Based on understanding of the concept of urbanization,the article estimated the population,economic and spatial urbanization levels and their growth rates of Chinese cities,and used the Hot Spot Analysis supported by Arcgis 93 to study the spatial distribution of the growth levels of urbanization of Chinese cities from 2000 to 2008,then revealed spatial model of urbanization in China.The conclusions include: the hot spots of development of urbanization in China since 2000 are still in the eastern coastal areas,mainly around the two big urban agglomerations which are the Bohai Rim and Pearl River Delta,and radiate gradually to the northeast areas,northwest areas and southwest areas which are cold spots.There is certain spatial correlation between the speeds of urbanization development and the level of urban economic development,but there is greater deviation between the speeds of urbanization development and the speed of urban economic growth,which means that the existing level of economic development has more pulling effects on the urbanization development than the economic growth does.The formation of spatial pattern of urbanization is under the influence of factors such as nature,history,policy,economy,population,and its mechanism mainly consists of governmentled “topdown” and marketoriented “bottomup” two roads.In the future the role of government will gradually weaken and the status of active force of the thrust will be further strengthened.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

Along with the deepening of the policy of reform and openingup and the intensification of economic globalization,the foreign direct investment (FDI) mainly from transnational companies (the principal driving force for the global economy) has given rise to the imbalanced economic increase and regional development of China. In this article,the authors studied the spatial characteristics and the driving force of the FDI location by analyzing the panel data of the FDI for 31 provinces during 1995~2009 with the models of spatial autocorrelation and spatial autoregression.From our results, the FDI for each province exhibits the characteristics of spatial autocorrelation,which becomes stronger with time. In general,the FDI is mainly distributed in economicdeveloped eastern coastlands such as Shanghai,Guangdong and Jiangsu provinces,etc.Nevertheless,the FDI increase rate is biased to the inland provinces with relatively good investment environment in the middle and western parts of China.From the local angle,the FDI tend to scatter from the FDIconcentrated provinces to their ambient ones.The spatial lag regression model also indicates that the spatial dependence is important to the distribution of the FDI.The conventional factors such as locations,〖JP2〗policies,etc.account part of the reason for distribution of the FDI,yet with the influences decreasing with time,while the agglomeration economy,the extent of marketization,etc.display gradually increasing importance

The paper employed entropy method to study the relationship between the industrial structure adjustment and the low carbon economy in Yichang City.The study showes that the production and distribution of electric power and heat power,which belong to renewable clean energy,rank top in the index of energy saving and emission reduction and should be boosted.The sector of foods substantially ranks top in the index of energy saving and emission reduction,and belongs to the second tier sector and also the sunrise industry,whose healthy development should be effectively supported and facilitated.The sector of machinery manufacture substantially ranks top ten in the index of energy saving and emission reduction,and belongs to the third tier sector.As a traditional pillar sector and a pillar of strength in the industry,it should be effectively supported and developed on the premises of low carbon technical innovation;the hightech industry and light industry such as manufacture of textile in Yichang also substantially rank top in the index of energy saving and emission reduction and should be further supported to strengthen its competitiveness;the chemical sector ranks low in the index of energy saving and emission reduction and should be managed by means of combining sector adjustment and technical innovation.Processing of petroleum,coking,processing of nuclear fuel,manufacture of paper and smelting of metal in Yichang rank lowest in the index of energy saving and emission reduction,and should be adjusted and merged so as to gradually reduce the number and scale of their enterprises. 

Taxonomic composition, distribution and cell densities of phytoplankton community of Niyang River were investigated in August 2009.The phytoplankton was mainly composed of diatom,204 taxa belong to 24 genus (including variations) were observed.Relative abundances of most taxa were low,dominant species were not outstanding,the taxa of mean relative abundance more than 5% were 〖WTBX〗Achnanthes minutissima〖WTBZ〗 (90％),〖WTBX〗Ceratoneis arcus〖WTBZ〗 var.〖WTBX〗linearis〖WTBZ〗 (54％),〖WTBX〗Fragilaria intermedia〖WTBZ〗 (53％) and 〖WTBX〗Synedra acus〖WTBZ〗 (50％);their appearance frequencies were 19,20,17 and 20,respectively.Distribution of taxa is even,the mean density of phytoplankton was 225×104 ind./L during the studying period,this value was far below the general rivers and lakes.ShannonWeaver index of diversity and the evenness index of phytoplankton were very high in most sampling sites,their mean values was 364 and 095,respectively.These structure characteristics indicated that phytoplankton of this valley was a complex,stable community,and trophic state of Niyang River was oligotraphentic.The detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was consistent with that of twoway indictor species analysis (TWINSPAN),the result of DCA showed that altitude and environmental stabilization were the major factor that affected diversity of phytoplankton community in Niyang River

