Researches on virtual water in trade make people know that water crisis in the region could be alleviated through the global economy and trade.The import and export of virtual water is a source of water resources.Through trade and a variety of external resources,the shortage of water resources and food safety could be finally resolved,which is the base of community to achieve community management of water resources,ecological environmental security and socioeconomic sustainable development.The object of study is Zhejiang Province.Firstly,we used various types of crop virtual water standards,and calculated the virtual water content of food trade in Zhejiang Province during 1997~2006.Then,we compared the annual water consumption in Zhejiang and the structure of water consumption.From the calculation,we found that the net import of virtual water generated from grain trade in Zhejiang was about 7.41% of total water consumption and about 17.17% of agricultural irrigation water.The results showed that the virtual water in Zhejiang grain trade was an important water resources supplement over the past decade.

Based on the improved industrial agglomeration EG and concentration ratio index,the agglomeration level of 19 manufacturing industries in Wuhan metropolitan from 2000 to 2007 was measured.By means of analyzing their agglomeration level movement,spatial distribution,feature of industrial cluster and elastic growth,the essay made the conclusion that the elasticity of concentration held a high standard,but the disparity of different industries was still obvious.The essay also demonstrated that Wuhan metropolitan agglomeration still remained high concentration level so as to make substantial development in the future.〖JP2〗Some problems was discovered that manufacturing industries agglomeration level only limited in the four cities of Wuhan,Huangshi,Xiaogan and Huanggang.And the other 5 cities of Wuhan metropolitan seldom hit the city list as the result of their underrated agglomeration,resourceconsuming and poor technology field.Consequently,all these contribute to 4 cities appeared to be typically centralized,and the other 5 cities circled.〖

Solar energy resource is traditionally evaluated directly to get its theoretical reserves from solar radiation data，with little regards for its specific use scenarios.Aimed at the need of managing traditional energy using risk in this study,based on the longterm observation data of the sun and combined with the geographical distribution of solar radiation and the use of solar energy situation,a model for evaluating roofmounted available solar energy resource was built by choosing the suitable roofmounted PV system which is a betterdeveloped technique and easily connected to the grid as the evaluating basis.This model connected solar natural attributes to its social ones by means of GIS spatial analysis function.Then local available solar energy resource in Jiangsu Province was evaluated with the model and the result was verified.Analysis showed that compared with the simple assessment of solar energy theoretical potential,the result of assessing the roofmounted available solar energy resources with this model was more reliable according to the actual situation of using solar energy，and could be directly used in managing traditional energy risk and making energy development plans.〖

The composition and quantity of phytoplankton were investigated in the Ancient Canal in Zhenjiang City,and the effect of environmental factors on the composition and quantity of phytoplankton were simultaneously discussed to find out the phytoplankton distribution of the urban river connected with the Yangtze River and to establish effective restoration plan.Results showed that there were 38 species of phytoplankton belonging to 6 phyla,in which Chlorophyta,Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were familiar phyla.In general,the biomass and density of phytoplankton were spring＞autumn＞summer＞winter.Compared with the reference site on riverhead,the biomass and density of phytoplankton increased severely along the river in spring and autumn,and the composition of algae was gradually changed from the predominant Bacillariophyta phylum to the predominant phyla Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta,but these change trends were not evident in summer and winter.The growth of phytoplankton in the river was influenced by various factors including the hydraulic condition,the nutrient level,the water temperature and the suspended sediments in water.Among these,the change of hydraulic condition caused by the impounding was primary. 

