Smart Growth is an inevitable choice for China city sustainable growth with constraints of resources and environment, it’s very important to integration of this theory with the practice of China cities’ growth. This article firstly designed an evaluation index system according to the principles of Smart Growth.The system includes four growth dimensions which are the growth of city scale,city spatial, city consumption and city welfare.Based on the improved entropy method, we evaluated the Smart Growth degree of 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta by using urban statistical data from 1999 to 2008.Findings indicate that the entropy of all 16 cities shows an increasing trend,and the growth becomes more and more smart.The growth of Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou is smarter than other 13 cities.The tendency of polarization of spatial disparities is gradually showed up.The dimensions of city welfare and city scale are the key features of city growth.Measures should be taken to control city consumption and expand potential city space.The indexes reflecting city environment,economic structure,employment structure,urbanization and the consumption of land and life energy make significant contribution to the evaluation

The paper revises the city gravity model by using the index of Krugman,the area of builtup areas and the coefficient of the population quality.Based on the revised gravity model and distance analysis method of statistics,we analyzes intensities of urban economic contacts and the geoeconomic relationships between Hefei（or Wuhu）and other cities in the belt,and makes a matching analysis of the external economic links and geoeconomic relations.The paper gives some explanations to these matching results.Then it gives different regional economic development strategy based on the different matching result.The analysis results are as follows.(1) The main geoeconomic relationship of Hefei is complementary and Wuhu is competitive.In the forming process of the geoeconomic relationship,the flow ability index of product has a significant contribution to the formation of a city competitive or complementary relationship.(2) There is strong competition,overall weak economic ties and unsatisfactory matching relations between the central city and other cities.The industrial structure difference and traffic convenience become a reason influencing the matching result.The main mission for the city in the belt is to change the relations from competition to complementary and strengthen economic ties

For measuring and evaluating regional sustainable development conditions, in view of some shortags of traditional ecological footprint model,using emergy analysis theory from the system on the advantages of a flow algorithm,a modified emergybased ecological footprint model was established.It increased ecology footprint of the consumption of water, the pollution and so on,adjusted ecology footprint with the input and output emergy.At the same time,ecological carrying capacity was expanded as the natural ecological carrying capacity,the ecological carrying capacity based on net primary productivity,the value of ecosystem services carrying capacity and human services ecological carrying capacity.And sustainable development degree was comprehensively evaluated.It was fully accounted of the openness of urban ecosystems,the flow of matter,energy and information,as well as the role of human initiative,etc, and more fully reflected the complex system of urban ecological economic structure,function and development of sustainability.Using the model,we calculated evolution of per capita ecological footprint and per capita ecological carrying capacity from 2000 to 2008 in ChangZhuTan City Cluster.The results showed that ecological footprint was increasing,the ecological capacity was wave development and decreased slightly,ecology deficit had the growth situation,sustainability evaluation index was higher than 05 and next to 1,so sustainable development conditions was worried. It is necessary to take the measures without delay

For its rapid rate and high degree of urbanization,Wuchengxiyu Region is selected as the study area for studying the effect on the plain river system in Taihu hinterland by quick urbanization in recent years.Based on the river system of three periods:1960s,1980s and 2003,the river network is classified into three levels according to the width of channels.Then from the view of river geomorphology,the river structure characteristics,such as the river network density,the water surface rate,the complexity and structure stability of river network,the fractal of river network,are calculated quantitatively,as well as the longterm water level changes.The results show that:1) nearly all the river system features are shorter;2) river length and area of rivers and lakes of different levels are mostly in a decreasing trend except the area of First Level River.The river network density,the water surface rate and fractal dimension of river network all become smaller.Also the complexity and structure stability of river network weaken.The river evolution tends to trunk and single;connectivity of rivers and lakes reduces.There are obvious differences between the conditions of preurbanization and posturbanization.Furthermore,the decrease trend is more obvious since 1980s.In the other hand,the reducing of river system has great impacts on the storage and flood control capacity of rivers,under the condition of urbanization.It makes the annual mean water level and the mean water level in flood season show the increase trend,leading to a high probability of the occurrence and risk of flood. As a result,during the period of urbanization,the rules of river network evolution should be respected to protect the river system and get the aim of making human and river system coexist peacefully

