The construction of Chongming ecoisland is a new exploration of regional sustainable development.Economic development must be paid more attention to,which is different from those foreign ecocities.In order to coordinate economic development and environmental protection,an economic indicator system was brought out based on Chongming's ecological economic development pattern.In this indicator system,three development ideas included expanding economic development space without degrading environment,promoting economic value realization of natural capitals and building a leading ecological economics model.Nine basic indicators (including green economic output,etc) and three second class indicators (including green economy,ecological value,ecological economy) were selected and the economic index of Chongming ecoisland could be calculated.In this paper,the calculating method of green economic output was put forward.If the accounting book of resources and environment was established,and the mechanisms of project were accessed,replacement and trade of environmental capacity were implemented,economic development would not harm environment and a green economy system could be achieved.

In the process of economic circle building of Yunnan central city group,Qujing city has abundant resources,basic resources such as water,soil better combination;relatively more resource per capita,and obvious rich energy resource.These make Qujing play a key role in Yunnan central urban agglomeration development.Qujing is the base of agriculture,energy and chemical industry of Yunnan central city group,it promotes fast,steady,healthy,and efficient development as the engine and the accelerator.At the same time,it should be noted that some of the mineral resources and the resource of forest are deficient. These are limiting factors in its development.These limiting factors make Qujing face serious ecological pressure resulting from water and soil loss and acid rain from large consumption of coal,and the tight manland relationship.The resourceenvironmental basis of Qujing city was finally analyzed to give reference for fast，steady，healthy and efficient development of Qujing city and Yunnan central urban agglomeration and also for the relevant policies.

Emission reduction and carbon trading are now hot topics after the carbon dioxide emission reduction commitment from Chinese government and the Copenhagen conference in 2009.This paper analyzed the emission reduction commitment,reviewed the history of emission trading and carbon trading,studied the obstacles of emission trading in China, and then looked into the Chinese carbon trading development.Our analysis shows that the carbon reduction goal set by Chinese government now is not only an environment issue,but also an economic issue at the same time.More specific emission reduction target will be established later.After comparing with the more developed carbon market in other developed countries,we found sophisticated subsidiary system such as monitoring system,law system,and professional experts training are in urgent need for establishing efficient and professional trade market,also striving for the pricing right.The national emission reduction market may have a hopeful development with the forthcoming industrial and regional reduction target establishment.〖

The anthropogenic carbon emissions aggravated the climate change,and lowcarbon economy become the consensus of human.Therefore seeking lowcarbon development model of lowpower,lowpolluting and low emissions has become the path for sustainable development around the world.This paper took six provinces of central China as a study area,measured lowcarbon level of six provinces through the coefficients of carbon emissions,per capita carbon emissions,per unit of land carbon emissions,carbon productivity,carbon emission coefficient of energy and contrasted their spatial differentiation.We got the conclusions that central China is still in the highcarbon development stage.There are a large carbon emissions,low carbon productivity and high carbon emission coefficient of energy,especially in Shanxi and Henan.On this basis, by adopting industrialenergy interconnection model and energycarbon emissions interconnection model to analyze the low carbon development potential of the central China,we realized that diversity level of industrial structure and energy structure is low,and evolution rate is also low,which makes growth rate of carbon emissions can't slow down.Howerver,despite great difficulty in carbon emission reduction,there also exist large potentials.〖

52 sites were set up within typical tidal creek of Jiuduansha Nature Reserve.The ecological importance value of plant,soil moisture ,soil conductivity and water conductivity in 52 sites were measured.We figured out species diversity index,individual specie niche breadth and overlap between each other,then generated principal coordinates diagram and minimum spanning tree.The results showed 48 species in Jiuduansha Nature Reserve,belonging to 4 bryophytes,21 unicotyledon and 23 bicotyledon,of which 31 species were first reported.According to plant geographical distribution,components are most in temperate,then in world wide and less in tropical least.22 species were found in 52 sites,in which diversity index were significantly different.It can be identified six ecological groups on principal coordinates diagram with niche overlap.We conclude that Jiuduansha Nature Reserve has been interfered by the human activities and more weeds and  invasive plants develop in sites.〖

