The regional marine economic development is closely related to the formation of spatial structure system of regional marine economy.Exploring the spatial structure of regional marine economy and proposing optimization strategy to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the regional marine economy have important significance.By using the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,the study analyzed the spatial structure of marine economy of the Yangtze River Delta.,The results show that marine economic development is unevenly and the spatial layout is significantly different in the Yangtze River Delta.The spatial concentration situation of marine industries is obvious.The inverted pyramid marine economic spatial development zone has been developed.It takes Shanghai,Jiaxing,Hangzhou,Ningbo and Zhoushan as the center,Lianyungang,Yancheng and Nantong as the north axis,Taizhou and Wenzhou as the south axis.Based on this,some strategies are proposed.〖

Hydrodynamic model was investigated to assign corresponding elevation of waterlines,which were extracted from multitemporal Landsat TM images at Chongming Dongtan,China.And the mean sedimentation rates were calculated at four transects in combination of waterlines with heights and situ measurement.Salt marsh vegetation classification was made through the integration of auxiliary data with remote sensing based on fuzzy mathematical theory.On the basis of vegetation investigation,fractional vegetation cover(FVC)was derived from high resolution Quick Bird images to indentify vegetation coverage.Then the effects of vegetation and elevation on sedimentation were discussed according to the above derived information.The results revealed that sediment accretion showed a shoreward and offshore reduction from the maximum site at the four profiles.A positive relationship was demonstrated between the mean accretion rates and surface elevation of low marsh and mudflat(〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2=0.8106).The hydrodynamic attenuation by vegetation and the effect of settling lag on suspended sediments were likely to result in a peak vertical accretion in the low marsh.The shoreward decrease in accretion from the peak site could be attributed to the low settling potential of finegrained suspensions resulted from the reduction in submergence frequency over the swamps.The offshore decreasing and negative accretion,however,could be related to the relative lower elevation and lack of vegetation.Spatial changes in sedimentation rate were also striking at the same elevations of different profiles,which could be attributed to differences in vegetation growth and hydrodynamics.In a summary,the synoptic capability of remote sensing integrating with hydrodynamic model provides a useful tool to facilitate field surveys,which may lead to better understanding of coastal processes.〖

In order to realize the sustainable development of economy,society and environment in Shanghai coastal zone,the current status was analyzed from legislation and regulation,institution and coordination mechanism,management bulletin and plan,coastal ecological and environmental protection actions,coastal disaster prevention and emergency management,science and technology support.In comparison with Measuring Progress in the Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management of European Union,it indicates that Shanghai coastal management is still in the initial starting phase.In addition,based on the status of Changhai coastal management and challenges faced by Shanghai coastal management,three suggestions for Integrated Coastal Zone Management(ICZM)in Shanghai are proposed,including quest for implement pattern of ICZM,coastal system science and engineering research and integrate optimization for economic and ecological layout.〖

Land surface temperature(LST)is the indispensable important parameter for many research areas,such as environment,ecology,hydrology,climate,agriculture,shallow geothermal energy,heatisland effect,etc.Now，these parameters can be obtained through satellite infrared remote sensing technology.In this paper,we processed one year’s MODIS dataset of“Land Surface Temperature & Emissivity 8Day L3 Global 1 km”,and obtained the spatial distribution maps for the annual average，annual amplitudes and daily amplitudes of LST and appearing times of the annual minimum LST and diurnal maximum LST in Wuhan Metropolitan Region(WMR).We also compared these maps and the current land use map,and revealed the preliminary regulation of temporal and spatial variation of LST in WMR.Results showed these LST parameters were affected strongly by heat island effect,underlying surface and topography factors.The annual average LST was highest in urban areas，lowest in the Northern and Southern mountain areas and average in the plain areas.There were no marked differences between the annual average LST of inland water(such as the Yangtze River and Han River,Lakes and reservoirs)and that of their neighbor lands,but the annual amplitudes and dual amplitudes of LST of inland waters were significantly smaller than their neighbor lands,and their appearing times of the lowest annual LST and highest dual LST were also lag much behind that of neighbor lands.It is the inevitable outcome that the specific heat capacity of water is greater than that of soil and rock.〖