Anhui Province is a special region for climate in China as it is over two climatic zones.The characteristics and influential factors of precipitation in different fields are various.The main object of this study is to investigate the distribution and find out the influential factors of precipitation in summer over Anhui. For this goal,the meteorological observation data of 78 stations form 1971 to 2008 were collected and analyzed.During the analysis,the percent of different intensity rainfall and the ratio between storm days and rainfall days were calculated. Finally, the temporal variations of meteorological observation data were analyzed.The results show that rainfall were effected by several factors, such as terrain, moisture, temperature, wind and so on. According to the difference of position and influential factors,Anhui Province was divided into 10 regions,which were climatic storm region,climatic rain region,weakly rain region along Huaihe River,lee weakly rain region on the north of the Yangtze River,hilly convective rain region,Dabieshan topographic rain region,high temperature storm region,lee weakly rain region on the north of the Yangtze River,irregular rain region along the Yangtze River and Wannan topographic storm region.On the other hand, there were typical characters in rainfall temporal variety.That is the percent of storm cases and ratio of storms to rainfall were increasing with the decreasing of rainfall cases from 1971.For the analysis of spatial and temporal characters of precipitation in Anhui Province,two main views could be concluded.First,with the changing of climate,the precipitation of Anhui province was became heterogeneous in spatial and temporal distribution.Second,the heavy rain cases such as storm occurred more frequently than before

In the light of the current water environment of Donghu Lake and the historical hydraulic connection between the Yangtze River and the Donghu Lake,a scheme of water diversion from the Yangtze River to Donghu Lake is proposed to remedy the water quality of the lake.A coupled onedimensional river and twodimensional lake hydrodynamic and water quality model is developed in this paper.The principle model coupling is that water level,discharge and water quality simulated by the onedimensional river model and twodimensional lake model are equal respectively at the junction section.The parameters of the model are calibrated and validated with water quality and hydrology data of field measurement.Then,the model is applied to simulate the influence of water diversion on the water quality of Donghu Lake.The simulation results show that the water diversion will decrease the concentration of CODMn and TN obviously,but will not significantly decrease the concentration of TP of the water body.The simulation also shows that some bay region could not be affected by the water diversion and the water quality could not be improved.Water diversion can be a practical method for water quality remediation of Donghu Lake.The proposed model could be a effective tool for water environment management in other lake regions

Based on land use historical data of three periods extracted from highresolution aerial photos,IKONOS and Quickbird images,we applied CLUES model to forecast the land use pattern of 2009 based on the 1991 and 2001 land use data,and compared the simulated results with the real land use of 2009.On class level,we chose ROC curve and deviation degree index to evaluate the accuracy of logistic regression and CLUES model,respectively.On landscape level,we selected landscape metrics and Kappa index series to comprehensively assess the accuracy of CLUES model with respect to integrated predictive ability,landscape pattern,quantity and spatial location.The results showed that the CLUES model had satisfactory precision for each land use type,and showed higher fitting precision of logistic regression of each land use type with the spatial resolution increasing.With simulating time decreasing,the precision of CLUES model for landscape patterns enhanced.The predicted precision of quantity was obviously better than spatial location.As a whole,the comprehensive simulation effect of CLUES model was favorable,but the predicted precision of spatial location and landscape pattern should be improved

This paper analyzes the distribution of straw bioenergy in Jiangsu province,and takes three typical straw power projects for example,researches the use efficiency of biomass energy by the way of costbenefit analysis,converting into monetary value and project analysis.The results show that,the most important straw bioenergy in Jiangsu province is food crops,accounting for 918%,and the distribution of straw bioenergy gradually decreasing from north to south.At the present,straw power plants are at a loss,the main reason is that,their resources and environmental compensation are not obtained.Compared with coalfired power generation,straw power not only saves coal,but also reduces the amount of pollution emissions.If the monetary value of their resources and environmental externalities can be achieved,not only their economic losses can be compensated,but also income could be increased.In addition,CDM project provides an effective way for straw and other biomass energy power generation industry.

