The principles to give priority for ecosystem protection and natural repair and to repair artificially based on the objective rules are insisted on.The method is as follows.(1) The nature reserve districts are set up in order to enhance management,protect endangered species and increase biodiversity for typical meaning ecosystem.(2) Utilizing selforganized function，the ecosystem is repaired naturally by relieving pressure load for middle and light injured ecosystem.(3) The artificial measures are used to repair or rebuild serious injured ecosystem by comprehensive administration for small basins of the ecosystem harmed seriously.The strategies are selected scientifically as followsl.(1) The vegetation community system is repaired at first,and then the animal and other ecosystems are recovered step by step by creating conditions to utilize the capacity of selfrecover and selfsuccession of ecological system.(2) The ecological rehabilitation is combined with the development of ecological economy to increase revenue and encourage enthusiasm to participate.The percentage of forest cover in Poyang Lake Basin increase from 31.3% to 5832% by the ecological rehabilitation after twenty years efforts.The feasible technical route is explored  as follows.(1) The status and reasons of ecological system injured are found,and impersonality rules including growth and succession of various kinds of ecosystems are discovered by comprehensive scientific investigation.(2) The effective rehabilitating measures，methods and patterns are found by studying process and mechanism of bionomics of the ecological rehabilitation.(3) The science experiment bases are set up firstly as the samples to popularize.(4) The great projects of ecological rehabilitation are pushed systematically. 

The total area of the Poyang Lake Basin accounts for 9% of the area of the Yangtze River Basin and 939% of the land area in Jiangxi Province.The ecological health in the Poyang Lake basin holds together the ecological security of the watershed,especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.It is an important guarantee for the sustainable development in regional economy,society and ecology.On the basis of comprehensive understanding of the Poyang Lake Basin,five scientific questions facing the Poyang Lake Basin are explored in this article:the relationship among “MountainRiverLake” and the ecological health of the basin;the ecosystem response of basin under the global changes;geographical patterns for watershed biodiversity and reasonable division of socioeconomy;the impact of environmental changes in the Yangtze River basin on the Poyang Lake Basin;the theory and practice of scientific watershed management.Scientific advices and countermeasures are proposed for the construction of Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone and the integrated management of the whole basin

By defining the concept and content of water resources carrying capacity,the method of water resources carrying capacity was put forward based on the coordination coupling of population,economy and water resources system according to total quantity control of water consumed.The method adopted measures such as industrial structure adjustment and water resources allocation model,and it was applied in the Yuan River Basin.The results showed that the fixed optimized water declined,the total using water decreased and the water use efficiency improved in each industry.The water demanded reduced by 36 and 90 million cubic meter compared with the water before adjustment,and the reduce margin was about 23% and 53%.For the different target years,the carrying capacity of the average GDP and people increased to a certain extent in the water using regions.The GDP of the whole basin increased by 2649 and 15191 billion Yuan,and the people increased by 77 300 and 18 740 of the whole basin in 2015 and 2030.

Calculation of water environmental capacity is an important basis in distribution of water environmental capacity,relating to the reachability of water quality target in river basin.It is very important for making distribution plan of water environmental capacity to calculate water environmental capacity based on control units,which are the basic implementation units in water environmental management of river basin.As a case study of the Jinjiang River basin,Jiangxi province,the water environmental capacities of COD and NH+4N were both calculated in each control unit according to the calculation methods of water environmental capacity,pollution situation, water quality status and water environmental function division in the river basin.Results showed that water environmental capacities of control unit was closely related to the distribution of drain outlet and water quality target in the function area; the capacity of COD in Gaoan control unit was the largest 21 811 t/a,followed by Shangyin control unit 21 168 t/a,Xinfeng control unit 14 493 t/a and Wanzai control unit  7 607 t/a.The distribution characteristics of NH+4N capacity in each control unit were slightly different from that of COD capacity,and Shangyi control unit had the largest capacity 790 t/a,followed by Gaoan control unit 664 t/a,Xinfeng control unit 462 t/a and Wanzai control unit 303 t/a

