people,but little previous research has been completed on regime shift of acid rain type.Based on the content of SO2-4,NO-3 and SO2-4/NO-3 in the rain of Shanghai,the regime shifts of acid rain type from 1991 to 2006,were studied by adopting the STARS（sequential 〖WTBX〗t〖WTBZ〗test analysis of regime shifts）.There were two regimes of the SO2-4 content;one shift happened in 2004.Before the shift,it was 12.670 mg/L on average;after that,it decreased sharply to 6.525 mg/L.Whereas,there were three regimes,two shifts,of the NO-3 content.Before the first regime shift in 1996,it was 1.842 mg/L on average,after that,it increased to 2.622 mg/L on average till the second shift in 2005,then it decreased again to below 2.000 mg/L on average.Similar to the regime of NO-3 content,there were also three regimes of SO2-4/NO-3,shift twice.Before the first shift in 1995,SO2-4/NO-3 was 7.316;after that,it decreased to 5.666 till the second shift in 2000,then it decreased further to 3.635 on average.These indicated that during 1991～2006 in area of Shanghai,the contribution of NO-3 to acid rain increased,while the contribution of SO2-4 to acid rain decreased.The acid rain types were turning from sulfuric acid rain to sulfuric and nitric acid rain complex type,approaching the nitric acid rain type.Altogether,there were 5 regime shifts of acid rain type during 1991～2006 in area of Shanghai.The regime shift indices (RSI) were 0.826,0.260,0.959，1.378 and 0.066 in 1995,1996,2000,2004 and 2005,accordingly.〖

The issue of resources and environment continues to be highlighted during the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization,so it is helpful to enhance the ability of regional socioeconomic sustainable development to do the early warning research on the ecological security.Combining with the theory of early warning,the paper built up an index system for early warning by selecting 28 indicators,and carried out the study on the ecological security in Suzhou City from the year 1996 to 2015 by using the overload degree model and BPANN model supported by Matlab.The result showed that it was feasible to do early warning study on ecological security by using BPANN model because of its high precision of simulation result.It also showed that the ecosystem in Suzhou was in the state of criticality safety,and its overloading level had experienced a process of “aggravationstabilitymitigation” during 1996 to 2007.Although the human's ability to support ecosystem will continue to be improved in the next few years,and the overall overloading level of ecosystem will be declined in volatility,the status of resources security and ecological security are not optimistic.In order to enhance the ability of sustainable development,the government should play its leading role and take measures from the aspects of environmental protection and management,scientific and technological innovation,industrial restructuring,resources management,and population control mechanisms, etc.〖

The environmental impacts of the proposed hydrostations on the Upper Yangtze River (also known as Jinsha River),Yunnan,China have aroused widely public concerns.In this paper,a landscape level biodiversity impact assessment system with 10 first and 14 second order indices including total area to be flooded,vegetation cover,landscape diversity and evenness,aggregation index,contagion index,shape index,fractal index,etc.was set up to assess the biodiversity impacts of the proposed five construction schemes of the three dams from the“Tiger Leap Gorge”to the“Xulong River”,along the Upper Yangtze River.A quantified comparison study from three aspects of landscape level diversity—respectively the type,patch and pattern diversities was carried out.Results showed that the five flooding area's landscape diversity and connectivity decreased toward downstream;however,the landscape fragmentation increased.The order of the five sites according to their biodiversity impacts was:Qizong lowerdam scheme＞Qizong upperdam scheme＞Tacheng dam scheme＞Longpan highdam scheme＞Longpan lowdam scheme.This conclusion will provide a scientific basis for further biodiversity impact studies and decisionmaking of hydropower development in the Upper Yangtze catchments.〖

Development of cities has caused changes to the natural hydrology and environment of many rivers，and resulted in decrease of water quality,physical habitat and biological integrity of river ecosystems.Physical and chemical parameters as well as impacts on biological structure,biodiversity and biological process should be taken into considerations when the effect of river ecological remediation was to be evaluated.In this article，an index system including 15 indicators in five aspects of river hydraulics,water quality,aquatic biota,river coast and physical structure was established for evaluating the effect of ecological remediation of urban rivers.A group decisionmaking model of AHP was employed to determine the weights of the indicators and the first five important ones were average pollution index of water quality,fish IBI,water recharge volume,algal diversity and water transparency in sequence.The Qijiang River in a southern city of China was studied as a case for comprehensively evaluating the effect of river ecological restoration.The result was “acceptable”,which showed that remediation engineering would make improvements on the water quality and ecosystem of river,though this could be a rather slow process and the river ecosystem would still be in a state of damage at the early stage of remediation.〖

Manual positive intervention is the important means of maintenance dynamical equilibrium between grassland ecosystem structure and function.In order to discuss the effect of grassland ecosystem manual intervention on the regional economical welfare,and to release the linkage between grassland ecosystem manual intervention and economical welfare,pasture fence,livestock shed,pasture deratization,and artificial pasture construction were selected as the intervention indicators of grassland ecosystem,and GDP per capita,herdsman income of per capita,the output of meat per capita as the indicators of economic welfare.Authors analyzed the relationship between intervention indicators of grassland ecosystem and indicators of economic welfare based on regression and SPSS software in the source region of the Yellow River.The results show that there are close relationship between selected intervention indicators and economic welfare indicators.It means that these indicators of pasture fence,livestock shed,pasture,and artificial pasture area are of significant influence to GDP per capita,herdsman income per capita,output of meat per capita.And the sensitivity of economic welfare to the per unit area change of artificial pasture,livestock shed,and pasture fence ranks from high to low respectively.Except the indicator of pasture deratization has low relevance with output of meat per capita,the area of pasture deratization also has the high relevance with GDP per capita,herdsman income per capita.〖