The Taihu Lake Basin is highly developed area in urbanization of China.The development of urbanization boost regional economy effectively,which has inflicted a rather big impact on the original river water,and ecological environment as well.Suzhou is one of the most typical of urbanization development cities in the Taihu Lake Basin.In last few decades,the rapid development of urbanization led to the atrophy of regional stream network,and hydrographic net blocked as well.To analyze the water structure and changes in river connection,graph and GIS method have been used.The study shows that:(1)in the recent 50 years,the length of the streams of the study area reduced about 84 km,and the drainage density decreased about 197%;(2)the jurisdiction of two,three stream continued to decrease,while the jurisdiction of one stream grew constantly,which became a predominant role in the urban area;(3)stream nodes and links showed a downward trend,and the variance from 1980s to 2009 was much greater than that from 1960s to 1980s;(4)stream connectivity in 1960s was 4215 down to 4017 in 1980s, by 2009 it dropped to 3361,showing a clear decreasing trend

Food is an important part of resident consumption and its changes in quantity and structural can directly reflect the resident living level.Since the 90s of the 20 th century,with the continuous and rapid development of the economy in China,residents are much richer than before,and the urban and rural resident food consumption structure is undergoing a tremendous change,which would have an important impact on agricultural production and food security of our country to some extent.Therefore,the research on resident food consumption change attracts more and more scholars′ academic concerns.Our Chinese scholars mainly research on the changes of resident food consumption from economic value and weight aspects at present.As the volatility of market value and diversity of food consumption pattern,the above research methods can’t objectively measure the resident food consumption structure changes.Therefore,to avoid the above shortcomings,this paper contrasts the quantitative relationship of animal food and vegetarian food separately in weight,energy and emergy forms and quantitatively analyzes the change tendency of Chinese urban and rural resident food consumption based on emergy analysis theory.The research results show that Chinese resident animal food consumption in weight and energy forms were 1190% and 911% of vegetarian diet,while that in emergy form was 7029%.As the values of Chinese resident animal food consumption in weight and energy forms was far below its vegetarian consumption,Chinese urban and rural resident food consumption was still vegetarian diet.But the value of its resident animal food consumption in emergy form was far more than its vegetable consumption,which means that the healthy development of animal husbandry is an important part of guaranteeing resident food consumption and national food security and it would conduce to the succession of diversity and balanced nutrition.At the same time ,Chinese urban and rural resident food consumption also took on duality.In 2010,the values of Chinese urban and rural animal food consumption in emergy form were 110 E+15 sej and 631 E+14 sej.Urban animal food consumption in emergy form was 172 times that of vegetarian diet,while its rural animal food consumption value in emergy form was only 079 times that of vegetarian diet.The difference of food consumption quality between urban and rural residents was about 20 years based on the change tendency of Chinese urban and rural resident food consumption structure,and its difference degree was gradually increasing in recent years.As the farmers have the double identities as both agricultural producers and consumer,the rural resident food consumption is relatively more stable than urban resident food consumption.As it needs more agricultural resources to produce the same quantity of animal food than vegetarian food,the change tendency of Chinese urban and rural resident food consumption will put more pressure on agricultural production and food security

Taking project guarantee,social economy guarantee,environmental guarantee and efficiency guarantee as criterion layer,12 indicators including water deficient ratio,effective irrigated area ratio and water consumption per unit GDP etc.as indicator layer,the evaluating indicators of waterresource guarantee for Nantong City is constructed.The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and expert grading method are used to determine the weight of each indicator,and weight average methodology is used to get the evaluation result.Results demonstrate that Nantong City owns a medium waterresource support capability now and will improve to some extent in the future on the basis of saving water,protecting environment and increasing wateruse efficiency.From the results of every criterion layer,the engineering project owns the best capability,while the environment owns the worst capability for the development of Nantong City.From the result of every district,the integrated support capability of Rugao City is the best,while the Rudong City and Hai’an City are the worst.At last,a discussion on how to improve the waterresource guarantee for every district is made

Energy is a kind of  strategic resource and it is  the foundation of economic and social development.With the development of the central area，the consumption for energy shows the tendency to ascend.Fossil energy indicates supply and enviromental stress.Bioenergy can replace fossil energy and decrease the share of carbon emissions.The central area possesses rich biomass resources,and the estimated resuls are as follows.Firstly,the biogas potential of crop straw,livestock excrement and municipal refuse could reach 83973 3 billion cubic metres and are equivalent to 73 147 500 tons of standard coal. Secondly,these resources could reduct carbon dioxide to discharge 53 880 59483 tons.Then this paper gives relevant policy suggestion accordingly：mainly make use of crop straw,livestock excrement,and bring about  a transformation from biomass resources to bioenergy products

