Using GDP and energy consumption data of six provinces in central region from 1995 to 2007,this paper compared the energy efficiency of the six central provinces,built a multiple regression model affecting energy efficiency and did some case studies in the areas which had significant differences.The result indicated that the area abundant in energy showed low energy efficiency.Many factors might affect the energy efficiency,and some factors,such as the level of economic development,industrial structure,the price of raw materials and energy price played significant effects on the energy efficiency of Shanxi Province.Thus,to improve energy efficiency,the government should change the economic growth mode,reduce the GDP proportion of coal industry,vigorously develop the tertiary industry,improve economic development,carry out indepth reform of energy pricing system,utilize coal more scientifically and rationally,increase reasonable consumer demand of oil,gas and other energy sources.

Thanks to the help of ArcGIS 92 and GeoDA 95,the study is done on the basis of country level and is measured by the index of PCGDP with the methods of statistic analysis and ESDA.Spatialtemporal pattern and spatial interaction types of economic disparities of country level in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone during 1990~2008 have been preliminarily probed from three sides of time series,spatial series and spatial autocorrelation.The following conclusions are found.The total economic disparities of country level in Economic Zone had enlarged. The absolute disparities showed stable trend.The internal economic disparities of Lake County played a major role in regional disparities. The spatial disparities of country economic were significant between East and West.The regional economic of Lake County was in a low level.The regional disparities between high and low levels were increasing.According to the relationship between the country and adjacent country,the countries in Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone could be divided into the diffuse pattern,polarization pattern,sinking pattern and infection pattern.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the findings,development strategies have been proposed,such as to strengthen the central city,to develop along the axis and to improve the ring structure of the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone.

By analyzing the hierarchical structure and spatial relationship of cities,we could well recognize the development and collaborative status of urban system，which have important significance to achieve harmony development between all cites in the region.Thus,all 32 cities around Poyang Lake were considered as the research object,and ranksize rule was used to analyze the urban system around Poyang Lake.The result showed that the proportion of middlerank cities was higher than other rank cities in 2006,and the population distribution in the area around Poyang Lake was in equilibrium.But，the 2cities primacy index in research area was up to 3.698,which means that the primacy advantage of Nanchang was very obvious.Then,the quantity of economical relation was used to analyze the membership grade of spatial relationship between Nanchang and other 31 cities around Poyang Lake.The result showed that the membership grade of Jiujiang and Fuzhou were higher than other secondclass cities,and the membership grade of Xingzi,Hukou,Pengze and Fuliang were lower than other thirdclass cities.Therefore,in order to promote the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake developing harmony,some secondclass city,such as Jiujiang,Xinyu,should be accelerated in the construction of urbanization.And the economic cooperation between all cities should be enhanced.

Green Land is an important area for the ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan Urban Agglomeration.It has had more and more encroachment and immense development pressure since the approval of National Resources Saving and Environment Friendly Society Comprehensive Reform Experimental Area in December 2007.This paper focused on the background of ecological protection and development of the green land,discussed necessity and possibility of ecological protection and development,and proposed an ecological protection and development idea.The paper strengthened the ecosystem service and production function of the nonbuiltup areas through establishing an ecological security pattern of the Green Land,evaluating of Green Land use suitability,and futher subdividing the restricted construction area.This study is aim to achieve the environmental protection goal of “both the protection and development,protection of priority” in Green Land of the ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan urban agglomeration. 〖

The study of economic periodicities and its driving forces could mitigate strong fluctuation of economic cycle. And it is important for optimizing economic management and promoting steady economic growth.The fluctuation periods per capita GDP in Hubei Province during 1952~2007 were analyzed based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method.The main factors which influence the per capita GDP fluctuation in Hubei province were discussed with partial leastsquares regression (PLSR) method.The results showed that per capita GDP in Hubei Province kept increasing with fluctuation in the past 56 years.The obvious undulation cycles of per capita GDP in Hubei Province were 4.7,11.2,and 56 years over last 56 years.The common influenced factors affecting correlative coefficients of per capita GDP in Hubei Province are founded at their different timescales.They are gross capital formation,coal production,cement production,total value of exports and imports,total passengerkilometers.The different factors are total retail sales of consumer goods,household consumption expenditures,gross output value of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,steel production,and total freight tonkilometers at 4.7 years timescale according to the size of their driving forces.There are total retail sales of consumer goods,electricity,gross output value of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,and steel production at 11.2 years timescale.There are household consumption expenditures,government consumption expenditure,business volume of postal and telecommunication services at 56 years timescale.There are total retail sales of consumer goods,household consumption expenditures,government consumption expenditure,electricity,gross output value of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,steel production,business volume of postal and telecommunication services,and total freight tonkilometers at residual trend timescale.The findings suggest that policymakers in Hubei Province and China should attach more importance to boosting the capital accumulation and its formation,administrating effectively coal and cement major industrial products,making reasonable import and export trade strategy,improving the efficiency of passenger transport and its capacity,etc.
 