708 species of seed plants affiliated to 405 genera in 119 families were discovered in riparian of Gan River based on field survey and analysis of geographical elements.There were 2 gymnosperm species belonging to 2 genera in 2 families and 406 angiosperm species belonging to 403 genera in 117 families.Among angiosperm,there were 548 dicotyledonous species belonging to 312 genera in 99 families,and 158 monocotyledonous species belong to 91 genera in 18 families.According to lifeform classification of plants group,herbs (6201%) were the dominants and deciduous component (7167%) in woody plant,which reflected the characteristics of ecological environment in Gan River riparian.Further flora analysis indicated that there were intrazonal feature of vegetation in this distinct being of prevailing widespread families (39.50%) and genera (15.31%),and complex distribution types of plant genera.Trop/TTemp value was 1.02，which embodied a transitional flora trait.Cluster analysis,principal component analysis and formula fitting implied the intersection of land and water.〖

For the sake of finding out the wild living environment features and the current resource status of goldenheaded box turtle,an investigation was carried out in Yi County,Jing County,etc,which were in the southern Anhui province from July 20th to August 5th,2008.The results showed that the water of Qingxi River of Yi county,Caoxi River,Tingxi River and Gufeng River of Jing county was fresh and clear.These waters had not been eutrophied,with hydrochemical index ranges as follows:5.5~7.0 for pH,24℃~29℃ for water temperature,6.887~10.421 mg/L for DO,0.42~1.76 mmol/L for calcium hardness,0.047~3014 mg/L for total phosphorus,0.009~0.014 mg/L for nitrite nitrogen,0.022~0.043 mg/L for ammonia nitrogen.All of indices could reach the index of Ⅰor Ⅱ class of water，except for the total phosphorous and ammonia nitrogen.The biomass of plankton was very low in these rivers.The phytoplankton was mainly composed with Chlorophyta and Bacillarriophyta,and Chlorophyta accounted for more than 35%,Bacillarriophyta accounted for more than 28%.There were a lot of snails in these rivers，which were also one kind of the foods for the turtle.From 2000 to 2008,about 20 goldenheaded box turtles were captured and sold in total,and the turtle number in natural environment was not more than 100.The conclusion was that the turtle resource was in the status of critically endangered and the wild living environment had been influenced seriously,but the water quality and food for the turtle were still good.Therefore,we should carry out continual investigation,artificial propagation and protection for the resources,and prepare the construction of conservation area to rescue this endangered species

The Chishui River,a firstorder right tributary of the upstream of the Yangtze River,is an important part of the national nature reserve for rare and endemic fishes in the upper Yangtze River basin.A survey on fish resources of early life was carried out in Chishui City located in the middle reaches of the Chishui River from March to July in 2007 and 2008.The results showed that there were at least 34 species spawned in Chishui section from March to July，which included eight species with pelagic eggs and four endemic species of the upper Yangtze River.In 2007 and 2008,the density of ichthyoplankton reached their peak for seven and five times,respectively.From April to July,the quantities of pelagic eggs were estimated to be 326×108 ind.and 526×108 ind. in 2007 and 2008,respectively.Three important spawning sites of fishes in the middle reaches of the Chishui River located in the towns of Bing’an,Fuxing and Taiping.The appropriate water temperature for fish reproduction varied from 21℃ to 24.5℃.The ichthyoplankton resource with pelagic eggs was promoted by increased water discharge.〖

This paper analyzed summer precipitation trends and decadal variation based on daily precipitation data of 596 stations from 1961 to 2007 throughout China.The whole country and 8 subregions’ mean series of precipitation amount,precipitation frequency,precipitation intensity of summer were calculated by using the method of areaweighted average.The precipitation was categorized into four types according to the daily rainfall amount:01~99 mm/ d,100~249 mm/ d,250~499 mm/ d,and above 500 mm/d.Special attention were devoted to their contribution to the total precipitation variation in China.The results proved that the trend of China's overall summer precipitation frequency decreased,the trends of precipitation amount,precipitation intensity increased.The change of the western northwest China Region was comparatively remarkable,and three indices showed significant increase in the trends.The increase of precipitation resulted from the increased light rain frequency and moderate rain ,heavy rain,torrential rain intensity.In northeast,north and eastern northwest China,the decrease of precipitation resulted from the decrease of light rain frequency.The increase of precipitation in midlower Yangtze basins and south China resulted from the increase of heavy rain,torrential rain frequency and torrential rain intensity.The decrease of precipitation in southwest resulted from the decrease of light rain frequency.In eight districts and China,most of the precipitation amount,precipitation frequency and precipitation intensity increased in 1990s and decreased in 2000s.In response to the decadal shift of East Asian climate in the late 1970s,the decadal shift of precipitation frequency and intensity in 8 subregions and China all occurred in the late 1970s or early 1980s.〖