The Jinsha River Basin is the ecologyfragile region in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.It is also the major areas of ecological construction projects such as the major control engineering of soil and water conservation in upper and middle Yangtze River,the protection project of natural forests and the returning cultivated land to forestry project.The effects of ecological construction projects on vegetation in the Jinsha River Basin is calculated by using the linear correlation analysis method with the support of GIS software based on the SPOT VEGETATION NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from 1999 to 2008.The results show that from 1999 to 2008,the dimensional distribution of annual mean NDVI was observably different.There was a significant increase trend in the annual mean NDVI.The NDVI of farmland vegetation increased fastest,and the NDVI of shrub vegetation increased most significantly.The dimensional distribution of seasonal means NDVI and seasonal variation was observably different,the pixels whose NDVI significantly increased occupied 165%,83%,117% and 1403%,respectively,in spring, summer,autumn and winter.In spring,summer and autumn,the increase trend in the annual mean NDVI were dominant by the increase of shrub vegetation NDVI,but it was dominant by the increase of grass NDVI in winter.Based on these analyses,the results indicate that the ecological construction projects and climate change makes vegetation and environment better in the Jinsha River Basin

The Lashi lake,a typical wetland in the upstream of the Yangtze River was selected to study the effects of dam impoundment on the characteristics and distribution patterns of vegetation by the methods of traditional field survey combining with locate study.The results showed that there were 97 species of vascular plants in the studying area belonging to 34 families and 76 genera.The vegetation could be divided into 2 types,3 subtypes and 10 communities.The vegetation distribution pattern and composition structure alternated obviously.The proportions of swamp,meadow and aquatic plants in the study area were changed from 4454%,1869% and 3676%,respectively in 2009 to 3259%,1368% and 5359%,respectively in 2011.The area of meadow and swamp shrank as dam impounding while the area of aquatic plant expanded gradually.The dominant species of 〖WTBX〗Artemisia〖WTBZ〗 in the meadow was replaced by 〖WTBX〗Cynodon dactylon〖WTBZ〗 gradually.And the community of 〖WTBX〗Leersia hexandra〖WTBZ〗 became the main component in the study area.The vegetation succession model was meadow (weeds community,〖WTBX〗Cynodon dactylon〖WTBZ〗 community) to swamp (〖WTBX〗Juncus allioides〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Acorus calamus〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Eleocharis vallcculosa〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Polygonum hydropiper〖WTBZ〗 community) to aquatic vegetation (〖WTBX〗Leersia hexandra〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Polygonum amphibium〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Azolla imbricate〖WTBZ〗 community,〖WTBX〗Potamogeton distinctusMyriophyllum spicatum〖WTBZ〗 community) following the dam impounding.The measure of dam impoundment made the Lashi lake vegetation succession reversely,which prolonged the life of the lake wetland but its effects on fish,waterfowl,and the wetland ecological structure and ecological service need further study

Farmers play an important role in the improvement of agrienvironment.The analysis on farmers’ perception of environment,behavior decision and the consistency between them was conducted by a survey of 206 farmers in Jiangsu province.The conclusions are as follows.Facing the total score of 6 points cognition questions,787% of farmers got the score below 35,which showed that the cognition of environment of farmers was low.Facing the total score of 5 points decision questions,563% of farmers got the score as or below 3,which showed that some farmers paid less attention to the product decision process.Education had significance effect both to environment perception and behavior decision,but the correlation between environment cognition and behavior decision was not significant.Variables such as land size,education,age,gender and main source of income had different effect on environment perceive and behavior decision,and this explained the inconsistency of them to some extent

This article uses GIS (Geographical Information System) technology and subcounty (city,district) area as the basic unit,to study on practical rice production situation in Hubei Province in recent years.With comprehensive meteorological data,terrain data,laws of rice crop growth and development,and rice adaptation to climate indicators,the suitability of rice planting area was divided in Hubei Province maps.According to the actual data of rice production in the counties (cities,districts) region,the different types of rice production in high,medium and lowyield areas were designated with a rice planning subcategory of the early,middle and late rice.Through calculation,the rice production potential of light and temperature 17 000-22 000 kg/hm2,the production potential available degree of light and temperature was 3306%-7830%,and the maps of rice planting appropriateness in Hubei Province were established.By using the principle of similarity principle of agroclimatic resources and consistency of agroclimatic,the integrated rice production potential in Hubei Province was 3 174 200.Present study result and the established database can provide the better planning guide and references to cultivation and production of rice,and the implementation of hightechnology project series in Hubei Province.This research method can be extended for the food crop planting zoning and agricultural regionalization

The Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) is a crucial indicator of terrestrial ecosystem,and is closely related to the carbon cycle and global climate change.Nowadays it’s not only a hot issue in the field of geography,but also attached great importance by all the governments.Yangtze River Delta region is one of China′s most economically developed and most costeffective,most comprehensive regions,whose terrestrial ecosystem withstands dual impacts from the natural elements and human activities of high strength.Hence,in support of RS and GIS technology,we used CASA model to investigate the temporalspatial variation discipline of terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River Delta region over the past decade and figured out the main control factors of,it in order to provide the basis of the process parameters for further research on impact of high intensive human activities on terrestrial carbon cycle.The main conclusions of this study were as follows.(1) From 1999 to 2009,the net primary productivity of the Yangtze River Delta decreased from 283094 gC/(m2·a) to 223521 gC/(m2·a) with an average annual reduction of 234%.The Yangtze River Delta terrestrial net primary productivity showed a threeyear cycle type of wave decline over the past decade.(2) In terms of Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Shanghai,the sort of NPP value was Zhejiang,Jiangsu and Shanghai,showing the spatial distribution of high middle and low north and south groove shape.(3) The correlation coefficient of reduction in NPP and increase in urban construction land and nonagricultural population was respectively 0553 and 0447,indicating that urbanization was an important factor to NPP variation.The main natural factors controlling NPP variation were NDVI and solar radiation,whose correlation coefficient with NPP was 0750 and 0739;while  precipitation and temperature had a relatively weak impact on NPP,with the correlation coefficient of 0235 and 0159 respectively.NPP was the accumulation result of vegetation and heat.

This paper focused on allocating initial discharge permits problem of industry in the Taihu Lake Basin.Based on the analysis of allocation background of initial discharge permit allocation in the  Taihu Lake Basin,combined the basic national conditions in China,from the perspective of multistakeholders cooperative,a cooperate allocation system was proposed with government limiting the quantity and price by policyoriented government actors regulatory,businessoriented government actors leading,multistakeholders joining.And then,the concept structure of this cooperation allocation system and the allocation processes were built.The workflow structure of cooperative allocation system was put forward to achieve the allocation processes.And the policy recommendations to apply cooperation allocation system for industry in a Lake Basin combined with Taihu Lake Basin were proposed

Based on the measurement of nutrients (total nitrogen and phosphorus ect.) and heavy metals (Cu,Pb,Cd and Zn) concentrations in the Poyang Lake,the main river and the Nanjishan Lake,the nutrient status and metal pollution in the Poyang Lake basin were systematically analyzed.The results demonstrated that the content of TN,TP and COD in the surface water of the Poyang Lake basin in October 2010 were relatively high,while the lake had subjected to eutrophication status and the water quality was greatly affected by TN,NH+4N,TP and pH.There were significant spatial differences in nutrient contents.Results further showed that the highest nutrient concentration was in the Rao River and the next was in the Xiu River,while the lowest was in the Nanjishan.The contents of Pb,Cd in the surface water of the Poyang Lake basin were low,which met to the water quality standard for fishery in China,especially the content of Cd was lower than the first evaluation criterion of surface water.However,the Cu and Zn concentration in the Poyang Lake basin were relatively great

In this paper,we observed, simulated and projected precipitation pattern in the Huaihe River Basin from 1961 to 2050.Using daily precipitation data simulated by a highresolution regional climate model(CCLM),four typical precipitation indices,i.e.PRCPTOT,SDII,R20mm,and P95pTOT,are calculated.The results are compared with the observed data from 1961 to 2010 in terms of temporal trends and spatial distribution,to test the ability of CCLM to simulate precipitation in the Huaihe River Basin.The results show that CCLM can well simulate the interannual variation of precipitation and its spatial distribution. Among the four precipitation indices,PRCPTOT is simulated best.Based on the SRESA1B scenario,the CCLMprojections of precipitation are analyzed for the period of 2011-2050.The projected annual precipitation shows an increasing trend with a rise by 70 mm.The projected high interannual variability ranges within -40% to 60%.This indicates that extreme precipitation events might increase in the future.The spatial distribution of precipitation pattern in the southern and central basin shows a tendency to increase in the 40 years,by about 67%,while in the other areas a reduction of no more than 106% is apparent.Generally,the CCLM model can simulate the precipitation well,so the CCLMprojections of precipitation have a certain reference value on the local water resources management.