he essay used macroeconomic data from 2000 to 2007 to analyze the disparity of economic growth particularly on Wuhan metropolitan from the aspect of absolute inequality,the comparative inequality and convergence methods.The results showed that the absolute disparity and comparative disparity expanded year after year.The outcome proved that the 〖WTBX〗δ〖WTBZ〗convergence and absolute 〖WTBX〗β〖WTBZ〗convergence did not exist.Three models confirmed that the conditional 〖WTBX〗β〖WTBZ〗convergence existed after adding into the economic structure variable and property rights structure variable.There were negative correlations between the economic growth and the primary industry proportion,the workers of stateowned enterprises on Wuhan metropolitan.On the other hand,there were strongly positive correlations between the secondary industry proportion and the economic growth of cities.Thus,adjusting the industrial structure and deepening of the reform of stateowned enterprises was an important approach to reduce the gap on Wuhan metropolitan.〖

Optimizing the spatial structure of cities and towns is the key to making a scientific decision and promoting sustainable development of county economic society and environment. Based on the data source of social and economic development and Landsat ETM from 1990 to 2008 of Zhengping,Hehan,this paper used the combination method of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis with index of growth in tension of urbanbuilt area and index of growth in cities and towns economic development,and analyzed status quo characteristics,formation mechanism and optimization trends of cities and towns spatial structure of Zhenping County.The research showed that there were some status quo characteristics in spatial structure in Zhengping County region of Henan province,which contained obvious corridor effects,rapid growing of urban builtup areas in complex channel zone,cities and further enhancing towns economy,the poor ecological environmental benefits.The forming mechanisms of cities and towns spatial structure were as followed:the role of edge effects,the motivation of traffic,the support of industrial cluster,and so on.These showed a trend of strengthening further of corridoreffect,enhancing more prominent role of transportation nodes,coming out the embryo of Nanyang urban agglomeration which takes Zhenping county as a vicecape county,and highlighting of the construction of important small counties and towns.Finally,the author came up with several suggestions on optimizing and reorganization cities and towns spatial structure in Zhenping County based on planning scientifically the cities and towns system,cultivating constructively the increasing core in county region,forming industrial cluster in cities and towns as soon as possible and enhancing further construction of the ecological cities and towns.〖

With the rapid growth in Henan Province,the most populous region in China,the conflicts between the quick economic development and the limited natural resource and environmental capability become more and more serious.The unbalanced development among the different parts of the area caused a problem to the sustainable development of the whole region as well.Hence,an appropriate development strategy on land and spatial development in Henan becomes necessary and even urgent.By using the spatial analysis tools of GIS,the spatial change of the economic patterns among recent decades of Henan was studied,the agglomeration of economic activities and population was compared between Henan Province and Guangdong Province during the different periods by Herfindahl Index,and the regional income difference between urban and rural areas in Henan Province was analyzed by Theil’s Index.The research found out that the agglomeration of economy and population in Henan was lower than Guangdong and showed no tendency of agglomeration.The results showed that the regional income difference in Henan was much larger than Guangdong,indicating that the regional development in Henan was less sustainable.The economic,social and community strategies pursuing regional sustainable development in Henan were proposed.
 

In China,the Yangtze River Economic Belt is the largest,featurerichest and the most influential region with most comprehensive regional value.With the study from the view of history and reality,it is necessary to develop the Yangtze economic region as a national strategy.State strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt should achieve overall benefit of the whole Yangtze River Basin,and reflect the cooperation among various provinces and municipalities.This strategy is of one overall operation with complete,systematic,coordinated and full coverage feature.
 