Global change lead to a series of environmental effects.Soil erosion is one of the most sensitive environmental effects to global change.This paper select Xiaojiang basin which one of the most fragile ecological environment as study object.Land use and precipitation changes of three periods was obtained using remote senses and rainfall stations,meanwhile the soil erosion response to land use and precipitation change were analyzed according to USLE model and basic geographical information data.The results show that the precipitation has there periods in which the precipitation is low from 1981 to 1990 is high from 1991 to 2000,and the precipitation decreased sharply from 2001.The average soil loss values is 7058,8008 and 7981 t/(hm2〖DK1〗·a) in 1987,1995 and 2005 respectively,and the percent of area of above moderate degree is 2992%,3383% and 3318% in 1987,1995 and 2005 respectively.The extreme high degree of soil loss is 915%,1281% and 1263% in 1987,1995 and 2005 respectively and increased continued.At meanwhile,we analysis the distribution and change in different altitude and slop.The USLE model can be used to assess the soil loss response to global change.It also indicates that USLE associated to GIS model is a useful and efficient tool for evaluating and mapping soil erosion risk and providing scientific basis for land resource management and economic activities.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

The simple biological model second version (SiB2 method) is used to calculate the leaf area index (LAI) of Poyang Lake basin, and analyze the annual and interannual relationship between LAI of different vegetation types and precipitation and air temperature based on NOAA/AVHRR NDVI data during 1982～2001.The results show that: in annual,LAI decreases from January to March to a minimum,then rapidly increases and reaches its maximum in July,and then begins to decrease again.The responses of LAI to precipitation and air temperature have a time lag of three month and one month respectively;in interannual,LAI of different vegetation types have no significant increase or decrease trend in 20 years, but every 2 to 3 years show an increasedecrease alternant variation.The interannual variation of LAI is mainly affected by the precipitation between May to July; in spatial,the distribution difference of LAI in spring and winter is small,only for forest covered area in the basin edge the LAI is slightly high and for the remaining large area the LAI value is very low and the distribution is relatively uniform.While in summer and autumn,the difference in the spatial distribution of LAI is large and mainly effected by the land cover types

Based on the meteorological and runoff data of the ThreeRiver Headwater Region during 1961~2007,the change trend of climatic and hydrological factors and the tendency predict in the future were analyzed by the MannKendall technique and Rescaled range analysis.Meanwhile,principal component analysis was used to judge the main driving factor.The results showed that air temperature increased sharply and water surface evaporation and soil temperature increased with the increase of air temperature,whereas the increasing tendency of precipitation was unremarkable.The annual runoff,especially summer and autumn runoff,reduced sharply and the runoff coefficient also showed a decreasing trend.The result of Rescaled range analysis showed that the variation trend of future was identical to the past.The air temperature, soil temperature and water surface evaporation were the leading driving factors of the runoff process,and the increase of them caused the decrease of runoff. However,the increase of precipitation caused the increase of runoff.This study should be helpful for local water resources planning and management,and also should be significant for the study of the influence of global warming on ecosystem evolution,permafrost degradation and water resources safety. 

Using the precipitation data of 51 meteorological stations in the upper basin of the Changiiang River from 1961 to 2009,the Z index of years and four seasons were computed and inspected. Based on defining the regional drought and flood indices,the characteristic of drought and flood indices were analyzed during the past 48 years,and then the method of choosing typical drought or flood years was discussed.The study showed that the 〖WTBX〗Z〖WTBZ〗 index and regional flood and drought indices depicted obviously the variation features of flood and drought of years and four seasons in the upper basin of the Changjiang River.The drought/flood variation was characterized by obvious interdecadal changes in the upper basin of the Changjiang River.The drought index and the flood index time series have almost antiphase variations on the annual and seasonal time scales. Drought and flood in four seasons had close relationship with 500 hPa circulation pattern at same time.Except winter,dought and flood in other seasons were related with SSTA Field.The conclusion is useful to the development of the upper basin of the Changjiang River;it will provide technical support to scientific management of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Based on the daily precipitation data of the Huaihe River Basin ground stations during 1958~2007 for 50 years,the law of spatialtemporal distribution of the Huaihe River Basin rainfall and its fluctuations were studied by precipitation anomaly percentage and linear trend method and the Morlet wavelet analysis.The results indicated that rainstorm days of the Huaihe River Basin showed three stages.Two growth for the heavy rain days were during 1958~1964 and 1994~2007.The shortage of heavy rain days was during 1965~1993 with most of the year about the positive and negative anomalies 1 to 2 years alternately.Torrential rain days of the Huaihe River Basin in the 21st century significantly increased.There were 13 years in which the storm rainfall of June to August was on the high level in the Huaihe River Basin. From the 1980s,more frequent floods occurred,particularly after 2000,the rainfall increased significantly.Morlet wavelet timefrequency variation study indicated that the Huaihe River Basin showed some periodic time series,and 2,5,15,27 were the important cyclical timing.North part and south part of the Huaihe River showed different storm trends.South part of the Huaihe River was the center of the rainfall area,and the tendency of the south part being more rainfall and the north part being less rainfall was more and more intensified

