Based on measuring the degree of urbanization and land intensive utilization, the paper explored the interactions between urbanization and land intensive utilization by dynamic econometrics. The results showed that both of urbanization and land intensive utilization was integrated of order one. There existed equilibrium relationship between them in long term whereas things were different in short term, and the range of short term equilibrium close to long term equilibrium was 18.98%. Grange causality test showed that urbanization was the Grange cause of land intensive utilization, but the opposite grange causality couldn't be proved by the empirical study. The response of land intensive utilization to urbanization impulse was remarkable and the urbanization impulse can explain the change of land intensive utilization to a certain extent of 90%; the response of urbanization to land intensive utilization impulse was weak and the land intensive utilization impulse can explain the change of urbanization to a certain extent of only 3%. Therefore, it was necessary to take longterm measures such as orderly promoting urbanization, strengthening supervision and management for land utilization and constantly improving the level of land intensive utilization

Resources of 〖WTBX〗Exopalaemon modestus〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Macrobrachium nipponense〖WTBZ〗 are abundant, which occupies a very important position in fishery of Lake Taihu. However, little is known about the resources dynamic of these freshwater shrimps. This article focused on the seasonal dynamics of shrimp stock of 〖WTBX〗E. modestus〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗M. nipponense〖WTBZ〗 in Meiliang and Gonghu Bays. The result showed that the densities and biomass fluctuated over time within a year, which began to increase in spring, reached a peak in the summer and sharply decreased after September, indicating the influence of breeding and fishery on resources of these shrimps. Spatially, the density and biomass of 〖WTBX〗M. nipponense〖WTBZ〗 were higher in the littoral zone than in open water with an increase mainly from June to September, indicating the importance of the littoral zone as breeding habitat. In Gonghu Bay, the density and biomass of E. modestus were relatively high in the area covered with submersed vegetation, suggesting this shrimp prefer submersed macrophyte as its habitat. This research helps the rational exploitation of the shrimp resources in Lake Taihu

During July of 2009, macroinvertebrate assemblages were investigated in Pohe Stream which is an important headwater system belonging to Huanggai Lake waternetwork,located in Chibi County,Hubei Province.A total of 54 taxa were identified,belonging to 4 phyla,6 classes and 36 families.Of which 45 were aquatic insects,4 mollusks,2 crustaceans and 3 others (oligochaete,turbellarian and arachnidan).The larvae of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae were the dominant groups in abundance.〖WTBX〗Choroterpes〖WTBZ〗 sp.,〖WTBX〗Cinygmula〖WTBZ〗 sp.,〖WTBX〗Baetis〖WTBZ〗 sp.and 〖WTBX〗Ablabesmyia〖WTBZ〗 sp.were most dominant taxa and their relative abundance were 4040%,838%,426% and 419% of the total,respectively.Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to explore the importance of environmental factors in influencing macroinvertebrate community structure. The results showed altitude and channel width were the significant predictors of the community variance.ShannonWiener diversity and Hilsenhoff's Biotic Index (BI) were explored to assess the water quality of the stream. The results of two indices were different to a certain extent and indicated that the water quality was quite clean in most sampling sections. Considering the coincidence with physical-chemical parameters,BI bioassessment method should be applicable in this headwater stream ecosystem

Four hydroacoustic surveys were conducted in June and November 2009 by using the SIMRAD EY60 echo sounder with a 200 kHz splitbeam transducer in the upstream and downstream of the Gezhouba Dam in the Yangtze River in order to understand the temporal and spatial distribution of fishes. The result indicated that the average individual density (total fish number in a given water area) ranged from 2.8 to 122.7 ind./ 1 000 m3 and 8.8 to 888.8 ind./1 000 m3 in the upper and lower reaches of the Gezhouba Dam, respectively. Fishes unevenly distributed in the investigated area and mainly concentrated in three sections, which were the mouth of Xiling Gorge, tailwater of Dajiang power plant and Sanjiang section. Fishes always concentrated in the middle and bottom layers of the lotic reach below Dajiang power plant. In the sections of the slowflow and lentic sections, fishes preferred to middle and surface layers in June but bottom layer in November. Fish body length was not correlated (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗>005) or negatively correlated (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005) with water depth in June. However, there were positive correlations (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<005) between them in November. It is suggested that the fishes which were suitable for the different ecological groups were regionally distributed in horizontal direction due to the different hydrological regimes of the upper and lower reaches of Gezhouba Dam. In the sections of the slowflow and lentic sections, there was variation of the vertical distribution between seasons. The seasonal variation also influenced significantly the relationship between fish body length and distributing water depth in the upper and lower reaches of Gezhouba Dam. 