Dryhot valley is a special and typical ecological fragile area of Hengduanshan areas, southwest of China.As a result of climate,terrain and landforms of high mountain canyon and human disturbance,vegetation and soil are degraded seriously,and the balance of water and heat is broken,therefore,it is very hot and droughty,and is very difficult for plant recovery and ecological control.In the paper,based on the experiences of plant recovery of dryhot valley,some new ideas show that dry hot valleys belong to north tropical climate of China,and are an opposite type with seasonal dryhot property of humidity type of northern tropical climate.On the side of suitable trees selection of plant recovery,with the exception of primary trees,some introduced trees from tropical area with seasonal drought are good for it.At the same time,the main vegetation of the plant recovery area of the dry hot valley might be savanna vegetation,however,forest vegetations mainly consist of trees growing in part of dryhot valley areas,and shrubs with rare trees vegetations growing in most of dryhot valley areas.Most of rainfall resources in rainy season could be better utilized with the help of human activities of vegetation recovery.〖

The precipitation is the main factor of the flood,thus the characteristics of areal precipitation plays an important role in the flood risk mitigation for a river basin.The method of anomaly analysis,MannKendall test and Rescaled Range Analysis were applied to detect the changing characteristics and the future trend of the areal rainfall in the Hongze Lake catchment.Results show that the areal rainfall fluctuated greatly and underwent an insignificant upward trend in the recent 58 years since 1951.The areal rainfall in the Hongze Lake catchment decreased from 1950s to 1970s firstly, and then increased from 1980s to the present which could be a regional response to the global warming.Climatic jump occurred in 1956 and 2003 which resulted in a big catchments wide flood,indicating that the anomalies of the rainfall might be responsible for the flood in the Hongze Lake catchment. Furthermore,Hurst index of Rescaled Range Analysis is 0.538,which implies that the future tendency will maintain its current upward trend and it may have a random increasing trend demonstrating the uncertainty of the future precipitation.The understanding of the characteristics of precipitation and its future trend may be of great importance for the flood risk reduction in the Hongze Lake catchment.

In recent years， the water area of lake is reducing with the development of the economic and increasing of the population.It is not only affect the ability of flood diversion and storage,but also lead to the destruction of the ecological environment and decreasing of the water environment quality.Taking the Hongze Lake as an object of study,the dynamic changing of the water area was studied in 70 years(1930~2001) with the support of the technology of GIS and RS by collecting the topographic map and remote sensing image in different stage.The results showed that water area of Hongze Lake reduced 130.3 km2 from 1930 to 1961 and the annual decrease rate was 0.23%；from 1961 to 1971 Hongze Lake area reduced 31.99 km2 and the annual decrease rate was 0.17%;from 1971 to 2001 Hongze Lake area reduced 154.93 km2 and the annual decrease rate was 0.3%；from 1930 to 2001 Hongze Lake area reduced 317.22 km2 and the annual decrease rate was 0.24%.The main change of water area was located at the west and northeast of the Hongze Lake where wetland resource was abundant.At the same time, we also studied the dynamic changes of the lake shorelines in Hongze basin based on the two physical properties of lake,perimeter and area,applying the boxdimension and the fractal dimension.The result showed that the sinuosity of shoreline and the perimeters reduced,and the structure of shorelines became monotonous during the past 30 years.At that time,human activities such as some irrigation works built up around the lake and reclaimed lake wetlands were the immediate cause leading to the decreasing of fractal dimension of the shoreline in the Hongze Lake. In order to realize the sustainable development of economy and society of the Hongze Lake,we discussed the issue how to use water resources in reason and protect water environment at the end of this article based on the above analysis and investigation on the spot.