Study indicates the global warming will lead to more extreme events.Dynamics of precipitation patterns are major causes for hydrological disaster. With the aid of EOF method,the precipitation patterns were extracted in the Yangtze River Basin using satellitederived TRMM/PR monthly accumulated data.Research findings indicate that signals of largescale precipitation variations can be well identified,and the oscillations in relation to the major PCs are well consistent with the typical hydrological extremes.The EOF analyses constitute a fundamental tool to help explore the inherent patterns existed in spatial databases (satellite image sequences) that explain the primary variability through the decomposition of a spacetime field.The retrieved patterns are valuable avenues to help project extreme events,forecast runoff extremes and aid in disaster mitigation in environmental decisionmaking

There is complex terrain in the Yangtze River basin.In order to explore the best suitable method for monthly temperature data spatial interpolation，we used the monthly temperature data which was gained from stations of the Yangtze River basin in 2007 for spatial interpolation experiment，and considered the altitude,latitude and longitude,slope,aspect effects on the temperature.We used monthly temperature of 151 stations in the basin of 2007,and did regression analysis between the site topography and temperature.Intercept of the regression line with the sum of the return generated temperature value of the grid.Meanwhile,the residual of polynomial regression were used by antidistance weighting (IDW),Ordinary Kriging (OK) and the spline function method (SPLINE) spatial interpolation.Then return to the grid of the interpolated temperature value and the results added to get the residuals of the monthly temperature.The results showed that better simulation would be achieved if topography were taken into consideration. MAE and RMSE by OK decreased from 103℃ to 060℃ and from 238℃ to 123℃,respectively;for IDW,from 110℃ to 065 ℃ and from 248℃ to 138℃,respectively;for SPLINE,from 124℃ to 07℃ and from 166℃ to 151℃,respectively.It revealed OK gave the best simulation which take topography into consideration

The pollution control units are the base of the water quality targets management in basin scale.According to the protection requirements for the Taihu Lake and the Taihu Lake basin characteristics,the pollution control unit delineation system in the Taihu Lake basin was discussed.The pollution control unit delineation principles mainly include the principle of aquatic ecoregion being the basis,principle of river integrity,principle of management and operational feasibility,principle of including the most point and nonpoint sources of pollution,principle of trying to include the existing water quality monitoring section,etc.The main indicators of the pollution control unit delineation mainly include the subwatershed,level III aquatic ecoregion,distribution pattern and flow direction of river system,pollution source,water quality monitoring section,county and township level administrative boundaries.And the control unit delineation method is mainly the GIS spatial analysis.In this paper,Huzhou City and some places in Anhui Province,which are the upper reaches of Taihu Lake basin and are characterized by the hills and mountains and plains landscape,were selected as the case study area.In support of the various data,and with the help of techniques of spatial analysis and expert judgment,the study area was divided into twelve pollution control units.After several rounds of consultation and feedback,including experts’ advices,government officials’ comments and the local validation of field visits as well as the application in the test of water quality target management,the results showed that the pollution control units have good scientific value and operational use.Moreover,the overloading rates of water environment in water pollution control units were calculated,and the result showed that the COD，NH4N，TN and TP pollution load overloaded the capacity of water environment in various control units