Biological invasions is one of the three most pressing environmental problems.The invasion of alien animal has caused biodiversity loss,ecological environmental damage and economic losses of China. But to our knowledge,factors influencing regional spatial patterns of these alien animals have not been studied in China,although China is a country heavily infested with these species.Thus,it is very important to clarify the pattern of spatial distribution and the influencing factors of invasive alien animals for further prediction and management. In order to explore the relationship between spatial patterns of invasive alien animals and environmental and anthropological factors,multiple stepwise regression and canonical correspondence analysis were used to determine the effects of environmental variables(including annual precipitation,mean temperature in January,mean temperature in July,annual mean temperature,area of province,latitude,longitude and percentage of forest cover) and anthropological factors(including total population,population density,values of annual gross production,GDP on unit area,GDP per capita,values of imported goods,number of foreign tourists and total of transport) on the number,density and spatial distribution of invasive alien animals of China.Results showed that there were 136 alien invasive animals recorded in China,among which insect was accounted for 566%.The invasive animals of China were mainly in the unintentional ways,accounting for 536% of the total invasive animal number.The results indicated that the number of invasive alien animals decreased from the southeast to the northwest,which was largely determined by latitude.Also,the density of invasive alien animals decreased from the southeast to the northwest,which was largely determined by the population density.Our study suggested that latitude and the population density were the main factors that significantly affected the spatial pattern of invasion alien animal at regional and local scale,respectively,in China.These findings may have important implications for the management of invasive animals.
 

Three Gorges reservoir area is located between Jianghan Plain and Chengdu Plain,where schistosomiasis is epidemic.Before the dam,the distribution of Oncomelania which is the only intermediate host of schistosoma has never been found in Chongqing segment of the Three Gorges reservoir.However,after the dam,the water flow rate of the Changjiang River and tributaries slows down,sedimentation increases,and alluvial bottomland comes into being.Combined with the suitable climatic conditions,it is likely to cause the breeding and proliferation of Oncomelania which can make the spread of schistosomiasis.In this paper,we developed method to find out the potential breeding region of Oncomelania in the Three Gorges reservoir area based on GIS and RS.Major data used in this study included meteorological data of 56 stations during 1971~2000,hydrological data of the main channel and tributaries of the Changjiang River,and ETM remote sensing data.With the evaluation of refined meteorological element distribution maps,waterlevelfluctuation zone,vegetation and other key ecological parameters,we found the potential breeding region of Oncomelania in the Three Gorges reservoir area,and selected two focus regions of Qukou in Kaixian and Dachang in Wushan for further monitoring.

Gray correlation analysis method was applied to analyze the relation of nutrient elements between 〖WTBX〗Phragmites australis and soil at the Phragmites australis wetland in the upper shoal of Jiuduansha wetland,the Yangtze river estuary in order to understand the relations between the absorbing content of the nutrient elements in plant growth progress and the content of nutrient elements of soil in the wetland ecosystem in different periods of the growing season.The results indicated that the absorption of nutrient elements by Phragmites australis showed timespatial distribution characteristics in the process of plant growth.Phragmites australis mainly absorbed N in the depth of 0~15cm,P and K in the depth of 15~40 cm in soil profile,while it absorbed less in depth of 40~60 cm in the soil profile.Association degree of nutrient elements between plant and soil was in the order of N> K> P in April; P> K> N in May, K> P> N in June to August; N> K> P in September to November; P> N> K in December respectively. The association degree of same nutrient element between the plant and soil also was not same in the different growth period of the plant. The closest relationship of the nutrient elements N, P, K between plant and soil occurred in September, December and June separately, and the closest relationship of the nutrient element between the plant and soil appeared in the upper layer of soil. The active period for migration, transformation and cycling of nutrient elements K, N, P occurred in June, September and December respectively, and the upper layer of soil was an important place for nutrient element activity. There was obvious difference in time and space for the growth of Phragmites australis to use nutrient elements K, N, P in the soil, and there was also difference for Phragmites australis to absorb nutrient elements K, N, P in different depth of soil in different growing periods of the plant. The orders of association degree of nutrient elements between different modular of underground part of Phragmites australis and soil were same, but those of association degree of nutrient elements between different modular of aboveground part of Phragmites australis and soil were different.