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hydrological effects of vegetation，topmodel and a dynamic vegetation model were incorporated into the land surface modelsimplified simple Biosphere Model.The coupled model was employed to perform dynamic simulations of vegetation and its hydrological effects over the Suomo basin in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.Simulation results show that as vegetation cover and leaf area index within the basin increase makes vegetation transpiration and canopy interception evaporation increase and soil evaporation decreases.The net effect of these two opposite changes in evaporation components will determine vegetation whether to increase or reduce runoff of the basin.When basin is mainly occupied by grass or shrub,the total evaporation of the basin will be higher than the evaporation from bare soil and forest covered land.When the interception capacity of unit leaf area index is set to be 0.01 mm,forest will reduce the total evaporation of the basin,while the interception capacity of unit leaf area index is set to be 0.02 mm,forest will increase the total evaporation of the basin compared with evaporation from bare soil.The hydrological effect of forest is sensitive to the canopy interception capacity which has a tipping point to control transitions of effects of forest on hydrology from reducing total evaporation to increasing total evaporation.For a certain type of vegetation,its hydrological effect changes with time,and its leaf area index is crucial factor to determine its hydrological effect.

This paper represented a comprehensive literature review on the different models for land utilization structure optimization,and summarized various perspectives such as the history method,procedure,the model development and modeling method.According to the modeling theory,model of land utilization structure optimization could be classified as adaptability evaluation model,landscape ecology model and complexity adaptive system(CAS)model.Based on the method,modeling optimization could also be classified as linear and nonlinear.In addition to these two branches of methods were also summarized,mathematical methods,which involve linear programming model,multiobjective programming model and grey linear programming model.System dynamics model,spatial optimization model which are based on GIS techniques were summarized respectively.Then two models,the spatial configuration optimization model based on quantitative and adaptability evaluation,and the CA evolution model,were concluded.Further four steps to build a spatial optimization configuration model,which are pretreatment,quantitative optimization,spatial optimization,and result evaluation were summarized.To build a CA optimization model,six steps were needed,including defining,abstracting,implementation,verification,correction,and application.The advantages and disadvantages of these models were assessed.Finally,it was addressed that the CAcored multimodel coupling and systemic integration optimization are the inevitable development direction for land utilization structure optimization in the future.〖

Natural gas resource security is an important component of national energy security.It concerns the development of economy and society as well as the security of political and military affairs,and can safeguard and promote the construction of a moderately prosperous society and a harmonious society.In order to guarantee the security of natural gas resource,China must perfect measures in the technic,economic,administrative and legal aspects as soon as possible,and establish and improve the security guarantee legal system of natural gas resource effectively.At present,we should combine China’s national conditions and the requirements of the development of gas industry,and build a security guarantee legal system of natural gas resource which covers upstream,midstream and downstream industry chain from the legislative level.In particular,it can be divided into resource security guarantee legal system of natural gas production (upstream),resource security guarantee legal system of natural gas flow (midstream),and resource security guarantee legal system of natural gas consumption(downstream).

As one of the important agricultural production bases in Jiangsu Province,the economy of Taizhou develops very quickly,meanwhile the basic agricultural land is in danger of being occupied.From the viewpoint of food security in Jiangsu, a number of agricultural lands should be kept in Taizhou on the bases of scientific analyses of present cultivated land.In this paper,it was estimated that the need of basic agricultural land was about 327×104 hm2.According to the ratio of 85% as protection level, about 26×104~30×104 hm2 cultivated land should be regarded as suitable agricultural land.Using grid of 1 km×1 km, we selected two basic levels standing for production ability and developmental pressure to evaluate the suitability of cultivated land in Taizhou. According to the priority of suitability, we can distribute cultivated land into different grids and optimize the spatial distribution of agricultural land.The result shows that most of suitable cultivated land will be distributed in Xinghua in 2020,and the ratio is over 60 percent,while in the buildup area of Taizhou,the ratio is quite low,no more than 3 percent,with the process of industrialization.