HongHu is the biggest lake in Hubei province.Its main function is water storage and adjustment,irrigation,fishing,shipping and tourism,and it belongs to shallow type lakes.Besides being timeconsuming and expensive,conventional methods of studying water quality (e.g.water sampling by boat) frequently fail to adequately represent heterogeneous and patchy areas.Remote sensing techniques,which have the inherent ability to provide spatial and temporal information about water,may be the only viable way to effectively monitor water quality in lakes.This paper discusses the feasibility analysis of retrieval Chlorophylla concentration in HongHu Lakes using MODIS Data from 2005-2010.The result indicates that the Chlorophylla concentration is the main factor of influencing NDVI changes when Chlorophylla concentration value is high.This study also gives difference reversion format by various seasons.All indicates the method using NDVI value to retrieval Chlorophylla concentration is corrected.Finally,the detail process and methods on the business were put forward

This study collected 111 water samples from the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.The concentrations of OCPs in the samples were determined by GCECD with the internal standard method.The results showed that OCPs indicators were 100% in water.The HCHs content range were αHCH 010~608 ng/L,βHCH 048~1020 ng/L,γHCH 009~843 ng/L,δHCH 007~1053 ng/L.Detection rate of DDT compounds were mostly lower,the content range:p,p'DDE 001~1914 ng/L,p,p'DDD 004~213 ng/L,p,p'DDT 007~164 ng/L.In the majority of sampling points,HCHs were detected.On the total content of the mainstream sections,the HCHs was higher than DDTs.Key locations and section content in the reservoir area,HCHs was higher than the cross section,DDTs was lower than the cross section.The distribution of HCHs in the main stream of water body was jump volatility,and every time the content of volatility should be higher than the one before.Reservoir mainstream key location water was main βHCH,but δHCH also exist.Key location did not detected DDT,indicating that the smaller contribution to the reservoir water body.Through ratio analysis,atmospheric input is the main source in reservoir water body of DDT

Using the wavelet power spectrum,bandpass filter,correlation and composition analysis,the intraseasonal oscillation of 500 hPa zonal wind in the abnormal years of the westly wind in summer over the Tibetan Plateau,and its relationship to the precipitation in China were studied,based on the daily NCAR/NCEP reanalysis and the daily precipitation data from 596 stations in China.The results reveal that:the 40-60 day oscillation had important contributions to the intraseasonal oscillation of the 500 hPa zonal wind in summer on the Tibetan Plateau,and they showed different propagation characteristic in the abnormal years of the zonal wind over the Tibetan Plateau.During strengthening years in westerly wind,the phase of precipitation in the 30°N~40°N of China covering 40~60 d time scale well agreed with that of the zonal wind on the Tibetan Plateau,but the low frequency precipitation in the south of 30°N of China and the low frequency zonal wind on the Tibetan Plateau were nearly out of phase to each other.And the low frequency precipitation in the northeastern area droped behind the low frequency zonal wind about a quarter of phase.During weakening years in westerly wind,the low frequency precipitation in the north of the Jianghuai Region well agreed with that of the zonal wind on the Tibetan Plateau,and the low frequency precipitation in the Jianghuai Region droped behind the low frequency zonal wind about a quarter of phase.Meanwhile,relatively significant relationships were found between low frequency precipitation and low frequency circulation

River filtration system is a natural purification.It means that during the river water passing through the soil and the aquifer material,potential contaminants in the river water are filtered and attenuated by a series of physical,chemical and biological action. Multiple analogue experiments including soil test and static adsorption experiments were applied in this study in order to reveal the environmental behaviors and removal mechanism of BTEX (benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylene）in the river filtration system.Adsorption and microbial degradation were the primary environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system.The purification effect of adsorption was limited.On the other hand,BTEX contamination could be well removed by degradation.Among the removal ratios of the four components of BTEX,Mxylene was the highest,the second was Toluene and Ethylbenzene,and that of Benzene was the lowest.The stability of the structure of Benzene determined its relatively lower degradation efficiency,and the low removal ratio of Toluene was due to the effect of adsorption on degradation.The soilwater partition coefficient Kd of each component of BTEX was higher,the degradation ratio was lower.As a natural purification,river filtration could efficiently remove the BTEX mixed pollution within a quite high concentration range and protect the ground water from being contaminated,but its purification effect was limited within a certain range of time and concentration.When the adsorption saturation was achieved and microbial activity was restrained,BTEX contamination would penetrate through the unsaturated zone and threaten the security of the ground water

