By analyzing the distribution of DMSP/OLS static average light data of the DN value from 1994 to 2009 year by year,the spatial pattern of distribution of Jiangxi Province was studied,and the data quality was evaluated.At the same time,considering the actual spatial pattern of distribution of data needs and data quality,1994,2000,2005 and 2009 four years were selected on behalf of the test samples.The results showed that from 1994 to 2009 the total value of urban construction land in Jiangxi Province and the statistical data existed some fluctuations and the overall expansion trend.The growth rate of urbanization during 2000-2005 was higher 2953% than that during 1994-2000,the growth rate during 2005-2009 was higher 43.57% than that during1994-2000.This indicated that the development of urbanization in Jiangxi Province was gradually speeding up and showed the accelerating trend of the development.Landscape index analysis showed that in the expansion process of urbanization in Jiangxi Province,the aggregation between the towns and the mutual influences got higher when the area increased.In this study,more and more complex shape of urbanization was found.Besides,the close links between cities and towns increased,the degree of fragmentation gradually reduced,urban patch shape changes gradually increased,and degree of disorder development increased.Finally,active development of mediumsized cities,intensive development of megacities,the steady expansion of the development scale of the small towns were proposed,according to the development status of urban spatial pattern for Jiangxi Province

With the economic and resources data collected from 6 provinces of midChina from 1988 to 2009,contribution made by natural resources and other production factors is calculated by the Romer Endogenous Economic Growth Model and total factor productivity model.The results show that productivity made by natural resources is composed mainly by the coal and few by the land and water resources on the structure, and coal resources dominate in the north while water resources dominate in the south.While the other two production factors——capital and labor resources are the same important key factors in economic development.Moreover, the total factor productivity in midChina except for Hubei province is lower than country’s average level, which means that the improvement of science and technology in midChina is urgently looking forward to.At last, police suggestion in accordance with economic and resources situation includes:to improve efficiency of resource utilization,to respect independent research and development,to pay attention to talents cultivation,to promote industrial structure optimization and lowcarbon economy development

Riverbasin economy is a kind of regional economy which takes water system as axis.Its development has a major impact on the national economy,and its research provides a new perspective to regional exploitation. In theory,according to endogenous growth theory,using the CobbDouglas productive function,we built an economic growth framework of river basin,including advances of technology,capital investment and human capital as endogenous factor.In practice,taking the Yangtze River as a sample region,the article measured the effect of productived factors that promoted economic growth among the upper,middle and lower river basin by using econometrics of panel data.The result showed that the degree of productive factors influence was different with different areas.Furthermore,it showed gradient effects obviously.Namely,technological progress and human capital contribution to economic growth increased  along the river;while physical capital was just converse. Based on these findings,the article proposed policy recommendations to narrow the economic imbalance in river basin,mainly including: promoting human resources development in the upper riverbasin, implementing of riverbasin development strategy and promoting riverbasin urbanization

This paper gives a review on research achievements concerning economics of climate change in the past decade.Economics of climate change is a subject that studies economic behaviors during the process of climate change caused by human intervention.Current researches are pronominally focused on the impact of climate change on economics,costs and benefits of adaptation measures,international cooperation mechanism and discount rate selection involving intergenerational equity.In terms of research methods,this paper conducted a detailed description on the widely used costbenefit analysis and carbon tax mechanism.At the application level,developed regions including Europe and the United States have done an excellent job in the respect of building urban economics of climate change assessment system and carbon tax imposture,of which we are still in its infancy.In regard to the researches on economics of climate change,it is more suitable to carry out costbenefit assessment in developed provinces or cities than in developing ones,which should concentrate on assessing the potential economic damage caused by climate change and its prevention measures.In addition,we should also be concerned about successful carbon tax policies in the EU region even though the carbon tax is unlikely to be introduced in China currently,and it is also necessary to discuss and study the feasibility of carbon tax, approaches to proper tax rate as well as legislation to protect the mechanism