In order to investigate spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in upstream rivers in Lake Taihu Basin beside the northwest part of the lake,water qualities of 39 rivers were monitored in the water systems of WujinZhihu Port,Taoge,River Danbianmeng (Danjinlicao,Biandan and Mengjin) and Yilihe in August of 2010.Our study showed that the average concentrations of TN in the four water systems were 388 mg/L,283 mg/L,291 mg/L and 193 mg/L respectively.The proportions of DTN in TN were 9180%,7843%,7001% and 8444% respectively,so that DTN was the major nitrogen pollution components in the water systems.The proportions of NO-3N in DTN were 6747%,5275%,7748% and 4281% respectively,and the proportions of NH+4N in DTN were 1633%,3316%,1127% and 4351% respectively.The average concentrations of TP were 059 mg/L,030 mg/L,026 mg/L and 015 mg/L respectively,and the proportions of DTP in TP were 6213%,4019%,4673% and 3197% respectively.The proportions of PO3-4P in DTP were 2073%,5461%,4327% and 7772% respectively.The N and P pollution in the water system of WujinZhihu Harbor is the most serious in the four water systems.The dominant pollution factor that influences the water quality of upstream rivers in Lake Taihu Basin beside the northwest part of the lake was nitrogen,in which dissolved DTN was the major component. Since the northwest part of the lake is a disastrous area with heavy cyanobacterial bloom,large amount of DTN input to this part will be a potential risk for the ecosystem in the lake

Hongfeng Lake is one of the great lakes in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces，and the water pollution caused by agriculture production is a serious problem in environment conservation of Guiyang city.Monitoring studies about rainfall,runoff,TN,TP and CODcr were continuously conducted in a typical agricultural watershed,Dachong in the upper reach of Hongfeng Lake,to reveal the characteristics of nonpoint source pollutants during 2010.The concentration of these nonpoint source pollutants and output amount to water system of the watershed was also tested.The results showed that concentration of TN and CODcr in runoff water were much higher than national standard.Total of runoff,TN,TP,and CODcr in 2010 were 414×105 m3,2 546.7 kg,856 kg,and 10 883.2 kg，and outputs of TN,TP and CODcr from the Dachong watershed to lake were 577,019 and 1451 kg/(km2·d).Concentrations of TN,TP and CODcr in surface runoff from Jun.to Sep.were much higher than those in other months,and their quantity flowing to Hongfeng Lake during the five months in the summer took about 948%,733% and 943% of their total.The pollutants TN,TP,CODcr generated from cultivation land on slope,forests and young stand took 1338,1329 and 1354% of total in the watershed.Concentration of TN,TP,CODcr in surface runoff in rice land and vegetable land respectively ranged from 084~1032,007~018,2050~6800 mg/L and 216~754,001~004,450~2240 mg/L.TN,TP and CODcr in living sewage even got up to 1384~5011,320~510 and 357~2070 mg/L,and those in the sewage from the area livestock lived got up to 4510~7262,450~1850 and 2200~8500 mg/L.The pollution load in surface runoff at the outlet of the watershed was significantly correlated with runoff volume of watershed

Based on the research data of rural environmental changes of 467 rural households in 17 counties of 6 provinces of LowerandMiddle Reaches of the Yangtze River in the period of 2005～2010,this paper has established a differential equation model of rural environmental changes and its influencing factors in the process of modernization,and conducted an indepth analysis about the present condition and the affecting factors during the past five years.The results show that there is a decided downward trend of rural environmental quality indicators in LowerandMiddle Reaches of the Yangtze River of our country,and the conditions of rural areas in Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River represent a greater decline in rural environmental quality than that of the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River,but agricultural production environment has marked improvement in Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.The influencing factors of rural environmental quality changes in Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River are both homogeneous and also has difference.Homogeneous reflects in excessive development of natural resources and people’s weak awareness of environmental protection.Difference shows that the main influencing factors of rural environmental quality changes in Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River is that the process of urbanization and agricultural modernization speed up the falling of environment quality.But in Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River,population pressure, high degree of industrialization and the integration of urban and rural areas,rural areas facing superposition influence of life and industrial waste disposal,these factors caused a drop of rural environmental quality.The conclusion provides policy recommendations for the objective of “The Eleventh FiveYear” Plan which devoted to promote the simultaneous development of national industrialization,urbanization and agricultural modernization  

The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of NDVI and EVI along the Yangtze River in Anhui province are compared by using multitemporal TERRA/MODIS remote sensing images,and the spatial resolution and the atmospheric correction influences on NDVI and EVI are also analyzed in this paper.The results show that the vegetation coverage conditions reflected by MODIS / NDVI and MODIS / EVI are basically the same. The spatial distribution in May shows more obvious differences than that in August,and in vigorous growth period,EVI can reflect the vegetation coverage conditions better than NDVI.In the same spatial resolution (250 m,500 m,1000 m),EVI can reflect the spatial differences of the vegetation coverage much better than NDVI.With the reducing of the spatial resolution,the differences of the vegetation coverage reflected by the two kinds of indexes also decrease.Atmospheric correction has different influences on NDVI and EVI.The values of NDVI are lower than the EVI values before the atmospheric correction,while after the atmospheric correction,the values of NDVI are generally higher than the EVI values.The atmospheric correction has less effect on the NDVI but more significant effect on EVI