In recent 20 years，with the rapid development of the economy,the cultivated land area is reducing in Jiangxi Province.Gross domestic product,population,total investment of fixed assets,urbanization level and cultivated land area were selected as the four major factors for analysis in this paper.The correlations of cultivated land area decrease and economic development in Jiangxi from 1990 to 2009 were discussed in details as the major subject by Multiple Linear Regression and the theory of elastic coefficient of land utilization.The research results showed a negative correlation between economic growth and the available cultivated land.Cultivated land area decrease was impacted mostly by the economic development in Jiangxi.The main reasons of the loss of cultivated land resource were the rapid development of economy,the growth of population,especially the improvement of urbanization.The elastic coefficient of the cultivated land had the feature of a low and larger volatility,indicating that the level of cultivated land intensive use was still low in the process of Jiangxi economic rapid development.

This article took data as the basis of 591 farmers in Jiangxi Province.Probit regression model was applied to analyze the large rice household's willingness to rent farmland.The results show that the older and higher educated farmers had the lower willingness to rent.The more stable way to rent farmland and the higher rental of the farmers had a positive impact on renting farmland.The higher appraisal to the rental standard had lower willingness to rent.The higher appraisal to benefits of production and management and the more problem of the farmer had the stronger willingness to rent farmland.The article put forward the related policy proposal finally:the rural system of social security should be established and perfected;the rural vocational and technical education,especially nonagricultural vocational and technical education should be developed;land transfer service intermediary organizations and regular farmland transfer contract and rental should be established;the government's policy supporting to the large rice household should be further increased.

Based on Chinese resource and environment database,we monitored the cultivated land changes and analyzed its spatialtemporal pattern of Hubei province from 2000 to 2007 using the remote sensing data which were acquired in 2005 and 2007.The result showed that the cultivated land area dropped unceasingly since 2000,with a net decrease of 125 387 hm2.The main cause of Hubei cultivated land loss was water area expansion,which account for 546% of the cultivated land loss.Change of cultivated land had significant area differentiation:water enlargement in Jianghan Plain led to more than half of the loss of cultivated land occurred in this region;cultivated land used for construction mainly occurred in the eastcentral Hubei and plains region;and the reduction of cultivated land in western Hubei Province was caused by ecological restoration.Since 2005,expansion of construction land was extremely remarkable,and it had become the main reason of cultivated land loss.Therefore,in order to achieve the sustainable use of its cultivated land,Hubei Province should continue to practice the strict cultivated land protection policy,solve the conflict between crop planting industry and fishery development,and strengthen the control of the land for construction.〖

The fast development of the economic and the continuous growth of the population have brought enormous pressure to the society and ecological environment.Nonsustainable foodcarbon consumption of the residents is one of the important factors that lead to global environmental problems,and researching on foodcarbon consumption is suggested to be an important content in studying environmental carbon cycle and in promoting sustainable household consumption.Based on statistical data,the structures,the trends and the influencing factors of foodcarbon consumption of Anhui province were analyzed from 1985 to 2007,and the differences between urban and rural foodcarbon consumption were also analyzed.The results show that:the changs of foodcarbon consumption structures of urban residents were more significant.The main form of urban residents foodcarbon consumption changed from single corn carbon pattern to corn,meat and oil carbon multiplepattern,while the main form of rural residents food carbon changed from single corn carbon pattern to corn and oil carbon twopattern.Urban foodcarbon consumption per capita and per household decreased from 1985 to 2007,but the total consumption of foodcarbon gradually increased,which strengthened the influence on the ecological environment.Rural foodcarbon consumption per capita and per household and the total consumption of foodcarbon suffered a significant decrease from 1985 to 2007,but rural foodcarbon consumption per capita and per household was still more than urban.Thus, the pressure on ecological environment was still heavy.According to the Pearson correlation coefficient analytical method,Engel index and available income per person were two key economical factors influencing urban food carbon consumption per capita and per household,and net income was the key economical factor influencing rural foodcarbon consumption per capita.Results of the study are practically significant for further exploring sustainable consumption patterns and reducing the environmental impacts.〖