Rainfall is a key factor of urban flooding,which has great effect on social safety.The research on rainfall characteristics could provide significant guidance in flooding control.The climate of Shanghai is complicated, which is deeply influenced by disaster rainfalls such as rainstorms and typhoons.According to the data from national basic weather station,Baoshan Staion,the precipitation change and the characteristics of disaster rainfalls in Shanghai during the last 40 years were analyzed.The results showed that the annual precipitation in Shanghai increased with a rate of 509 mm/10 a and the annual precipitation days decreased with a rate of 3 d/10 a.In terms of precipitation and rainfall intensity,rainstorms and short intense falls are viewed as disaster rainfalls.Annually,3 days of rainstorms could contribute one fifths of the annual precipitation. Usually，rainstorms in large area are caused by typhoons.In recent years,the frequency of short intense falls that exceed the drainage standard tend to aggregate.Furthermore,the flood season,as the peak of the disaster rainfalls,should be considered as the critical period in flooding control

Based on Comprehensive Meteorological Drought Index (CI),the metrorological data of 71 observation stations from 1960 to 2011 were used to analyze the characteristics of droughts in Hubei province.It was found that the droughts occurred nearly onethird year in northwestern part with a slight seasonal difference,which was the droughtprone area in Hubei.The droughts occurred in middle and eastern part relatively fewer,which was the typical area of seasonal drought with an intensive period from July to October.The moderate and above drought occurred every year,and severe drought occurred once per 25 years,in which severe drought occurred once per 2 years in northwestern part.Severest drought occurred once per 6-7 years in Hubei province,and 70% occurred during midsummer to autumn with a frequency of once per 5 years in northwestern part.Under the background of global climate change,the occurrence of  universality drought in Hubei province increased slightly,but the  severe drought changed a little.In the space distribution,the occurrence of severe drought increased in northwestern part but decreased in middle and eastern part in recent 20 years.And the universality drought in middle and eastern increased slightly.The moderate drought increased obviously in middle eastern part in recent 20 years,which occurred mainly during the period from July to October.But the occurrence of severe drought showed a decreasing trend and it increased in northwest part which occurred intensively from November to next February and March to June

With the improvement of rainfall forecasting level，reservoir forecast operation on rainfall has drawn more and more attention.In this paper,through analyzing the feasibility of flood control operation for Ankang reservoir and taking “total forecast information of cumulative net rain” as main indicator and “reservoir water level” as auxiliary indicator,we set reservoir forecast operation rule with double indicators for Ankang reservoir by “gradually adjusting method”,then regulated flood design and actual flood. Results show that water level of reservoir fell in advance below the flood control level,the capacity of the flood control increased,discharge in the peak stage reduced and the highest level in forecast operation was lower than that in normal operation,which improved the flood control ability.At the same time,we selected different initial water level to regulate flood design and actual flood,and chose the more appropriate one and analyzed the risk in forecast and normal operation.Results show that initial water level increased,the risk of forecast also increased but under the normal operation.Thus,we proposed that flood control level could be set at 326 m to realize floodwater resources utilization

The waterlogged cropland,which seriously affects the farm production, is widely distributed in south China. In this paper,the physical and ecological characters of the waterlogged cropland and its identification using remotely sensed image in Honghu,Sihu watershed are studied.Based on data including the MODIS products from 2002 to 2011,the soil and land cover data, the differences between the normal and waterlogged cropland in albedo,Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI),land surface night temperature,land surface temperature between day and night and apparent thermal inertial are compared systematically.The differences between these indices are interpreted and proved based on the early researches.Result shows that the values of albedo,EVI and land surface temperature between day and night of the normal cropland are higher than those of the waterlogged cropland,whereas the values of land surface night temperature and apparent thermal inertial are lower than those of the waterlogged cropland throughout the majority of the year.The differences of the five indicators are also reflected in the mean values of these indicators.The EVI of the waterlogged cropland is higher than the normal cropland in June and July.Maybe the waterlogged cropland grows faster than the normal cropland when all the factors such as rain,heat and fertiliser in good condition.These characters provide useful information for the identification of the spatial pattern and dynastic change of waterlogged cropland