The hot spring resources in Wanjiang Urban Belt is the most abundant in East China.The authors developed an evaluation index system consisting of 13 indices about the development condition of hot spring tourism destination from three aspects——resources value,market location and regional support condition.There are two types indicator factors in tourism destination development evaluation.One type is quantified,called numerical factor.The other category is not directly quantifiable,known as the fuzzyfactor.The authors put forward a comprehensive evaluation model with compatibility,which combined the tourism destination complex evaluation model with the fuzzy evaluation model and had their advantage and adaptability.Through indepth investigating hot spring tourism destinations and mastering relevant data in Wanjiang urban belt, the authors assessed development conditions of exploiting hot spring tourism resources for six districts based on the proposed evaluation index system.Results indicated that development conditions in Hefei and Ma'anshan were best,and hot spring resources value was commensurate with market location and regional support condition,which followed by the development conditions of Anqing.Development conditions of Lu'an and Xuancheng was the worst. The paper put forward development strategies for the whole Wanjiang Urban Belt about culture and competition. Subsequently, different regions were discussed in detail. 

Freshwater bivalve is a main group of freshwater community and plays important roles in freshwater ecosystems.An investigation on distribution and abundance of freshwater bivalve along the middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River was carried out by using quantitative and qualitative methods from November 2010 to February 2011.A total of 34 species and subspecies belonging to 14 genera,3 families were recorded.Only 8 species were found in the middle reaches of the Ganjiang River,and the species U.douglasiae,L.caveata and C.fluminea were the dominant species.All the 34 species inhabited in the lower reaches of the Ganjiang River,with the dominant species U.douglasiae,C.fluminea,A.chinensis,and L.caveata.The mean density and biomass of freshwater bivalves in the middle reach and lower reach of Ganjing River were 64±91 ind./m2,210±254 g/m2 and 267±441 ind./m2,2123±3148 g/m2,respectively.The results showed that species number,density and biomass of freshwater bivalve had an obvious decline along the longitude of middle and lower reaches of the Ganjiang River

Accessibility of urban waterfront not only reflects the resistance of spatial distance,but also represents waterfront attraction and the demands on waterfront service.It is affected by the surrounding quality of the waterfront,population density,land use and the traffic condition.By taking account of the above influential factors and applying the concept of potential model,a model is put forward to evaluate the accessibility of urban waterfront based on grids partition.The model partitions the area equidistantly,computes the population distribution density,minimum resistance cost and comprehensive quality of the waterfront based on Arc GIS93 platform.The accessibility of each waterfront in Yixing central city is evaluated.It may offer help to make determination when the waterfront is designed and constructed

 The ricewheat double cropping in the Taihu Lake Basin was supposed to have originated from the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties（317～589）,and extended as a common planting practice for a long time in the ensuing dynasties.Our study showed that most of the time had witnessed no conspicuous seasonal conflicts in the double cropping in the region except for the following two periods:the Late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty period（1600～1700）,and the 19th century.In our study on the ricewheat double cropping history in association with climate changes,we discovered that the seasonal conflicts in this region were closely related to the climate variations,and the seasonal conflicts that appeared in the two historical periods were both caused by the climate cooling rather than by social factors such as population and crop variety.The two historical periods concerned had experienced the coolest time in the history

The shortage of water has become one of the main factors limiting the social economic development in North China.And the reduce of water in mountain areas has been the key problems to be solved.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the landuse/cover change and its hydrological dynamic response of Hongmenchuan watershed,which is the typical watershed in rocky mountain area of North China.The landscape pattern analysis method and statistical methods were used in this paper.The major results are as follows.(1) Watershed landscape showed obvious fragmentation in the past 16 years from 1990 to 2005,during which the change of the areas of forest was not so obvious,farmland and construction land increased rapidly by 431%and 444%,water area dropped sharply by 208%.(2) The land use/cover change could regulate the runoff significantly.As the optimization of land use structure and the increase of the forest vegetation cover and farmland from 1998 to 2005,the average runoff coefficient of years was dropped by 77% compared to the years from 1990 to 1998,while the runoff coefficient dropped by 64%,31% and 85% in high flow year,average flow year and low flow year.Moreover,under the premise of removing the precipitation factors,the average runoff coefficient of months was decreased by 16% to 100%.(3) The effects of land use on runoff production had been found to be seasonal,as a particularly significant influence in the plant growing period