Spatial distribution status of agricultural production in China was analyzed using the index of per capita virtual water of main agricultural and animal production.It is found that agricultural and animal production in north China’s is higher than that in south China.The highvalue areas are built up by the provinces of surround Bohai Sea,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Ningxia,Xinjiang.The principal lowvalue area is distributed in the coastal provinces of southeast and southwest China.The minor lowvalue area is assembled by many provinces of the central provinces,such as Shanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,Sichuan and so on.In order to probe the ideal spatial distribution model of agricultural and animal production under the background of virtual water strategy,a concept of regional agricultural production predominant degree was put forward and its influencing factors were analyzed.The regional agricultural production predominant degree in each province was also calculated.It is found that the regional agricultural production predominant degree shows a characteristic of that the West is heavier than the East and the center is more than the sides.At the end,the index of agricultural production distribution adjustment was built to instruct us for giving different adjustment countermeasures.〖

The Yangtze Estuary is a typical medium tidal estuary with multiorder bifurcations.Its significant width,strong tidal flows,complicated sediment movement,and the diversity of alternated channel and floodplain contribute the difficulties of comprehensive regulation of the estuary.During the evolution of multiple branches,the balance of one branch developing and the other decaying among these branches is always the constant rule;meanwhile,the cycle of creation,development,distortion,decay and disappearance for an individual branch presents a periodic evolution law.In order to strengthen the benefits of the“golden”waterway of the Yangtze River,and contribute to the domestic economic development,a series of projects have been carried out recently,including the Yangtze Estuary deepwater channel regulation,sand protection project of the Xinliuhe sand at the diversion between the South and North Channel,Nanshatou project of constraining flow,the enclosure at Zhongyangsha and protecting the water source site at Qingcaosha etc.As a result,the diversion of the South and North Channel has been stabilized effectively,and the future evolution of the Yangtze Estuary will be influenced significantly.This paper presented that based on abundant topographical and hydrological data of downstream the diversion of the South and North Channel,thorough analysis of the recent evolution of the South Channel,South and North Passages were conducted.Affirming that the projects contribute to the stabilization of river regime,the paper also pointed out that the following problems still exist at the downstream diversion of the South and North Channel.Sedimentation occurs close to the South incurred by the main flow of the South Channel deviating from the south bank.Scour and deepening at the middle and end sections of Ruifeng Sandbar causes flow dispersion,and has negative impacts on the stabilization of river regime and etc.Besides,the paper also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the“downstream prior to upstream”pattern of regulation,and suggested that with strategic considerations of riverregime,navigable channel,soil and water resources conservation,flood and tide protection,drainage and irrigation,ecological environment protection and other factors,before the current Yangtze Estuary regime occurs significant alternation,and the comprehensive treatment projects of the Yangtze Estuary should be implemented as soon as possible.

Estimation on soil carbon pool in regional scale is an important project in research on soil carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystem,which can supply sufficient data for evaluating soil carbon storage in national scale.Combined with GIS,this paper studied the storage of soil organic carbon,the SOC(soil organic carbon)density of different soil types and its distribution in Shanghai City,based on the second soil survey of Shanghai City.The result shows that the total soil organic carbon storage at 100 cm depth of Shanghai City is 576×107 t,accounting for 0062 6% of that of the country,and the mean of SOC density is 1055 kg/m2,higher than that of the country,which shows higher carbon sequestration in Shanghai City.In different soil types,paddy soil has the most storage of SOC,followed by calcareous alluvial soil and seashore saline soil.Yellow brown soil has the least storage of SOC because of its limited area.As for the SOC density of different soil types,its turn is as follows:paddy soil>calcareous alluvial soil>yellow brown soil>seashore saline.The spatial distribution of SOC density in Shanghai City is that the density of the west is higher than of the east,and in local range,the situation becomes complicated,which shows the influence of the terrain,microtopography,parent material,land use and landcover chang LUCC，et al.The net loss of SOC is 3924 4 Mt,due to the LUCC caused by rapid urbanization,corresponding to 986% of carbon emitted by fossil fuel in 2000,which indicates LUCC has become the major driving force influencing the SOC pool in rapidly urbanized region.〖