The change of the cultivated land use intensive degree is related to the food security and social and economic sustainable development. In this paper, by using the multivariate statistical analysis methods of stepwise regression and pathcoefficient analysis and so on, we carried out a study of the driving mechanism of the change of the cultivated land use intensive degree in Hubei Province from 1990 to 2008. The results showed that: the intensity degree change of cultivated land use increased steadily. The prices of agricultural products,cultivated land quality and the fiscal policy to support agriculture were the main factors to influence the cultivated land use intensive degree. The above three factors were not only the direct cause to influencing the cultivated land use intensive degree, but also the indirect cause of other factors, which also had an influence on the cultivated land use intensive degree. Under the market economy condition, the farmers' cultivated land use behaviors had showed a marketization trend. Consequently, we should enhance the agricultural prices  gradually, ensure the quality of land consolidation implementation, improve the quality of cultivated land, and intensify the policy efforts to support the agriculture, in order to improve the famers’ agriculture production enthusiasm and the cultivated land use intensive degrees, and promote the farmers’ income and ensure the national food security.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

The land use change of coastal zone is an important one among those elements affecting the coastal zone ecological environment. And it is currently attracting extensive attentions and researches from domestic and international academics. The study of the land use change of coastal zone and its impact on ecological environment is very critical to understand the regional environment evolution as well as the global change.Firstly, the status of the land use change of coastal zone in the study of global change was analyzed.The influence of the study of the land use change of coastal zone and its ecological environment impact on the following researches was elaborated including: the change of global climate;the rise of sealevel;the interaction of continent and ocean and the thus resulted shoreline change; the flux change of materials such as nutrient salt, suspended solid and sediments, etc;the coastal biological diversity and the total cycle of substances such as C, N in coastal regions and the entire global. Based on the above researches, the paper summarized the development of the study of land use change of the coastal zone and its impact on environment, concluded and analyzed the critical study content of the land use change of coastal zone and its environment effects.Finally,the outlook of the study of land use change of coastal zone and its impact on environment was proposed

By using last 8 years daily rainfall data of Shanghai and an improved SCS model, the daily surface runoff of farmland was simulated, then the characteristics of runoff was analyzed. The main conclusions are as follows.The nonirrigated farmland in the antecedent moisture conditions of dry, almost saturated, saturated to produce surface runoff need rainfall 8.47, 3.58, 1.41 mm respectively.The soil moisture of paddy field are saturated,and the critical rainfall to resulting in runoff is 0.26 mm.The runoff distributions of nonirrigated farmland and paddy field are extremely right skewed.The maximum runoffs in nonirrigated farmland and paddy field are 135.59 and 1857 mm respectively.But the 9811% days of flow in nonirrigated farmland are less than 10 mm, the 9540% days of flow in paddy field are less than 20 mm.Annual flow is a bimodal distribution with the peaks in June and August, and there is a trend that the peak moves from August to June.Compared with the paddy field,the flow of nonirrigated farmland are more concentrated in May~September.There are about 50 days producing flow in nonirrigated farmland every year and the number is about 120 in paddy field. In general, the number of days producing flow continuously is not more than 5 in nonirrigated farmland,and not more than 7 days in paddy field.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