It is important to determine the equilibrium of soil organic carbon content for the correct evaluation of the carbon sequestration potential and the reasonable distribution of organic matter under the fertilization condition.This article tried to analyze previous studies of organic carbon storage in Jiangxi Province,and used Jenny model to simulate dynamics of soil organic carbon under longterm fertilization condition.Results show that the soil organic carbon reserves in Poyang Lake ecological area account for 46% of the whole province,and the highest is in the Yingtan area,the lowest is in the Jiujiang area.Fertilization increased the contents of soil carbon significantly.The soil organic carbon contents of single application of organic or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers (70F+30M,50F+50M,30F+70M,NPKM,NPK+straw,NPK+pig manure and NPK+ clover)treatments are higher than that of the application of chemical fertilizer treatment,in which 30F+70M of Nanchang County,OM of Jinxian County and NPK + pig manure of Yujiang County treatments were the highest.Compared with application of chemical fertilizers treatments,its organic carbon content at steady state and C sequestration potential of paddy soils were increased by 3061% and 6115%,3017% and 5496%,3826% and 7479%,respectively.Therefore,the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizers are the most effective application methods to improve soil organic carbon density and sequestration potential of paddy soils in Poyang Lake ecological area.Combined application of pig manure and chemical fertilizer is the best,and the ratio of 70% organic manure combined with 30% chemical fertilizers is the most suitable fertilization

To study the spatial distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals in suburb cropland of Changsha city，the buffer analysis and geostatistical analysis model were used to study the spatial variability characteristics of soil heavy metal contents （Cd and Pb）.Singlefactor assessment method was used to evaluate the quality status of Pb and Cd.While Hakanson method was used to assess the potential ecological risk degree.The results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cd in largely sampling sites were at class I (below their average background values).There were some accumulations of Pb and Cd in soils,and the degree of accumulation of Cd was more serious than Pb.The average concentration of Pb and Cd in soils decreased with the distance in the buffer area at 3 ranges (i.e.less than 20 km,20 to 40 km and 40 to 60 km from urban area,respectively).It indicated that anthropic activity in urban has great influence on the concentrations of soil Pb and Cd in suburb cropland at certain spatial scale.The semivariograms of geostatistics analysis indicated the largescale spatial autocorrelations for soil Pb and Cd.The spatial autocorrelation and random both contributed to the spatial structure of soil Pb and Cd.The results of single accumulation index and potential ecological hazard coefficient of soil Pb and Cd showed the tendency that near suburban area was more serious than middle suburban area and distant suburban area,while distant suburban area was more serious than middle suburban area.The potential ecological hazard tendency of heavy metal Cd was more serious than Pb in each area.The accumulation extent and pollution risk outstanding area was on southnorth of near suburban and local industrial mining area of distant suburban

Characteristics of atmospheric CH4 concentration obtained by Flask measurements were analyzed at Lin'an regional background station from August 2006 to July 2009.According to the wind direction,backward trajectories and emission inventory,the variation characteristics of CH4 concentration was studied and the impact of emission sources on CH4 concentration was evaluated in Yangtze River Delta.The results revealed that atmospheric CH4 concentrations at Lin'an regional background station were between 1 7584×10-9 and 19700×10-9.The CH4 concentration varied as seasons change and the annual difference was about 737×10-9.The longterm trend of CH4 concentration showed rapid growth year by year;the average growth rate was about 176×10-9/a.The CH4 concentrations were high when the winds were from the northeast and southeast,and the CH4 concentrations were low when the winds were from southwest.The air mass contained high CH4 concentrations mainly came from the northeast and east sector while the air mass contained low CH4 concentrations almost came from the southwest and south sector

The background value of methane (CH4) concentration was measured in 2010 at 05 m above the wateratmosphere interface and the bank of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR).CH4 fluxes from the TGR were determined by the static floating chamber and gas chromatography analysis methods.The results showed that the annual average of CH4 concentration was 2216±0224 mL/m3 at 05m above the wateratmosphere interface and 2211±0206 mL/m3 at the bank of the TGR,and the difference between them was not significant.Seasonal variations of CH4 concentrations were very small.CH4 concentrations were up to 2850 mL/m3 at the wateratmosphere interface of Yunyang in summer.But in the other sites,seasonal average CH4 concentrations varied small and were close to the annual average value.There were apparently spatial variations in CH4 concentration at 05 m above the reservoir surface.The CH4 concentration gradually decreased from Yunyang (231±033 mL/m3),Wushan (220±018 mL/m3) to Zigui (214±013 mL/m3) with the distance from the Three Gorges Dam (TGD).Furthermore,the CH4 concentration in the river downstream of the TGD (Sandouping:221±016 mL/m3) was higher than that in the upstream of the TGD (Zigui:214±013 mL/m3),but there was no significant difference between the two sites.The annual average CH4 fluxes of three sites from the upstream to the downstream in the TGR were 0454,0260 and 0115 mg/(m2·h),respectively,and the average CH4 flux in the downstream dam site (Sandouping) was also higher than that in the upstream dam site (Zigui).The spatial pattern of CH4 concentrations in the TGR was the similar with that of CH4 emission fluxes,which showed that CH4 fluxes were a crucial factor causing the difference of the CH4 concentrations in the TGR. 