Based on the 2001-2010 MODISEVI data and meteorological data including temperature,rainfall and sunshine hours data,this paper studied the dynamic change of vegetation in the Yangtze River Delta by using statistical method.The results are as follows.① The southwest of the region was covered by forest,the northeast part was dominated by cropland,the central part was urban agglomeration.From 2001 to 2010,the region witnessed an increase in urban at the expense of cropland and forest,with the total conversion area accounting for 32% of entire area.② Due to the rapid urbanization,the vegetation index(EVI) had showed a slightly decreasing trend in the whole region,with an average rate of 0028 every 10 years.For the seasons,EVI in the summer and winter tended to decrease (especially in August and February),while spring and autumn showed an increasing trend (especially in October and May).③ For different vegetation types,the urban showed the largest decreasing trend(-0076/10 a,R2=0.77）,while slightly decreasing trend for cropland and little for forest.④ The annual maximum EVI of forest had the strongest correlation with the sunshine hour from February to April.Thermal factors (i.e.temperature and sunshine hours) were the main climatic factors affecting the vegetation growth,while the rainfall had a negative correlation with EVI due to the humid climate in the region.EVI had weak correlation with climatic factors mainly for human activities in urban region

Applying Static Chamber/IRGA,this paper measured water vapor concentration of tea plantations of different growing years in Yixin City,on the west of Taihu Lake watershed,aimed to evaluate the effects of growing years on the diurnal variation of evapotranspiration.The results showed that diurnal variation of tea plantations evapotranspiration rate appeared in a single peak curve with the peak(273 mmol·m-2·s-1,236 mmol·m-2·s-1,209 mmol·m-2·s-1in the growing years order),increasing from 6〖DK〗∶00 and reaching a maximum value between 12〖DK〗∶00 and 15〖DK〗∶00,then decreasing rapidly.The three variations had the same trends,while their variation ranges during all time intervals were different from each other.The variation ranges decreased as the tea plantation growed,so the youngest one ’s(3 years old) amplitudes were the highest.Though the youngest’s LAI was the lowest(146＜325＜375 in the growing years order),it’s averge of diurnal evapotranspiration rates was the highest one(129 mmol·m-2·s-1＞121 mmol·m-2·s-1＞115 mmol·m-2·s-1 in the growing years order).Total evapotranspiration from 6〖DK〗∶00 to 18〖DK〗∶00 were also the highest(5052 g·m-2＞4778 g·m-2＞4502 g·m-2 in the growing years order),and the evapotranspiration rate maximum value during a day was in the order similar to the average ones,that the youngest’s was 049 mmol·m-2·s-1and 064 mmol·m-2·s-1 more than 9 years old one and 20 years old one respectively,as the 3 years old tea plantation’s lowest LAI brought most sunshine and surface turbulent flows which enhanced soil evaporation,canceled transpiration’s difference,and conclusively ,improved evapotanspiration.The diural evapotranspiration rate had the same trend with tempetature daily variation,in the morning,temperature was lowest(T〖TX-〗=383℃),evapotranspiration rate was lowest(ET〖TX-〗  rate=007 mmol·m-2·s-1) ,then the rate increased as the temperature rised.From 12〖DK〗∶00 to 15〖DK〗∶00,tempetature was highest(T〖TX-〗=3087℃),evapotranspiration rate came to the highest one (ET〖TX-〗 rate 232 mmol·m-2·s-1)during the day,then the rate declined rapidly as the temperature fell.And evapotranspiration rate of tea plantation was closely related to temperature(R2=081*〖KG-*2〗*).Three tea plantations’ temperatures increased 2700℃,2670℃ and 2740℃ in growing years order from 6〖DK〗∶00 to 12〖DK〗∶00,with little difference,while the amplitudes were 248 mmol·m-2·s-1,127 mmol·m-2·s-1,097 mmol·m-2·s-1 (in the growing years order)respectivily,with significant difference.From 15〖DK〗∶00 to 18〖DK〗∶00,amplitude reductions were 219 mmol·m-2·s-1,191 mmol·m-2·s-1 and 144 mmol·m-2·s-1 (in the growing years order),whose difference was much than the temperature drops.Soil moisture of the three tea plantations declined as evapotranspiration rates increased,both of them showed an opposite trend.In the morning,evapotranspiration rate was low,while soil moisture was relatively high,as the rate increased,soil moisture decreased gradually.When the rate reached the peak(from 12〖DK〗∶00 to 15〖DK〗∶00),all the soil moistures were in low level at noon.Then soil moisture recovered as the evapotranspiration rate declined.Though with a trend relationship between soil moisture and evapotranspration rate,there was no obvious correlation.The reason was probably that average daily soil moistures of the three tea plantations were 2441%,2546% and 2710% respectively,all of which were under wet condition and soil moisture had no significant effect on evapotranspiration.Soil moisture declined immediately as the evapotranspiration rate increased,the time when its low ebb appeared didn’t lag from the one when evapotranspiration reached to the peakas soil evaporation consumpted soil moisture by itself