Based on the concept of elasticity and coupling relationship between ecological environment and city development in resourcesbased city,seven types of coordination degree are deduced,and corresponding judgment basis and evaluation method are also put forward to distinguish it.According to the connotation and characteristics of ecological environment and city development,by reference to relevant research results,evaluation indicator systems are respectively constructed for ecological environment and city development in resourcesbased city.Then taken Pingxiang city as a case of research,the ecological environment index and city development index are respectively calculated by applying the method of factor analysis.Coordination degree of ecological environment and city development is then researched for Pingxiang city from 1994 to 2006.The results show that Pingxiang city in that period involved in five types of coordination degree,i.e.development of coupling coordination (seven years),development of ecological imbalance (three years),development of stable coordination (one year),imbalance of city development (one year) and basic coordination (one year),which indicates that coordination development is the main type of coupling relationship between ecological environment and city development in Pingxiang city.From the view of development course,it could be divided into coordination development stage (i.e.1994~1999) and fluctuation development stage (i.e.2000~2006).With the case study,it proves that the evaluation system which is simple and effective,could properly distinguish the coordination degree between ecological environment and city development in resourcesbased city,and has significance to constitute development schemes and policy measures.〖 〖

Land resources is the depending capital of human existence,therefore,more and more problems of ecological safety in land resources are concerned.In view of this,study on ecological security of land resources has become a forefront topic of regional sustainable development,and the assessment of regional land resource ecosecurity is the core and base of the st〖JP2〗udy on sustainable land use.The paper chose Changsha〖JP〗ZhuzhouXiangtan urban agglomerations as the research object and discussed the method of the assessment of land ecological security.Based on the characteristics of land ecosystem in ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan urban agglomerations,the paper established the index system of land ecological security from perspectives of economy,society and environment.Considering the illegibility,uncertainty and dynamic characteristics of the security assessment of land ecology,the paper synthetically made 〖JP2〗use of the entropy theory and the fuzzy mathematical method based on status assessment model and trend analysis model to judge the ecological security degree of land.The results indicated that the ecological security of land resource in ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan urban agglomerations from 1999 to 2007 years was becoming worse and was in the extremely insecurity degree at present.At the same time,there are some factors that threaten ecological safety,including coordinated degree of soil and water erosion,rate in disaster area,population growth rate,and proportion of tertiary industry in total GDP,energy consumption of GDP of 104 Yuan RMB and so on.So some implementations of water and soil conservation projects,increasing watersaving irrigation equipments,effectively controlling population growth and so on are the key ways to improve land resource ecological security status in ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan urban agglomerations.The assessment results could objectively reflect the actual situation in the region.This research develops a vehicle to promote land resource ecological security study,provides a way to establish a practical assessment method, and facilitates to achieve regional land use sustainability.

Evaluation on wetland ecological value is favourable to a scientific,rational and sustainable development and the use of wetland resources.Based on the mechanism of management decision of wetland resources,assessment with CVM method on the nonuse value of the Changsha municipal wetland landscape resources value was made in this paper.The relationship between Changsha residents and the willingness to pay for the nonuse values was analyzed 〖JP2〗by using the Tobit model and 415 valid questionnaires〖JP〗 in five districts of Changsha.Results from the analysis showed that the willingness to pay for the nonuse values was greatly influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of respondents,level of understanding of wetland,leisure time in wetlands,the distance from the wetland,and so on.The total nonuse value is 4376 million/a,in which the existence value is 2538 million/a,heritage value is 963 million/a,select the value is 875 million/a.The nonuse value is dynamic variable.With the enhancement of economic conditions and environmental awareness,their willingness to pay for ecological resources will be a growing trend.〖

Ecological service value of soil and water 〖JP2〗conservation measures planed to execute in Danjiangkou〖JP〗 reservoir area was quantitatively estimated by applying basic principles and methodology of environmental economics.Results show that the total ecological service value brought by shortterm soil loss control project was evaluated about 3274 billion Yuan per year.The total value was composed by different types of ecological service value,including  water resource conservation value 0448 billion Yuan,prevention and cure of water pollution value 0791 billion Yuan,soils losses prevention value 1027 billion Yuan,〖JP+1〗carbon sequestration & oxygen release value 0314 billion Yuan,air purification value 0352 billion Yuan,biodiversity conservation value 0341 billion Yuan.Hence, the value of soils losses prevention,〖JP〗water pollution prevention and cure was the most important ecological service value from soil and water conservation measures in study area. Moreover,the annual cost of the water conservation measures was about 0239 billion Yuan on the basis of opportunity analysis,indicating that the anticipated ecoeconomic benefit of the project was obvious,and the ecosystem service value was 1369 times as much as the cost.The result in this paper could provide some reference for quantitative ecological value analysis of longterm ecological construction project.Also,it could be used as theoretical foundation to carry on ecological compensation system in water source region.