The relationship between land use and water quality is one of the important components of land use environmental effects research.Based on monitoring water quality and land use data,this paper focused on quantitative relationships between land use pattern and water quality in Chaohu Lake basin.Firstly with the help of GIS spatial analysis tool,strip types of contributing zones with different buffer radii were developed around the monitoring sites for water quality assessment,and the proportions of four types of land use types were extracted from the buffer zones.Then correlation and redundancy analysis (RDA) methods were used to analyze the relationship between water quality and land use patterns within buffer zones,and a comparison between mountainous areas and flat areas was made. Results showed that the land use structure in the river side area in Chaohu Lake basin had great impacts on water quality parameters.Urban construction land showed negative effects on water quality,and was the dominant factor for river pollution in Chaohu Lake basin.The forestland exhibited a significant positive relation with water quality,especially with CODMn and NH3N.It suggested that the closer forestland tend to improve water quality.The impacts of cultivated land on the river water quality were complicated. In addition,under different terrain conditions in Chaohu Lake basin,there were some differences in the way and to the degree of land use influencing the variables of water quality in the same contributing zone scale.RDA demonstrated that there existed obvious scale effect caused by different land use types.The study results should provide practical guidelines for the management of water environment in Chaohu Lake basin

Preferably estimating runoff of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area in September is important to safely and effectively achieve the pondage mission of TGR. Using correlation analysis, it found that there was a significant positive correlation between runoff of TGR area in September and precipitation in most meteorological stations which located in upstream of the Yangtze River Valley (YRV) in August. According this, we define the key region of anterior precipitation in upstream of the YRV for influencing runoff of TGR area. Calculating the arithmetic mean value of precipitation in the meteorological stations which located in the key region in August and comparing the interannual changes of the mean precipitation and runoff of TGR area in September, it found that they changed in accordance and had a significant positive correlation. So the precipitation of the key region in August can act as an important factor to estimate runoff of TGR area in September. This result can provide some references to make the pondage plan of TGR. We also analyze the relevant background of atmospheric circulation, and found that the amount of runoff of TGR area tightly correlated with the variation of atmospheric circulation, i.e., in the low value years of runoff of TGR area, the synoptic situation and water vapor transportation are disadvantaged to occurring of precipitation process, and then it can cause the low runoff of TGR area in posterior, and vice versa.

In order to evaluate grid PV power station solar energy resources in Xianning which without solar radiation observation data,by plane solar radiation climatology computative method and slope surface radiation conversion method,that is,based on historical data of Wuhan station on establishing total amount and direct radiation quantity and the sunshine percentage calculation equation Xianning monthly solar radiation components was calculated,and their time change,resource abundance and stability were analyzed.Based on  the scattering radiation isotropic hypothesis,the amount of radiation on tilted surface and the best angle were calculated.Results show that:In recent 50 years(1961~2009) total solar radiation amount in Xiannin region was 4 0914 MJ/m2.This area is a rich region of solar energy resources.The radiation level is C level which is more scattering radiation,and stable degree is higher.Optimum tilt angle in the conditions of the biggest total solar radiation amount of a year is 18°,in this angle the total amount of radiation is 4 2246 MJ/m2,33% higher than the horizontal plane.If it is installed by the best dip and azimuth,the designed capacity of the photovoltaic array 1 500 kWp annual power will generate 132×106 kW·h.The reasonable calculation and application of evaluation index of various components of solar radiation will provide a scientific basis for planning and design of photovoltaic power plants,and provided a sample of similar work in future