To evaluate carbon balance of Poyang lake wetland and quantify its carbon fixation function, aboveground and belowground plant biomass, as well as the net primary productivity（NPP）were measured by harvest method in a marshland dominated by 〖WTBX〗Carex cinerascens〖WTBZ〗 in the Poyang Lake Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve from September 2009 to May 2011.Results indicated that both aboveground and belowground biomass showed clear seasonal variation pattern, ranging from 14608 to 1 77067 g/m2,and 1 80627 to 4 03256 g/m2,respectively.Ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass varied from 208 to 1744, with mean of 519. All the values of aboveground biomass,belowground biomass and NPP were higher in spring than those in autumn. Moreover, the flood time of marshland largely influenced the NPP of 〖WTBX〗Carex cinerascens〖WTBZ〗,NPP in year from 2010 to 2011 accounted for 625% of year from 2009 to 2010,and aboveground biomass decreased more markedly in contrast to belowground.〖WTBX〗Carex cinerascens〖WTBZ〗 in Poyang lake marshland has large carbon fixation capacity,with carbon fixation of 1 92383 and 1231.21 gC/m2 in the two year,respectively

In order to understand the response of algae to flow velocity in Three Gorges Reservoir,a study of artificial controlled flow velocity influencing on algal growth and succession was investigated by employing the original water of Xiangxi Bay in 2008.Flow velocity was set to 0046 m/s,0075 m/s,0139 m/s and the static group 0 m/s.The variation of flow velocity had different impacts on the algal growth.Revealed by SNK multiple comparison,the abundance of Synedra sp.under 0139 m/s was significantly higher than any other treatment (p005),and under which the relative abundance was the highest.For 〖WTBX〗Pediastrum spp., the most abundant treatment was 0075 m/s.No significant difference was found among the four treatments in Microcystis spp.(p 005), but cell abundance and relative abundance under 0046 m/s was higher. The abundance of Cyclotella  sp.in water flow treatments was significantly higher than the static one (p005),but there was no significant difference among flow treatments (p005

Largescale water conservancy and hydropower projects disturbance often result in the significant changes in land use.The paper aims to study the impact of disturbance on the landscape and ecological effects of landscape restoration.The construction of various facilities and changes of land use bring about significant changes in landscape at the disturbed area of largescale water conservancy and hydropower project.Landscape changes and landscape effects of engineering construction and ecological restoration,taking Xiangjiaba largescale water conservancy and hydropower project as an example,were evaluated through field investigation and analysis of the aerial photography images of the disturbed area during three different periods—no disturbance (2004),largescale disturbance (2006~2007) and largescale restoration (2008).The integrate landscape characteristics of different periods,including changes in Landscape pattern,patch number,patch area, patch shape and patch fragmentation,were quantitatively analyzed using the landscape fragmentation index,diversity index,dominance degree and shape index.The results showed that the construction of water conservancy and hydropower project significantly reduced landscape area of woodland, shrub,grassland and farmland in the disturbed area.The increasing land use in the project greatly intensified the degree of landscape fragmentation and promoted landscape diversity.The landscape area of woodland, shrub and grassland were increased with the artificial ecological restoration.However,the landscape fragmentation was still high in the disturbed area. Some suggestions were put forward from landscape ecology to improve the ecological restoration in the disturbed area of Xiangjiaba largescale water conservancy and hydropower project.The future ecological restoration should not only stress on the scientific design of landscape function and landscape pattern,but also on the construction of landscape connectivity,community structure and biodiversity