Field investigations of macrozoobenthos were conducted in August 2009 to the source region of the Yellow River,and in July 2010 to the source region of the Yangtze River.In these two source regions,altogether 66 taxa of macrozoobenthos belonging to 28 families and 57 genera were identified.Among them were 8 annelids,5 mollusks,52 arthropods and 1 other animal.In the source region of the Yangtze River,taxa number, density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were 29,59 ind./m2,00 307 g dry mass/m2,respectively.In the source region of the Yellow River,taxa number,density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were 48,369 ind./m2,04 520 g dry mass/m2,respectively.Lower animal resources in the source region of the Yangtze River were ascribed to high sediment concentration and wetland degradation. From the view of sustainable development of ecological environment,construction of the ecological protective screen for the river source region is significantly important.It is suggested that implementation of conservation project for natural forest and construction of arborshrubgrass vegetation can prevent grassland degradation and desertification,reduce soil erosion rate and river sediment discharge,thus,maintain river ecological health

Freshwater ecological investigations on the community structure of phytoplankton in the Ganjiang River Basin were conducted three times during the year of 2009~2010.A total of 312 species (including varietas and modifications) were identified,belonging to 109 genera of 8 phyla,i.e. Chlorophyta,Bacillariophyta,Cyanophyta,Euglenophyta,Dinophyta,Cryptophyta,Xanthophyta and Chrysophyta.Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta were the dominant phyla according to both index of species numbers and population density in the Ganjiang River Basin.All phytoplankton species identified were classified into 32 functional groups in the Ganjiang River Basin and finally a feature table of functional groups was built based on the phytoplankton habitat,tolerances and sensitivities.Groups F(〖WTBX〗Hormidium〖WTBZ〗 sp.),J(〖WTBX〗Scenedesmus quadricauda〖WTBZ〗),LO(〖WTBX〗Merismopedia tenuissima〖WTBZ〗),MP(〖WTBX〗Navicula〖WTBZ〗 sp.) & S1 (〖WTBX〗Phormidium tenue〖WTBZ〗) dominated the phytoplankton community during highwater period in the Ganjiang River Basin.Groups LO(〖WTBX〗Merismopedia tenuissima〖WTBZ〗),S1(〖WTBX〗Phormidium tenue〖WTBZ〗) & X2 (〖WTBX〗Chroomonas caudata〖WTBZ〗) dominated the lowwater period.Groups C(〖WTBX〗Cyclotella meneghiniana〖WTBZ〗),J (〖WTBX〗Scenedesmus quadricauda〖WTBZ〗) & MP(〖WTBX〗Navicula simples〖WTBZ〗) dominated the normalwater period.This work is conducted firstly to classify the phytoplankton functional groups in large rivers of China,according to the classification method.Results showed that the functional groups,dominant in species numbers and population density in the Ganjiang River Basin,always live in mesotrophiceutrophic waterbody,suggesting that the aquatic surroundings of the Ganjiang River has been artificially interrupted at certain degree and the river is on eutrophication.Classification of the functional groups is a useful tool for understanding the phytoplankton community.However,it is necessary to check whether the grouping of species reflected the autoecological features of organisms

The sensitivity of debris flow to different lithology is significantly different,and the rock is difficult to use in debrisrelated research quantitatively.Taking the Three Rivers Parallel Area as the study area,the lithology is divided into 14 engineering geological rock groups by using the division method.By introducting the lithology sensitivity formula〖WTBX〗 Fn = Nn / Sn〖WTBZ〗, the relationship between debris flows and rock groups in the study area is analyzed,and the sensitivity of debris flow to the rock groups is calculated.Supported by ArcGIS 90,the lithology is classified into 4 levels according to the sensitivity,and the classification results are applied to the risk assessment of debris flow in the study area.The paper chooses slope, lithology,fracture,vegetation and human activity as debris flow risk evaluations,establishes the debris flow risk assessment model,and obtains the hazard zonation map of the study area in support of GIS technology.The results coincides with the actual disasters,fully proving that this methodology is feasible,which can provide guidance and reference for geological hazard assessment,disaster prevention and mitigation in Southwest China