Based on the platform of opensource geographic information system GRASS,500 m resolution datasets of clearsky radiation (including beam,diffuse and reflected radiation) in the Yangtze River Basin were firstly calculated with processmodel r.sun and programming language Shell,which can help to understand spatiotemporal pattern of energy over the basin, and provide data for macroclimatic and ecological modeling.The results are as follows:(1) Validations show that r.sun model on the retrieval of the clearsky radiation of the Yangtze River Basin performs relatively well,with the MPE (37%),MAPE (75%) and RMSE (64%) of related clearsky index.The model can be further used in other regions of China.(2) Annual mean radiation,with an average value 2424±245 MJ/(m2·d),has a significant gradient. Beam,diffuse and reflected components are quite different,with ratios of the annual average global radiation 841%, 156% and 3% respectively.(3) Global radiation and its variability both decrease along the three terrain ladders from west to east. Atmospheric attenuation along with the elevation plays an important role in the pattern of clearsky radiation.(4) Seasonal distributions of clearsky radiation are asymmetry,with the percentage order of the annual average global radiation,summer (316%)>spring (292%)>autumn(219%)>winter(173%).Monthly changes of the clearsky radiation share with the inverted “U”shaped curve.Monthly beam and diffuse radiation have similarly changing trend,but their proportion shifts with the atmospheric turbidity during the year

Observed frozen soil data in Yushu Qinghai were analyzed to show the seasonal variation,beginning date and ending date of frozen soil,characteristics of no frozen soil period.Frozen soil in Yushu had obvious seasonal variations which begin from autumn,reaching maximum depth at the end of winter and melt in spring.Nonfrozen soil averaged period is 173 days.80% guarantee days were 147 days.Nonfrozen soil period is between middle June to the beginning of September.In the last 50 years,maximum frozen soil depth had stepped characters;the beginning and ending date of surface to 5 cm soil didn't have obvious trend.The beginning date of 10 cm and the deeper soil had early trend and the ending date had delay trend. All seasonal,annual mean temperature and annual minimum temperature had obvious increasing trend. This indicated that maximum depth,beginning date and ending date of frozen soil,were not always attenuation,delay or early with climate warming.They may be affected by else elements.This results was consistent with the some of scholar's studies for southern of Tibetean plateau

Evaluation of water resource security is one of the key countermeasures for managing regional water security.In this paper,Chaohu Lake watershed was used as a case study for this purpose.In order to rationally determine the weights of evaluation indices for regional water security,we developed a new method that differs from regular ones such as Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP),entropy weighted method and principal component analysis (PCA),which were poorly proven in effectively describing and evaluating the parameters or indices within the complicated systems.According to our method, structural decomposition for the weights was performed by recognizing the single sample weights and sample set weights.The single sample weights of evaluation indices were computed by using the accelerating genetic algorithm,which is based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and minimum relative information entropy principle.The sample set weights of evaluation indices were computed by using the accelerating genetic algorithm,which is based on the projection pursuit method and maximum information entropy principle.Thus,based on above mentioned method,projection pursuit model (CWEPP) for evaluating region water resource security based on the changeable weight and entropy principles was established.In the context of evaluation of water resource security,the CWEPP model was used at local and nationwide levels.The result showed that water resource security level for Chaohu Laked watershed is between moderate and severe water shortages,but in general the level tends to severe water shortages.This indicated that water resource security level for Chaohu Laked watershed is worse than the overall situation of Anhui Province. The result also showed that compared with regular methods,the CWEPP model is an effective evaluation method for region water resource security due to its distinct concepts of mathematics and physics.Thus,it can be widely applied in comprehensive evaluation for resources and environment

Cyanobacteriadominant bloom is one of the most serious environmental problems both in China and all the world.However,the algal bloom outbreak mechanisms are complex with obvious uncertainty.This study aimed to develop an approach to evaluate algal bloom occurrence risk in Lake Taihu.Firstly,BP artificial neural network was applied to reveal the relations of algal bloom and the impact factors in order to evaluate the status of algal bloom.Then,according to these results,the fuzzy theory was integrated to deeply evaluate algal bloom occurrence probability with different possibility,which would greatly quantify the uncertainty of algal bloom outbreak.Finally,the composite algal bloom occurrence risk of Lake Taihu was assessed based on the recent fine years' monitoring data with 65 sites.The results showed that the west coast area and MeiLiang Bay are of the highest risk,Lake Zhushan and Lake Wuli are of moderate risk,the southern coast area,Lake Gonghu and the central region of Lake Taihu are of low risk,Middle East area and East Lake are of little risk.The methodology developed and results can be utilized to support further study on algal bloom forecast and water resource management