Along with the intensive study of the relation between landscape pattern,ecological process and function,spatially optimizing the landscape pattern is coming to be one of the frontier issues in the area of landscape ecology.Unfortunately,there are yet not well established schemes,because different regions often lead to various optimal criterion and various schemes.In this research,we placed our eyes on the Zagunao watershed in the upper Minjiang River,Sichuan Province.The environment in the zagunao watershed was vastly changed and damaged while the cover of forests decreased,arid river valley expanded and increased cultivation area in ecologically fragile region.The influence of the fragmented landscape lies in that biodiversity and soil fertility decreased,the amount of soil erosion rose,and so on.This paper is trying to find a new method to optimize the landscape pattern for a special criterion.In the research presented in this paper,we built the spatial databases of Zagunao watershed with the support of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology.The datasets included landscape map（1974 and 2000）,monthly average temperature and precipitation for ages,(DEM)digital evaluation map and soil map.For the aim of relieving the seriously focused ecological problem of soil erosion and optimizing the landscape in spatial pattern,the potential soil erosion was calculated with pRUSLE (the potential relative universal soil loss equation) firstly,assumed that the watershed is not covered by any kind vegetation which represent the worst ecological condition.We combined the means of spatial modeling and landscape priority definition with regard of the potential soil erosion and vegetation distribution regularities in the calculating environment of GIS.By comparing the difference between the optimized landscape and the landscape in 1974,2000 respectively,the spatially optimized landscape might obviously lead to less soil erosion than that of 2000.In addition,this work presented new method for the likely research both in the area of theory and practice

In Jiangsu,Shanghai and Zhejiang,the 3 provinces of East China,typhoon is the most important weather system.In this study,the frequency of the typhoon affecting this region is reconstructed based on kinds of historical documents and archives during 1644~1911,and the result is called F series.The average value of F is 098 t/a.Based on the wavelet analysis,the 4 a is the most notable period.1720~1770s,1780~1800s,1810s and 1850~1900s had 2~4 a period,while 1640~1700s and 1750~1890s had 4~8 a period.The trend of F and Nino3 index are almost same,the frequency of typhoon which affect this region is the result of ENSO changing perhaps.ElNino leads to the value of F growing in the region during Qing dynasty.During the study period,in a multidecadal scale,the warming in northern hemisphere and eastern China will increase the impact of the typhoon frequency in eastern coastal areas

Based on the monitoring data of lightning location system in Chongqing from 1999 to 2008,the spatialtemporal distribution and variation characteristics of lightning frequency,lighting current amplitude,lightning days and other lightning parameters which reflect lightning activity patterns are mainly analyzed with the mathematical statistics,regression analysis,trend analysis and other methods.The results show that the lightning activity frequency has remarkable seasonal and diurnal variation.54%~80% of seasonal changes concentrate in the summer and diurnal variations mainly concentrate in two time interval of 16〖DK〗∶00～18〖DK〗∶00 and 0〖DK〗∶00～2〖DK〗∶00.Both of lightning frequency and lightning days are higher in west area of Chongqing(the lower one is in the middle and southeast area,and the lowest one is in the northeast area).The lightning current intensity of positive lighting is obvious higher than that of negative lightning,and the positive lightning proportion and average lightning current intensity are both significant higher every month in winter than that in other seasons.The cumulative probability distribution formula of lightning amplitude frequency is obtained based on all above,which offers the theoretical basis to lightning protection and mitigation work

The paper studies highway flooding in Southwest China,and 6 factors including developing conditions for geological disasters,geomorphological conditions,geological lithology,average annual rainfall,vegetation coverage and geologicaltectonic conditions along the highway have been selected to construct the Index System of hazards inducing environment zoning.The index weight were obtained through the combination of AHP and expert reliability,and the comprehensive index evaluation model for hazards developing environment was built.Supported by ArcGIS,comprehensive index for hazards developing environment in each grid was calculated by the analysis data of each index precisely obtained through 1 km×1 km grids,then hazards developing environment of highway flooding in Southwest China were devided into different zones according to county administrative districts.The results show that Southwest areas have sufficient environment conditions for highway flooding, the comprehensive index of hazards developing environment ranges from 3313 to7746,and the hazards inducing environment zones are mainly distributed in high easyhappening area and medium easyhappening area,among which high easyhappening area,medium easyhappening area and low easyhappening area acounts for 5718%,4039%,442% of the total area.This brings a heavy burden to highway management and operation