The environmental impact assessment of regional water planning is still in the initial stage nowadays.And problems still exist,such as the method applied is too single,the assessment could not be put into real practice and the weight of index factor is too subjective.Aiming at the shortcomings of evaluation in the past,in this article using variable fuzzy sets and its models for comprehensive evaluation was proposed.Taking the case of water development planning in Jiangsu Province as an example,an index system was established,and a calculation was made through fuzzy clustering iterative model with integration of both subjective and objective weights.From the perspective of spatial distribution of key projects,calculation has been made with the relative membership degree of environmental impact of every city by variable fuzzy recognition model.The results showed that the largest relative membership degree of environmental impact with the planning in Jiangsu is greater than present environment and BAU.Nantong city,with the largest relative membership degree,was followed by Suzhou and Wuxi.Compared with the AHP method,this theory and its models can overcome the limitation of subjectivity and arbitrariness,with scientific,effective,stability advantages for integrated assessment of environmental impact in the area of regional water planning

Although water resources are abundant in Poyang Lake basin,water conflicts and the phenomenon that the water outside the river course occupies the water inside the river course occur in nonflood peak,especially in the period that the required water is numerous.Based on the water resources regulation scheme,the calculation method of minimum control water demand was proposed taking the control section as node,and the water demanded inside and outside river course was considered in the method.According to the method, Fuhe River basin was simplified into 12 control sections.They were Shaziling,Lichuan,Nancheng,Hongmen,Liaofang,Shimen,Liaojiawan,Loujiacun,Mawei,Jiaoshi,Chaifukou and Lijiadu.And the minimum control water demand were 740,380,2873,1200,4981,261,5085,7168,050,10894,1556 and 1030 m3/s,respectively.Through monitoring the flow of the control section,it can provide protection for implementing water resources regulation scheme,preserving the water environment and maintaining health of river ecosystem.Meanwhile,through comparing the minimum water demand with the monitoring flow,the water surplus or deficit was evaluated,and the result may provide basis for implementing water allocation program in nonflood peak

On the basis of wetland hydrology,the minimum ecological water demand in three different periods was investigated for the Dongting Lake,a typical riverconnecting lake in China.The results showed that:(1) the minimum ecological water level was 24 m in either 1974 or 1988,but 246 m in 1998;(2) the minimum volumes of ecological water storage were 2106×108, 1804×108 and 1880×108 m3 in 1974,1988 and 1998,respectively;(3) the average minimum ecological water demands of lake outflow were 3 396,3 379 and 4 717 m3/s,and the minimum ecological water demands of lake inflow were 2 657 、2 704  and 3 745 m3/s in 1974～1987,1988～1997 and 1998～2007,respectively.Therefore,along with lake succession,the minimum ecological water level was significantly increased and the minimum ecological water demands of lake outflow and lake inflow were imbalanced in creased,but the minimum volume of ecological water storage was significantly decreased in 1998 compared with 1974.Finally,the re〖JP2〗asons for the changes of the minimum water demand were analyzed,and the strategies for ecological restoration were also provided

Hubei is one of the most serious outbreak regions of schistosomiasis，and it is the focus of schistosomiasis’s control and prevention in China.In recent years,although schistosomiasis’s control and prevention in Hubei Province has made remarkable achievements,outbreaks still occur frequently.To achieve the task of blocking schistosomiasis transmission,a lot of work needs to do.As 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗 is the only middle vector of schistosome,elimination and control of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗 have become the most important and effective way to control and prevent schistosomiasis.This paper carried out a detailed mapping and spatial analysis of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s geographical distribution in Hubei Province.It is of clear indicative significance to position the key areas of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s elimination and control.Firstly,Annual Schistosome Reports of Hubei Province and the data of 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗 survey and extermination in each counties were collected.〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s attribute data were imported into the vector layer of administrative counties of Hubei Province with software ArcGIS 92.Then,Hubei 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s geographic information database was set up，and the electronic map of the distributing districts that 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensi〖WTBZ〗 inhabit was established.By analyzing,the following conclusions can be drawn out: (1) 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s susceptible areas distributed in both shores of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Han River,and across flooding areas of lakes connecting with this two river，forming a clearly thick belt. (2) The 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗’s geographical distribution areas of the three schistosomiasis endemic types，including the subtype of lakes and marshes outside embankment,the subtype of lakes and marshes inside embankment and the type of massif，display significant regional differences. (3) Bottomland of rivers and lakes,which present a narrow Yshaped along the two rivers,is the main breeding environment of 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗,and distribution of 〖WTBX〗Onocomelania hupensis〖WTBZ〗 in areas of ditches and ports is wide and discrete