River ecosystem is one of the most complex ecosystems in the world,being involved in each part in the natural environment,and almost being directly or indirectly linked with every aspect of human activities.Ecosystem health assessment is one of the most active fields in river ecology. Fish was first used to construct a biotic integrity and health assessment and now is a widely applied biota group.This paper first assesses the health status of river ecosystem in Gangjiang River Basin through fish index of biotic integrity (FIBI) after investigating the stock of fish among 17 tributaries and different river zones of main stream. Results show FIBI scores of about 70% of sampling sites are in the fair status,25% in good and 5% in poor. FIBI scores of tributaries and main stream in Ganjiang River system are in the poor to fair status.In a word,river ecosystem health of Ganjiang River Basin is at the level of the poor to fair.It is considered that the declined fish integrity of Ganjiang River Basin is related with human activities such as river damming and impoundment.We suggest that the restoration measurements such as addition of fish way or fish ladder should be employed

With the evolution of sediment,hydrological regime and pollution,major environmental issues have gradually changed around Dongting Lake in recent decades.Especially under the impacts from the Three Gorges Project,returning farmland to lake project and the increasing of climate extremes,Dongting Lake is undergoing low water level occurrences.The water level dropped 203 and 211 m at the outlet of the lake in 2006 and 2009 respectively,caused by the water storage of Three Gorges Reservoir.The water quality has deteriorated from grade Ⅳ to grade Ⅴsince 2008.Low water level accelerated the change in wetland structure and the degradation in wetland function.Invasive plant has threatened the biodiversity and the stability of habitat.Due to continuous decrease in sediment discharge,Dongting Lake,for the first time,changed from trapping to supplying net sediment to the Yangtze River in 2006.The environmental conflict around Dongting Lake is changing from flood dominated to flood and drought coexisted.These environmental changes have reflected the social structure transformed from traditional agriculture to a comprehensive development in agriculture,forestry and industry,as well as changes in the lakecatchment interaction

According to the spot investigation and the experimental analysis of fish cagefarming in the confluence of Badong Guandu,results demonstrated that the water quality of cagefarming area was inferior to the control cross section,and control cross section was inferior to the background and cross section.The water quality of different sampling stations on the same cross section was immovable basically.However,the water quality of controls in cross section was gradually improved as far from cagefarming area.According to the principal components analytic method,the influences of different fish cagefarming area on the water quality are as follows:the sturgeon cultivation area>American paddlefish cultivation area>the yellow catfish cultivation area>the carp and the grass carp cultivation area.The correlation analysis of various water qualities parameters indicated that diversities and abundance of algae in Badong Guandu had high relativities to the total phosphorus and the ammonia nitrogen respectively;the parameters of ammonia nitrogen,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and permanganate index obvious related one to another,which indicated that the source of pollution had high homology and the water pollution was mainly ascribed to the fish cagefarming.In this paper,exceeded background concentration of 5% was used as the standard for background pollution zone,the exceeded background pollution area of ammonia nitrogen and permanganate index was about 10 times and 5 times than fish cagefarming area respectively

Since 2003 after impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir its tributary-Daning River began with frequent water blooms,and its frequency is increasing and expanding.Chlorophylla (Chla) is a wellaccepted index for phytoplankton abundance and primary productivity in an aquatic environment.The relationships between Chla and 11 water quality indices in Daning River were studied by principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis.Principal component analysis was used to simplify the complexity of relations between water quality indices.Score values obtained by principal component scores were used as independent variables in the multiple linear regression models.The results showed that log(Chla) was found to have significant linear relationship with 6 score values from the principal component analysis of variables, and predicted Chla values of Daning River were obtained from the following model:log(Chla) = 0.579-0.191× (Score 1)-0013×(Score 2)-0013×(Score 3)+0042×(Score 4)+0134×(Score 5)-0059×(Score 6),〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗=0731 and 〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2 (goodness of fit)=0535,indicating that 535% of variation in Chla could be estimated by this modeling approach.The results of further validation using a new dataset suggested that the modeling obtained in this study successfully simulated Chla peak concentrations and developed tendency from January to October in 2010

The spatial layout of urban heatisland can reflect the success or failure of urban planning and management to some extent, and it is one of the drivers of urban air pollution too.According to the NOAA/AVHRR（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer）data on the afternoon of February and March in Chengdu City (2000,2003,2004,2006,2008 and 2010),the inversion of brightness temperatures introduced the mean and sigma method to divide the intensity of heatisland into seven levels,and the area weighted average method to divide the intensity of research region into three kinds:high,medium and low temperatures.The results indicated that:(1).the spatial layout changed greatly,the centershaped in prophase changed into the annularshaped in metaphase, and the anaphase was an adjustment phase of highisland shape and hightemperature center;(2).the intensity of research region was high in prophase,then weakens in 2004 in which the intensity of hightemperature decreases by 2.59℃ compared with 2003,and the average decreasing rate after 2004 was only 024℃ per year;(3).the temperature gradient of urban northeast and southwest showed reverse rising and lowering.Since surface temperature plays an important role in urban temperature,the shape change of heatisland is an objective evidence for us to analyze the mechanism of air pollution,the design of heatisland data model,and the urban planning more finely