In order to discuss the composition and community diversity of soil harmful animals,and their relationship with soil environmental factors in different vegetation types,we chose two sites which located in the opposite side of the out ring expressway in green belts at Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway.The soil animals were collected in litter layer and 0～15 cm of soil in 4 seasons during the study period from November 2007 to July 2008.A total of 359 soil harmful animals were collected,belonging to 8 orders and 23 families.242 soil harmful animals were collected in litter layer,belonging to 7 orders and 19 families,in which the dominant groups were Formicidae，Phlaeothripidae，Persimmon Scales.And 117 soil harmful animals were collected in soil layer,belonging to 4 orders and 8 families.The dominant group was Formicidae in soil layer.The deciduous broadleaved forest showed higher group number,density and community diversity than deciduous coniferous forest and evergreen broadleaved forest.There was significant difference between pH and total nitrogen.The density of major groups were clearly relative to total nitrogen and total total phosphorus(〖WTBX〗p<005〖WTBZ〗).〖

Biological indices such as similarity index,diversity index were used to analyze the community structure characteristics of phytoplankton,and both biological indices and physicalchemical indices were used to evaluate the water quality in the lower reach of the Yangtze River in Autumn.Results showed that there were 5 phyla including 27 species of phytoplankton in the lower reach of the Yangtze River in Autumn.The abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 5.68×104  to 7.08×104 cells/L,with the average of 6.01×104 cells/L,and the biomass of phytoplankton ranged from 30.43 to 34.73 μg/L,with the average of 32.46 μg/L. The similarity indices ranged from 0.30 to 0.63,indicating that the phytoplankton similarity was between mild similarity and middle similarity.The phytoplankton diversity indices ranged from 2.38 to 2.73,which meant that both phytoplankton diversity and phytoplankton evenness were good and the phytoplankton community structure was in a stable level in the lower reach of the Yangtze River in Autumn.The permanganate (CODMn),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and Comprehensive Trophic State Index (TLI(∑)) ranged form 2.71 to 3.23 mg/L,1.24 to 1.35 mg/L,0.058 to 0.072 mg/L and 44.87 to 45.96 respectively.It could be concluded that the water quality of the lower reach of the Yangtze River in Autumn was good.However,the pollution degrees evaluated by physicalchemical method was more sensitive than that evaluated by biological method,which revealed the difference between the two evaluation methods.Therefore,in order to improve the veracity and reliability of the monitoring result,the biological monitoring methods should be coupled with the physicalchemical monitoring as well.〖

The aim of this research is to describe the types and compositions of plant resources in East Lake Ecotourism Scenic Spot,Wuhan,and the effects of cultivated species on plant compositions.Through field survey,identification of specimens and collection of the data,we recorded 819 species of vascular plants which belong to 453 genera,142 families,including 33 species of pteridophyte(27 genera,17 families),32 species of gymnosperm(32 genera,16 families) and 754 species of angiosperm(410 genera,118 families).According to the characters and uses,these plants were divided into 9 types:ornamental plants,old trees,rare and endangered plants and wildlife under national specialprotection,medicinal plants,timber plants,oil plants,aromatic plants,forage plants and fiber plants.All the plants were analyzed,some representative species were listed,and alien invasive plants were recorded.We also discussed the influence of cultivated species on plants' lifeform and compositions,and the status of plant resources in Wuhan.The results show that the Scenic Spot takes 48.75％ of the total species of Wuhan with only 0.96％ of its area.The proportion of woody plants is relatively low,with that of herbs and vines above the average level of the city.The medicinal plants account for the largest proportion of native plants,while the ornamental plants account for the largest proportion of cultivated plants.There are also some specific proposals to introduce ornamental plants,protect old trees and rare and endangered plants,and control invasive plants.

The biodiversity conservation in Chongqing has made some achievements,because more and more attentions are paid to,but it is not significant.In order to give some progressive proposals and improve the efficiency of the input and output index to measure biodiversity protection funds,in the part of demonstration,4 years were identified as research target,and a model was set based on the input and output index of these years to measure biodiversity protection funds productivity of Chongqing.And then according to actual situation,it is concluded that the input and output index of these years to measure biodiversity protection funds is relatively effective,but needs to work harder.So there are something must to be done to improve efficiency,such as optimizing financial expenditure structure;strengthening the laws and regulations;improving the management and so on.〖 