Wuhan Urban Agglomeration is the comprehensive reform experimental area of resourcesaving and environmentfriendly society in China.The ecoenvironmental quality is an important guarantee to achieve sustainable development of urban agglomeration,and is also an important support to build ecourban agglomeration.This article constructed ecological conditions diagnostic indicators system of spatial expansion in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration,containing the natural resources factors,ecoenvironment factors and socioeconomic factors.The study built ecological conditions diagnosis model of the spatial expansion of urban agglomerations by using AHP model based on the entropy technical support and fuzzy membership function and analyzed the situation of ecoenvironmental quality change of spatial expansion in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration from 1997 to 2006 〖JP2〗by using the land use data,society and economy development〖JP〗 data and ecoenvironment change data.The result shows that from 1997 to 2006,the ecological conditions comprehensive evaluation index in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration decreased at the beginning and then increased slowly,which meant that with the spatial expansion and land use change in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration,the ecoenvironment quality declined at the beginning then rose later.Except Xiantao City,the ecological 〖JP2〗conditions comprehensive evaluation index in cities of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration presented〖JP〗 a slow decline trend,which meant the ecoenvironment quality declined with the spatial expansion,and this effects in nine cities of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration presented obvious spatial differences. 〖

Cd concentration in agricultural soils,street dust and vegetable samples arounding the heavy industrial area of  Wugang Steel Group in Wuhan city,China,were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometor(AAS).It is showed that Cd concentration of most soil samples in the studied area were higher than the Chinese limit level,and were about 5 times higher than Cd concentration of diluvial soils from the Yangtze River,which was the parent materials of the soils.Cd concentration in soil samples collected from leeward of the industrial area was up to 284 mg/kg,which is significantly higher than that of the other parts.Cd concentration in street dust was up to 764 mg/kg,much higher than that of many developed cities in the world,such as Hong Kong,New York and London.The chemical partition results showed that Cd in topsoil and street dust presents were mobile (60%~80% of the Cd were bound in acetic acid extractable phase,reducible phase and oxidizable phase),suggesting a high ecological hazard potential.Different kinds of vegetables were contaminated with Cd in different extent:cabbage>eggplant>cowpea.Although Cd concentration in most vegetable samples did not surpassed the Chinese tolerance limit level for food,the positive relationship between the acetic acid extractable phase of Cd in soils and in esculent part of cabbages suggests the potential risk to local residents.
 

The characteristic of salt accumulation in greenhouse soils of Wuhan suburb was studied in this paper.The results showed as follow:(1) Soils in greenhouse suffered from varying degrees of salinity.5263% of 19 greenhouse soils was mildly salinization, while 2105% was moderately salinization,526% severe,and remaining 1579% of research area soils was solonchak with more than 10 g/kg of salts content.(2) The salts content of greenhouse soils was much higher than that of the unmulched cultivation soils.The averages of the salts contents and EC value in 0~20 cm layer of greenhouse soils were 66 g/kg and 031 mS/cm,respectively.And the salts was characterized by the accumulation of both NO-3 and Ca2+ ion.(3) There were two patterns of upward and downward for the salts to move in the soil profile of greenhouse soils,but it was dominated by upwards to the top soil.The content of all ions was decreased with the deep of soil profiles,except for HCO-3.In addition,the concentration of NO-3 in all of layers of 0~100 cm was much higher in the greenhouse soils than that in the unmulched cultivation soils.The accumulation of NO-3 in soil profile of the greenhouse would have negative effects on the groundwater quality.(4) The significant positive correlation was observed between the salts content and EC value (〖WTBX〗r〖WTBZ〗=0.951 2*〖KG-*3〗*) and also between the salts content and the content of NO-3(r=0.644 2* ) in greenhouse soils.