This article systematically studied the occurrence status of alien invasive species in Hubei Province,including number,distributing,invasive ways of invasive species.Based on the correlation theories of environmental economics between every province's small region natural environment rapid change and alien species invasion in China，this article pointed out that alien species invasion in Hubei Province was relevent to opening to the world and economic development.And comparing with other provinces,alien species invasion in Hubei Province has its characteristic and the dearee of severity.Based on alien invasive species cumulative quantity (or density),(including Beijing, Liaoning, Gansu, Shandong, Chongqing, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Anhui, Hunan),in the 80's, 90 's, after 2000,the general trend and region variance on alien species invasion in China were pointed out,and comparing alien invasive species's rate of rising about ten province.Finally,the article elaborated alien species invasion's influence in Hubei Province,and suggested countermeasures in Hubei Province

Based on the analysis of the present situation and existing problems of the bankline use in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,with the mathematical model research method,taken bridges in Wuhan river reach and dock groups in Yangzhong river reach as examples,the calculation of accumulated influence on river flood water level and flow field by lots of wading engineering groups were carried out.Results showed that the flood water level and velocity influence were accumulated after the wading engineering groups built and the influence of wading engineering groups was much larger than that of single engineering.When the influence was increased to the extent,it would do harm to the river regime and flood carrying capacity.In the end,some suggestions are given,such as the bridge density and dock group scale should be controlled reasonable,the principle of the bankline use should be put forward,river engineering design should be regulated,and River regulation should be strengthened,in order to minimize the cumulative effects of flood control

Based on 1959～2008 daily precipitation data over 17 stations of Hubei Province,applying the Kriging interpolation method，linear trend,the cumulative anomaly,moving average and the MannKendall,complex Morlet wavelet analysis method the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution of torrential rains in Hubei Province were analyzed.The results indicate:Hubei Province's storm show a multicenter distribution，there are two storm highfrequency center，which one is in the southeast and the other is in northeast Hubei;one lowfrequency center in the northwest Hubei；on the overall it shows a decline from the southeast to the northwest of the geographical distribution；highfrequency heavy rainfall areas,stormprone areas and maximum rainfall areas appeared in eastern Hubei.On time evolution of trends,Hubei storm days showed weak growth trend in the past 50 years,and experienced below normalbelow normalabove normalabove normalbelow normal during the interdecadal variation of rainfall amount;the frequency of partial years of heavy rain days is higher than the partial juvenile in abnormal rainstorm；torrential rain days and heavy rainfall across the province the amount of mutation occurred in 1978,and there is 9 years and 5 years of periodic oscillations,and district torrential rain days have shown significant decadal cycle of 8~10 years features. 

Debris flow is one of geological disasters in Mountains. Significant damages and losses were often caused by low frequency debris flow.In western region of Sichuan Province 17 debris flow gullies were investigated and particle sizes were measured in the catchments of debris flows.The relationship between coarse particles size and the frequency of debris flows was studied.From the analysis of the characteristics of rock,the coarse particle size and the frequency of debris flows, the conclusions were obtained:(1) the coarse particle size in the formation area is almost the same as the coarse particle size in the deposition area of debris flow catchment. So the coarse particle size in the formation area can be replaced by the coarse particle size in the deposition area;(2) The mean size of coarse particle in middle and high frequency debris flow gullies is less or equal to 20 cm,and the mean size of coarse particle in low and extremely low frequency debris flow gullies is more or equal to 25 cm;(3) The harder rock, the larger coarse particle size is, and the lower frequency of debris flow is;(4) The frequency of debris flow was primarily determined by the characteristics of rock and the size of coarse particles. It is easily and useful to predict the frequency of debris flow by use the characteristics of rock and the coarse particle size in the low frequency debris flow gully:referring to the geological map,judgment the main characteristics of rock,assignment the size of coarse particle,choosing the effected factors,frequency of debris flow could be determined.These works could help to understand and predict the low frequency debris flows