In the Three Gorges Reservoir areas,the typical forest types were selected to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and its effects on soil physical properties, soil structure,and soil nutrients,which will benefit the ecoenvironment protection.The forest soil samples were collected according to soil genetic horizons.The content of SOC in A horizon(12.06～45.18 g/kg) was obviously larger than that in the lower horizons,over one quantitative grade.The content of SOC from top soil layer to bottom layer descended quickly.The arable land was reconstructed from shrub forest.Though the arable land has the same site with shrub forest,the content of SOC was less than that in shrub forest land after eight years cropping management.The content of SOC in A horizon in arable land decreased 10% compared to shrub forest soil,and the average content of SOC only accounted for 66% of shrub forest soil.The content of SOC had the direct effects on soil physical properties. There were obvious positive linear correlation between content of SOC and soil density and soil capillary porosity〖WTBX〗(R2=0.83,0.83,n=19，p<0.01)〖WTBZ〗.SOC also promote the soil aggregation.The content of SOC positively related to soil aggregation degree and aggregation 〖WTBX〗(R2=0.62,0.76，n=19，p<0.01)〖WTBZ〗.The content of N element was the highest in forest soil in the study area.The content of effective N was six times as large as content of effective P,and 2.5 times of effective K.In soil nutrient elements of N,P,K,the content of SOC had significant relationship with content of N,especially with effective N〖WTBX〗(R2=0.66,n=19，p<0.01)〖WTBZ〗,but not obvious with contents of P and K.The SOC played the dominant role in the N and P mineralization.From top layer to bottom layer,the C/N also descended.The C/P was about six times as great as C/N.Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was closely related to soil aggregation degree(〖WTBX〗R2=0.49,n=19，p<0.01〖WTBZ〗),which means the effect of SOC on CED was practiced by improving soil structure.

Cyanobacterial bloom has become a global problem.Taihu,fed by the Yangtze River,provides drinking water for more than 2 million people.Cyanobacterial Bloom Incident in Wuxi City in 2007 attracted much public attention.To investigate Chinese people’s ecological risk perception characteristics of cyanobacterial bloom of Taihu Lake and the main factors which influenced these characteristics,489 people from Wuxi city in China were surveyed.The results indicated that the overall characteristic of public perception was“strange”and“controllable”.The outbreak reason was“strange”and“uncontrollable”which was the main factor to cause the public risk awareness.Media,information and individual factors were the main three influence factors.Newspapers,radio and television were the major media.The information factors included the disaster information(DI),the disaster control information(DCI)and the information on preventive measures from government(PMGI),among which,DCI played the greatest role,followed by the DI and the PMGI.Public had the different risk preferences among the different gender,age,educational level,income levels and occupational groups.And they showed a different concern about the different risk information.The results were helpful for decisionmakers to understand the nature of the cyanobacterial bloom risk,provide service for risk communication and choose effective management tools according to the characteristic of the target population.〖

To understand the resources of macrozoobenthos and the impact of step hydropower station upon the community structure and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates along Wujiang River in Guizhou section,the benthic fauna of 18 sampling sites were investigated.The diversity of benthic fauna was calculated by ShannonWiener diversity index.The results showed that in the natural river of Wujiang River, there were rich benthic species which dominanted by the arthropod species.The species richness and density of Sinan sampling plot was highest,the biodiversity of Yanhe secondbridge sampling plot was highest.Annelidmolluskarthropod were dominant community of complex communities,and the mollusks were dominant species.The construction of  step hydropower station decreased the differences in sedimentary environment,and the richness,density and diversity of benthic species,simplified the community types,and made the performance of dominant groups not obvious.The standing crops of the macroinvertebrates decreased with the operating time of the reservior.And oligochaetes and chironomids composed the main species composition.The results showed that the construction of step hydropower station had a negative impact on the benthic fauna species composition,density,diversity and community types.〖