Energy shortage is becoming one of the major problems of global resource and environment.As many of energy problems are related to human activities,it is necessary to identify the impact of human factors on energy consumption so as to develop and implement sustainable energy policy accordingly.In this paper,taking STIRPAT model as an analysis tool and energy consumption of Gansu Province from 1991 to 2009 as an indicator,the environmental impact of human factors was decomposed.The results showed that the increased wealth and urbanization may increase the promotion of environmental degradation,and environmental impact of urbanization is 278 times of wealth.Another important finding in the empirical study is that there is no evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for energy consumption within the range of calculated data,and the curve is still ascending.The diversification of consumption structure was conductive to reduce energy consumption,and its impact on the environment was slightly lower than that of increased wealth effect.Finally,the advantage and disadvantage of STIRPAT model was concluded,and we suggested that the mechanism of related factors on environmental impact need to be studied deeply

The efficiency assessment index system of the investment in the environmental governance was built based on the principles for building an assessment index system after the correlation researches.The total investment in the environmental governance was selected as the input indicator,and the control performance of water,gas,solid and other aspects as the output indicators.The efficiency assessment model was constructed based on data envelopment analysis (DEA).And the key influence factor was attained based on the grey incidence degrees between the DEA efficiency factor and each assessment index.The efficiencies of thirty provinces in China in 2009 were analyzed based on the data collected from China Statistical Yearbook on Environment 2010 and China Statistical Yearbook 2010.The efficiency of the investment in the environmental governance of each province was calculated,and its key influence factors were obtained.It is proved that the efficiency will be improved efficiently by controlling the key influence factors,such as the total investment in the environmental governance

By using daily thunderstorm data in 78 stations of Anhui Province during 1961～2009,this paper calculated the sum of annual thunderstorm days in every station and established a time series,then analyzed the spatialtemporal variation of thunderstorm and its influencing factors over Anhui Province by trend analysis,EOF,wavelet analysis,MannKendall test and so on.The results showed that:the annual thunderstorm days over Anhui Province presented a significant decreasing tendency;thunderstorm days in the south overwhelmed that in the north and that in mountain overwhelmed in plain;the seasonal distribution proved that thunderstorm days in summer ranked the first,in spring the second,in autumn the third and in winter the last;the thunderstorm also showed a tendency to begin later and end earlier,thus the thunderstorm period shortened;the thunderstorm days of all stations in Anhui Province decreased,and that of those stations in the southwest of the YangtzeHuaihe area and the south part of Anhui Province decreased most sharply.The cumulative percent variance of the EOF’s first three modes reached 987%.The value of first mode of EOF was consistent everywhere,meanwhile the second mode of EOF indicated that the distribution of thunderstorm days between south and north was contrary.Thunderstorm days which mutated once around 1976 had two main periods,around 10~12 years and 2,3 years.The spatialtemporal variation of thunderstorm was closely related to those factors such as atmospheric general circulation,latitude,terrain,season,etc

Lengzi gully is the first order branch of Anning River.There is a largesize landslide in the gully,which provides debris flows with sufficient loose materials.To study the debris flow hazard characteristics,researches were conducted on the formation conditions and development trend of debris flows in the gully based on the field survey,and the countermeasures for debris flow mitigation were also proposed.Results indicated that the debris flows are characterized by low viscous, high frequency,largesize and severe risks.The densities of debris flows were 21 t/m3 of 100year return period,20 t/m3 of 50year return period and 19 t/m3 of 20year return period and the corresponding peak discharges were 12768,8171 and 3818 m3/s,respectively.In normal situation,the frequencies and scales of debris flows will decrease gradually in Lengzi gully.But if strong earthquake or heavy rain happens in this area,largesize debris flows will occur,which will largely block the main river and cause serious harm to upstream and downstream.Accordingly,we suggest that the debris flow control projects should be laid and stability monitoring and warning system of landslide and both sides’ slopes of the gully should also be conducted in the valley