7Be which is one of the most investigated radionuclides in the atmosphere has wide applications in meteorology and geochemistry.It also has been a useful tracer for documenting soil erosion rates over much shorter timescales.In order to find the suitable time of soil erosion by using 7Be tracer in Nanjing region,monthly atmospheric deposition samples of 7Be were collected from January 2010 to December 2011.Deposition samples were experimented to obtain residual samples which was followed by measurement with a HPGe detector for 7Be.Deposition fluxes and seasonal variation pattern of atmospheric deposition of 7Be were analyzed.The results showed that the depositional fluxes of 7Be ranged from 066 to 1449 Bq/(m2·d) and a mean value was 444 Bq/(m2·d),annual average depositional fluxes were 1 62178 Bq/m2.The seasonal variation of depositional fluxes of 7Be showed double peaks,higher flux value was in late winter and early spring,another higher flux value was in summer.The fractor of precipitationnormalized depositional fluxes of 7Be were higher value in winter and spring,but the minimum value was in summer.Furthermore,a positive correlation between the 7Be fluxes and precipitation was observed in this study

The Dongting Lake area is one of the areas in China where the floods frequently happen.The floods in 2010 is the first worse flood after the floods of the Yangtze River in 1998 and the water storage of the Three Gorges Reservoir.There are 5 floodcontrol dispatches of the Three Gorges Reservoir during the process of the 5 floods,which reduces the pressure of fighting against floods to a large extent in the middlelower area of the Yangtze River.The Jingjiang River is not only the ties connecting the Three Gorges Reservoir and the middlelower Yangtze River but also the current pass linking the Dongting Lake area.So,all the following questions deserve to be considered:How many effects on the water regimes in the Dongting Lake area were caused by the floodcontrol dispatch of the Three Gorges Reservoir?How big is the contribution rate of reducing the loss caused by the floods in the lake area?Based on the fieldsurvey hydrology data,the disaster data and the hydrology corresponding relationship among the outflow volume from the Three Gorges Reservoir,the Three Outlets and Chenglingji,the floodcontrol and disasterreduction contribution rate in the Dongting Lake area of the floodcontrol dispatch of the Three Gorges Reservoir in the flood seasons in 2010 is comparatively analyzed.The results are shown as follows.1.The flood volume from the Three Outlets decreases by 24261×108 m3 and the flood level of Chenglingji fell by 082 m from Jun.to Aug..2.The reduction in the direct economy loss in the lake area caused by the flood was about 19983×108 ￥ and the reduction in the indirect economy loss was about 0638×108 ￥

The Dongting Lake Region locates between the Yangtze River and the Sishui Rivers containing the Xiang,Zi,Yuan and Li River.Although being relatively wealthy in water resources,the region has been suffering from drought and waterlog constantly under the dual impacts of climate change and human activities,with a rising risk of water shortage.In order to discuss the impacts of upper large water projects (the Three Gorges Project and large water projects in the Sishui Basin) on water resources utilization in the Dongting Lake Region and distinguish it from other affecting factors,the intraannual and interannual characteristics of water level and runoff in the Dongting Lake as well as the Yangtze River and the Sishui rivers have been analyzed by dividing the study period into various sections,which can be used as a necessary support of the further water planning and development.Results indicated that the Three Gorges Project had exerted a certain negative impact on water utilization in the region in the initial phase of its builtup,mainly in the Sankou Region,while the impact of projects in the Sishui Basin appeared unnoticeable