In this paper,since the water flow velocity below 001m/s,the following in the tributary backwater area after the Three Gorges Reservoir Area impounded,so it can be approximately regarded as static water.The paper carried on simulating calculation to the vertical migration of cyanobacteria species by building a theoretical model of illumination influences to its vertical migration,and setting a year and a day as study period respectively.The results of the calculation revealed that the vertical migration of cyanobacteria had an obvious seasonal characteristic. Cyanobacteria stayed in the dormant period and remained at the bottom of water every winter,while they began to recover in April and entered dormancy in November when they had weak buoyancy.Cyanobacteria started to up to the water surface in May and October,and the velocity of cyanobacteria’s vertical migration increased from June to September when algae blooms could happen easily.Meanwhile,the computed results demonstrated that the speed of rising/sinking of the cyanobacteria were higher in June and September,and the water body was prone to come up rapid migration of floating/sinking vertical migration.〖JP2〗This phenomenon showed dramatic bloom outbreaks/fade at macro level.What’s more,it was from 8:00 am to 10:00 am in June that the algal blooms easily occurred,and in September,the time was from 10:00 am to 11:00 am.Predicting results and observed data had a good consistency.〖

Choosing Yuanmou dryhot valley as a study area,MSS,TM,ETM and CBERS2 CCD images as data source,we extracted apparent reflectance,NDVI,three topographic factors from DEM,and applied GIS overlay method to analyze vegetation change process.Results showed that over the past 30 years,vegetation change of Yuanmou dryhot valley went through a slow recovery after severe degradation.During this period,recovery results of such elevation zones as 1 600~2 000 m,≥2 000 m,slope zone as ≤5°,and aspect zone as -1 were obvious and continuous stability.While in the elevation zone of ≤1 100 m,slope zones of 5~10° and 10~25°,and aspect zones of 2925~3375°,675~1125°,3375~225° and 225~675°,a strong recovery process was accompanied by a strong degradation process.Those elevation zones of 1 100~1 350 m and 1 350~1 600 m,slope zones of 25~35° and ≥35°,and aspect zones of 1575~2025°,2025~2475°,2475~2925°,and 1125~1575° showed degradation trends after 1999.Response rate of vegetation destroy or recovery in the elevation zone of ≥2 000m,slope zone of ≥35°,and aspect zones of 3375~225°and 225~675° were the highest. On the whole,differences of vegetation restoration spatial pattern and sustainability in different topographic conditions are significant,and adjustments and optimizations of restoration countermeasures should be targeted in time

In order to obtain the evolution of erosiondeposition in the Yangtze River Estuary,the synthesizing analysis method based on the time series analysis of sediment quantity of scoursilt,correlation analysis of the amount of upstream sediment and sediment quantity of scoursilt,drift analysis of the middle sandbank and typical crosssection analysis was put forward using the dataprocessing and spatial analyzing of geographical information system (GIS).This synthesizing analysis method was targeted to the zoning of foreshore landforms and the middle sandbank of the Yangtze River Estuary,and quantitatively analyzed the change of erosiondeposition in different time periods.The year of 1991,2001 and 2008 were selected to analyze the topographic evolution of the major sandbanks in the upside of south branch of the Yangtze River Estuary,based on the analysis of whole series of actually measured data.As a whole,in Chongming tidal flat,southern branch,southern channel,northern channel,Nanhui tidal flat and Jiuduan sandbank,the erosion effect played a dominant role in the recent years.Deposition was the key trend in Chongming northern branch and Hengsha tidal flat.The erosion in southern branch of the Yangtze River Estuary was serious and the major sandbanks in southern branch were all moved to the southwest.It indicates that the change of annual sediment discharge and the annual suspended sediment concentration of the Yangtze River into the sea is one of the important factors in the evolution of erosiondeposition in the middle sandbanks of the Yangtze River Estuary.
 