Based on lengthfrequency data collected from trawl fishery survey in the Mudong Reach of the Three Gorges Reservoir from July, 2007 to November, 2008, growth, mortality and recruitment of juvenile 〖WTBX〗Coreius guichenoti〖WTBZ〗 were estimated using FisatⅡsoftware.The results are summarized as follows:the length of 〖WTBX〗C.guichenoti〖WTBZ〗 population ranged from 20 to 231 mm, 40～80 mm being predominant; the relationship between body length (mm) and body weight (g) can be expressed as W=1×10-5L3030 2; the estimated parameter for von Bertalanffy growth equation was L∞＝694 mm，〖WTBX〗K＝016，t0＝-0748. Total mortality〖WTBX〗 (Z)〖WTBZ〗 was estimated as 3101 a-1, natural mortality〖WTBX〗 (M) 0.346 7 a-1, and fishing mortality (F) 2754 3 a-1. The recruitment pattern was continuous with one major peak within the months from April to July.The exploitation rate in recent years was 089,and the resources of C.guichenoti were on the state of overexploitation in the study area.Therefore,it is suggested that protection and management of fish resources should be intensified,fishing ban period should be adjusted and the trawl net should be banned in order to restore and conserve the 〖WTBX〗C.guichenoti〖WTBZ〗 resources.〖

Based on the monthly reanalysis data provided by the European Center for Mediumrange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), a comparative analysis of the climate features for the water vapor resource between the upper reach and the middle and lower reaches of the the Yangtze River was studied. In need of comparative analysis, the monthly reanalysis data provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP/NCAR) was also used. The main results are as follows: from the year of 1958 to 2001, the regional average of yearly atmospheric precipitable water of the upper reach,and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River had both shown a significant decreasing trend, with the reduced rate of 025 and 026 kg/(m2·10) arespectively. Under the yearly average condition, the upper reach and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River both are moisture sinks, and the annual mean water vapor income is 226×105 kg/s and 124×105 kg/s respectively. For the 44 years, the yearly moisture income of the upper reaches had a significant decreased trend, with an average decreasing rate of 98×105 kg/(s·10 a);While that of the middle and lower reaches had a significant increased trend, with an average increasing rate of 115×105 kg/（s·10 a）. Among four seasons, the summer moisture budget has the most important influence on the total yearly moistuare. In the 44 years, the decrease of the moisture budget over the upper reaches had been closely related to the reduced income through its south border, and the increase over the middle and lower reaches had been main caused by the significant decreasing output through its north boundary. The changes of the water vapor resource over the Yangzte River had a close relationship with the expansions vatiation of summer moonsoon, and the expansion changes of the southerly water vapor with moon is the direct impact factor.〖

On the basis of sounding data at 11 stations from 1987 to 2006 in Chongqing and its surrounding area,the characteristics of the water vapor flux transport from various boundaries of Chongqing were analyzed. The results showed that the average net budget of water vapor flux in total layers over Chongqing was positive, and there was net water vapor inflow into Chongqing. The net budget of water vapor flux had the largest outflow in the layer between ground and 850hPa and the largest inflow in the layer between 700 and 500 hPa. There was inflow of net water vapor over Chongqing in summer and winter, while there was outflow of net water vapor over Chongqing in spring and autumn. The water vapor over Chongqing mainly came from the inflow of the western and the southern boundary and effused through the eastern and the northern boundary. The net water vapor flux over Chongqing decreased in spring and winter, but increased in summer and autumn in the past 20 years.〖

Based on the daily temperature of Jingzhou from 1954 to 2008,authors analyzed the characteristics of accumulated temperature change of ≥10℃ and ≥20℃ by using the methods of linear trend estimates and MK test.The results indicated that,the annual temperature showed an increasing trend with the linear warming rate of 0.26℃/10 a during the past 55 years.In 1986 the annual temperature had abrupt change,especially after 1989,the warming trend increased significantly.The trend of initial date of ≥10℃ and ≥20℃ appeared ahead,while the terminal date was delayed,so the sustained days of ≥10℃ and ≥20℃ increased significantly.During the past 55 years,≥10℃ accumulated temperature showed an increasing trend significantly with the warming rate of 859℃/10 a.Mutation point of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature was appeared in 1990,and after 1994,≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased sharply.At the same time,the ≥20℃ accumulated temperature also appeared an increased trend with the warming rate of 756℃/10 a.The ≥20℃ accumulated temperature had abrupt change in 1995,especially after 2004,the warming trend increased sharply.In the past 55 years, the ahead of the initial date of ≥10℃ and ≥20℃ was greater than the delay of the terminal date,and the same situation occurred in  heat resources.The mutation point and the point of the significant increased year of ≥20℃ accumulated temperature appeared latter than that of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature.〖