In this review,the harmful effects of cyanobacterial blooms were analyzed from these areas,i.e.the balance of water ecosystems,water quality,human and other animal health risks,water ecological landscape.The causes of cyanobacterial blooms,including internal factors(a series of specific biochemical regulatory mechanisms or characteristics adapting to high temperature,three pigment systems-lowlight compensation mechanism,luxury consumption mechanisms,nitrogen fixation-nutrition compensatory mechanisms, dormancy-a mechanism to avoid adverse conditions,mechanisms to suppress competitors and predators by producing toxins),environmental factors (physical factors such as temperature,light,perturbation and mixing,water residence time;chemical factors,such as major nutrients,micro nutrient elements,dissolved inorganic carbon,dissolved organic carbon and salinity)and biological factors(grazing,microorganism action and symbiosis with higher plants and animals)were analyzed. And studies on the ecological control methods of cyanobacterial blooms,such as microbiological control algae,large aquatic plants control algae and aquatic animal control algae(traditional biomanipulation,nontraditional biomanipulation and control of algae by tilapia)were also reviewed.〖

The Liziwa Ditch and Huajiaopo Ditch are 2 tributary ditches in middle reaches of the Jiangjia Ditch,a famous ditch having debris flow of high frequency.These two ditches are extremely similar in conditions of drainage area,with high frequency of outbreaks of debris flow and rapid development of deposit fan.These two ditches were studied in this paper,process of movement,ceasing and accumulation of debris flow on deposit fan were observed,deposit body of debris flow with different features were sampled and analyzed,and terrain of deposit fan was measured before and after rainy season annually as well as its vertical and lateral section.By analysis of development process,planar shape,longitudinal and transverse section,accumulation rate of deposit fan in the 2 tributary ditches during 2006~2008,the following conclusions were obtained.Huajiaopo Ditch was larger in volume weight and grain size,and its accumulation was holistic and Lung Kongshaped.Whereas Liziwa Ditch was smaller in volume weight and grain size,and debris flow overflowed on deposit fan and its accumulation was linguiform.Further development of deposit fan was completed by Lung Kongshaped accumulationcourse changing.On accumulation condition of the main channel,deposit fan in tributary ditch had mainly accretion,and extent of accretion was uniformly distributed at top and bottom of the fan.When debris flow fan developed to a certain extent,its vertical gradient was stable and smaller cross slope showed at the upstream direction of the trunk channel.〖

Nitrogen dioxide(NO2)plays a key role in the chemistry of the atmosphere，and NO2 pollution is getting worse with the development of economy.Using OMI,the results of monthly averaged tropospheric NO2 change trends of Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Wuhan and Xi’an from October 2004 to July 2009 were obtained,and their characteristics of these changes were analyzed.The monthly averaged OMI tropospheric NO2 column over these five cities were compared with the monthly averaged surface mass concentration of NO2,which were calculated according to the Air Pollution Index of NO2 for these five cities from January 2007 to December 2008.The result showed that these two sets of data had the same change trend.Furthermore,the OMI was also used to gain the distribution map of annual average NO2 concentration of the downtown in these five cities from 2005 to 2008.It was found that the downtown NO2 concentration was much higher than rural areas,and this formed the turbid island effect in the urban climate.These were closely related to developed city traffic,high population activity and the urban heat island circulation.In addition,annual averaged GOME tropospheric NO2 were compared with the number of vehicles of the five cities in the 10year period from 1999 to 2008.These analysis results showed that high correlation coefficients were obtained between the vehicle exhaust emissions and NO2 pollution.