In order to avoid drawbacks existing in mapping specific sediment yield using direct interpolation of measured sediment load data at hydrological stations,this study takes the sediment erosion as a weight in interpolating the specific sediment yield.Using this method,a map of specific sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River is made from the records of sediment load at 152 hydrological stations in the period from 1956 to 1987 and other relevant data.Some of the records of sediment load are interpolated for making them comparable between stations.The results of cross validation show that the method advanced by this study is better than the direct interpolation method in spatially interpolating specific sediment yield.The map of specific sediment yield produced by this study reveals that two high sediment yield belts exist in the upper Yangtze River,one of which extends southward from the south Gansu to mountains in middle Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces,and the other spreads southeastward from Qinglin and Daba mountains,through hilly areas in the north middle Sichuan,to the Huangling anticline.Also,it is shown that there are local spots or strips of high sediment yield in areas with low sediment yield and verse visa,reflecting the highly spatial variability of sediment yield in the upper Yangtze River.
 

Based on the principle of ecological footprint，the paper constructed the new evaluation index system of ecological security and introduced the model of ecological tension index,ecological occupancy index and ecological economic coordination index.The paper analyzed the trends of ecological security in the Jiangsu Province from 1999 to 2008.The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint increased from 1.526 hm2 to 3.08 hm2,while the per person ecological capacity decreased from 0.522 hm2 to 0.477 hm2,and the per capita ecological deficit changed from 1.004 hm2 to 2.603 hm2 during 1999 to 2008.The ecological footprint of million in GDP dropped from 1.43 hm2 to 0.78 hm2.The ecological tension index increased from 2.922 in 1999 to 6.462 in 2008.The ecological occupancy index increased from 0.694 to 1.399.The ecological economic coordination index increased from 0.237 to 0.217.All the quantitative data indicated that the economical development model of Jiangsu Province was not sustainable,and the ecological security is not optimistic on the whole.The social economic development did not get along well with ecological environment,and worse still,in bad situations.Finally，the article analyzed the ecological security status on the future and proposed some appropriate measures.
 

By taking the source region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River as research object,the suitability of largescale semidistributed hydrologic model (Variable Infiltration Capacity,VIC) was tested by using observed daily maximum ground temperature,daily minimum ground temperature and daily precipitation data of the source region of the Yangtze River,the Yellow River and their surrounding in 1980~1999.The results showed that VIC model was suitable to simulate the runoff of the source region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.The NASH coefficient and correlation coefficient of VIC in the source region of the Yangtze River was 0853 3 and 0930 2,respectively,while that in the source region of the Yellow River was 0889 3 and 0924 8,respectively.Then by using the validated largescale distributed hydrology model and high resolution dynamic downscaling meteorological forcing data,the possible trends in runoff of the source region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were analyzed under future climate warming.The average annual runoff of the source region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River will increase by 858% and 919% in the future 30 to 50 years,respectively.In the future 80 to 100 years,it will increase by 1716% and 721%.And relative to the annual precipitation of 2030~2049,the annual precipitation of 2080~2099 will increase up 006 mm/day,but the average annual runoff of the source of the Yellow River will reduce only by 198% in the next 50 years.The variations of runoff in the source area of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were analyzed by using the high resolution dynamic downscaling as meteorological input data for the future 30 to 50 years,based on four scenario simulations of the land use/cover change.The impact of different vegetation cover type on runoff was compared.These results indicate that the runoff is the minimum at forest land,but that is the maximum at bare land.
 