The forecasting of extreme precipitation index (R10) in the Three Gorges area for the 21st century by using the global climate system models with the SRES A2,A1B and B1 that joined the IPCC fourth scientific assessment report had been analyzed in this paper.The results show that the variations of R10 are not same under different SRES in the future.And compared to the current climate (1980～1999),throughout the 21st century (2011～2100 years),R10 under SRES A2 will reduce 17 days;under SRES A1B reduce 03 days;under SRES B2 increase 02 days;R10 under the average of three scenarios will reduce by an average of 06 days.In the early 21st century (2011～2040 years),the mediumterm (2041~2070 years) and late (2071～2100 years),R10 under SRES A2 will be the largest reduction in the Three Gorges area,will reduce by the average of 25 days,15 days and 1.0 days respectively,and R10 under the average of three scenarios will respectively reduce by the average of 14 days,02 days and 01 days.〖

his paper explored the temperature variation in the region of middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo river valley of Tibet in China in past 51 years.The observed meteorological data during 1957 to 2007,including average mean temperature in annual,seasonal and daily times series,had been used to study the characteristics of temperature change trend using the linear statistical method and wavelet analysis method.It was showed that the annual temperature presented a significant increasing trend and the change rate was 027℃/10 a in recent 51 a.It was more significant than the lower altitudes in other parts of Tibet.The warming trend was more obvious in autumn and winter than in summer.There were obvious periodic oscillation of 15~20 a for the seasonal and annual mean temperature variations.The abrupt climate change point was about in 1987,and the temperature belonged to the lower period before that time,and higher period after that time.There were an increasing trend in spring,autumn and winter in 1975,but this trend wasn’t appeared until summer in 1983.

Coastal tidal marshes in Shanghai,which are fragile and sensitive to environmental changes,play very important roles in maintaining biodiversity and estuarine ecosystem stability.However,over the last decades they have severely suffered from human activities such as land reclamation.Consequently,the structures and functions of the ecosystems are greatly threatened.In this study,we carried out field surveys as well as remote sensing analysis using Landsat TM/ETM+ data to demonstrate the development dynamics of the tidal marshes and reveal the impacts of diking on these areas in the past 20 years.The results showed:①the tidal marshes in Shanghai are distributed in the coast of the continent and the islands in the Yangtze River estuary,and the area has reached 330.75 km2;②the marshes have been expanding seaward in the past 20 years,and the coastline has been extending as the average annual rate of 100 ～ 300 m eastwards to the sea with the tidal development;③several large reclamation have taken place in the coast in Shanghai in the past 20 years,and the cumulate area of diked marshes is over 653.54 km2 from 1987.The continuous land reclamation have caused the great reduction of the area of wetland and the intertidal vegetation,which have caused great biodiversity loss and ecological degradation.Therefore,for the purpose of wetland conservation,the utilization of the tidal marshes such as land reclamation must follow the principle of dynamic protection,and ecosystem restoration is necessary in the tidal marshes in Shanghai.〖

Protection and development of traditional agriculture have an important meaning for increasing regional resource sustainable utilization value.Taking Jinniu Village,a traditional agricultural area of the Southern Yangtze River as an example,the ecological services value of paddy system was evaluated with market value approach,production cost approach,opportunity cost approach,shallow project approach and cost surrogate approach.The ecological value coefficients of cropland, garden plot,woodland and water body ecosystems were adjusted by combing with biomass and price index based on the study of Chinese ecosystem services value.Then the changes of ecosystem services values of Jinniu Village were predicted and analyzed before and after the implement of land use planning.The results showed that during 2008 and 2020,the increase of ecological service functions would range from 10.70% to 100.73%,the total ecosystem services value would increase from 65680×104 yuan to 1 02210×104 yuan,and the proportion of paddy system in the total value would range from 50.67% to 53.63%.Sensitivity analysis manifested that the ecosystem services values of Jinniu Village were generally inelastic,and the ecological value coefficients calculated by this paper were reasonable.The land use planning would basically bring Jinniu Village a considerable ecoenvironmental benefit,while the water body should be increased in order to promote tourism attraction.〖