Field insitu investigation was conducted to study the sloping land pathways and processes of water and nutrient movement in the Citrus Orchard in Danjiangkou Reservoir area,China.Three mulching treatments were adopted in the runoff plots,including no mulching (CK,conventional practice) as control,rice straw mulching (SM) and plastic film mulching (FM).Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses with surface runoffs were measured during the experimental period.Results indicated that the runoff was increased by the FM treatment,but was not affected much by the SM treatment when compared with the CK treatment after each rainfall.Both N and P losses were presented with runoffs in all of the plots,and the losses were much more in the FM treatment,with the loss ratio of TN and TP being 0054% and 0064% respectively,than that in the SM treatment.Much more nitrogen was lost than phosphorus from the citrus orchard soil with the rainfall runoffs,and the soluble nitrogen occupied much of the total nitrogen loss,primarily in the nitrate form rather than the ammonium form.It was concluded that straw mulching practice was good to keep soil nutrient,specially the nitrogen,in citrus orchard on the sloping land from being lost with rainfall runoffs,and it could reduce the risk of nitrogen pollution to the Danjiangkou Reservoir.

According to the air pollution monitoring data in Chongqing city during 2003～2008,we analyzed the weather characteristics of the changes of pollution events.The results showed that the major pollutant was PM10 in Chongqing.The consistency of PM10 had a  diurnal fluctuations called “Dual Peaks and Dual Valley”.The pollution weather had obvious seasonal and continuity characteristics that these pollution events mainly occurred from lateautumn to next early spring with continuing period for 2～7 d.The process of the pollution weather had the typical characteristics of atmospheric circulation and weather.Local atmospheric circulations were equipped with low or mean pressure in the lower troposphere and zonal or northwest flows in the upper troposphere,resulting in overcast sky or rainsunshine.In the process of the pollution weather,local meteorological elements had regular changes，such as in 24 h the ground air pressure changed in negative,temperature changed in plus,〖JP2〗average relative humidity was between 72% and 85%,the wind speed changed little and kept 1～2 m/s,lowlevel inversion was evident.When the pollution weather was over,air pressure would pick up obviously,temperature would drop，and the relative humidity would increase.〖

Using the daily rainfall data of 159 stations during the flood season (from May to October) in the period of 1961～2007 in YunnanGuizhou Plateau,the severe rainfall and the extreme rainfall thresholds of different stations was defined by percentile method,and the severe rainfall and the extreme rainfall events were analyzed.The results showed that in geographic distribution features,the thresholds of the severe rainfall and the extreme rainfall events in YunnanGuizhou Plateau had biggish difference.The correlation of the thresholds with the total precipitation in flood season was not significant,but with the sea level elevation of stations was close negative.The variation trend of the total precipitation in flood season was not obvious in the period of 1961～2007,but the rainfall days displayed a significant decreasing trend,and the precipitation had a concentrating trend.The severe precipitation and the extreme precipitation had similar annual undulation features with the total precipitation in flood season,and the correlation of the extreme precipitation with the total precipitation in flood season was better than the severe precipitation.Using the ratio of the severe rainfall and the extreme rainfall to the total rainfall in flood season indicated the intensity of events.Both of them showed remarkable rising,and occurred a sudden rising change in the beginning of 1990s.There was an obvious anticorrelation between the severe rainfall,the extreme rainfall and the change of summer monsoon intensity.
 

Based on the daily precipitation data of 44 stations in Xiangjiang River Basin during last 48 years,the 95th percentile is defined as the threshold of extreme precipitation for each station.At the same time,the changing feature and temporal and spatial characteristics of the different grade rain events were analyzed by using the methods of Line Regression，Abrupt Changing Analysis and Similarity Coefficients.The result showed that every index (precipitation quantity,precipitation days,precipitation intensity,precipitation index and daily maximum precipitation)of extreme precipitation increased in last 48 years.But in different times,the extreme precipitation shows a different changing trend.The heavy rain events were more frequent before 1970s.During the 1970s and 1980s,each grade rain event was in a relatively weak stage.Since the 1990s,all precipitation obviously increased,especially the rainstorm and heavy rainstorm events.Besides,regional difference was revealed by analyzing the distribution of extreme precipitation in Xiangjiang River Basin.Rainstorm events were mainly in the upper reaches;heavy rain events were more in the middle reaches;heavy rainstorm events were in the lower reaches.