With the aggravation of the ecological and environmental problems faced by humanity,the ecological compensation has become a hot topic of widespread concerns amongst domestic and foreign scholars.In order to understand the advances of ecological compensation,we carries out statistical analysis about the time of its publication based on 929 documents from Web of Science and the Chinese Social Science Citation Index (CSSCI) database on the subject of ecology compensation in the time period of 1998-2011,and analyzes cocitation of literary documents and keyword cooccurrence using the CiteSpace II software.Meanwhile,the key scholarly documents are listed,and research topics of ecocompensation are briefly concluded using knowledge mapping visual tool.We found the number of ecological compensation paper presented the trend of fluctuation growth from 1998 to 2011.Research on ecocompensation of carbon sinks and REDD in the context of global climate change,ecocompensation zones and evaluation on the implementation of ecological compensation,strengthening the ecological compensation standards of the wetlands,nature reserves,watersheds and other ecosystem,application of computer management software (such as GIS,SWAT,InVEST) would become the focus issues in the future research on ecocompensation.Our results also showed that the domestic scholars had made great progress in the theory of ecocompensation,and the practice researches in forests,watersheds,nature reserves and other areas were strengthened in recent years.

The protection of the resources and ecological environment of the transboundary rivers is of vital interests to the coastal nations.To establish the compensation principle of the beneficiaries of the transboundary rivers is theoretically significant and practically worthy in the international law of water resources.It is feasible because of the profound theoretical origins of law,economics and ethics,and a wealth of conservation practices in ecological & environmental resources of international and domestic interregional rivers.While sharing the ecological benefits,the coastal nations are obligated to bear the cost of the transboundary rivers ecological protection.The principle of beneficiary’s compensation should be implemented through a series of specific systems,including the foundation investigation system,the performance evaluation system, the cost allocation system,the benefit compensation system and the right relief system

Based on daily temperature data of 30 stations in or around the Three Gorges Area during 1961-2010,the dynamic temporal and spatial variation characteristics of high temperature were analyzed by mathematical statistical methods.The results showed that the mean annual high temperature days were 2407 days,oscillating with a cycle of about 23 or 31 years,the abrupt change from many to few in 1979,and the mean daily highest temperature during annual high temperature days was 3669℃, oscillating with a cycle of about 3 years in the past 50 years.The frequency and intensity of high temperature in August was the most in the year.Both the high temperature days and mean daily highest temperature during annual high temperature days were negative anomaly in 1980s，and in the first 10 years of the 21st century，the high temperature days and mean daily highest temperature during annual high temperature day increased.The high temperature days in the Three Gorges Area were more (less) in gorges (mountains and hills) and north (south) of the Three Gorges Area.The change trend of high temperature was not significant in the Three Gorges Area after water storage.Besides,it should be noted that with storing water of the Three Gorges,the increasing water level and surface of it might have some influence on the local climate.Now,although some exploratory researches have been done,they could not reveal the influence of the Three Gorges on local climate completely due to the observation data. This need longterm observation and study

Emergency responses for natural disaster relief is a critical approach to reduce natural disaster risks,also it is one of the governments important responsibilities.It had been incorporated into the National Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief of China since the year of 2005.After collecting and sorting information of natural disaster emergency responses which were launched during 2005-2010,calculating the response frequency,and making comparison with disaster damages and losses information,the temporal variation characteristics of emergency responses had been analyzed and discussed.The main conclusions were as follows.(1) During 2005-2010,altogether 235 national emergency responses were launched targeting all 130 major disasters.Among them,the ratio between highgrade responsesgrade I or IIfor catastrophic disasters and lowgrade responsesgrade III and IVfor normal major disasters was matching the disaster occurrence frequency,complying with the fundamental law of the major disaster occurrence in China.(2) In recent years,the launched emergency responses were mainly caused by floods,typhoons,and their induced landslides and mudslides,which reflected that the severest and most frequent occurrence period was from June to September,the main flooding season,extremely in July.The key occurrence period of drought disaster was spring,summer and autumn seasons,that of low temperature and snow disaster was winterspring season,and that of heavy wind and hail diaster was from the end of spring to the beginning of summer season,matching the monsoon climate characteristics and occurrence time of metrological disasters in China.(3) The temporal variation characteristics of emergency responses showed development of China and changes in dealing with natural disaster relief.The number of people evacuated and resettled was the indicator that necessitated the initiation of the greatest number of emergency responses.It reflected the importance that China had attached to natural disaster relief and the new paradigm of taking prevention as first priority in emergency management in recent years.(4) The study on emergency response characteristics manifested that measures for disaster relief and reduction should be suited to different conditions in terms of time,location as well as types of natural hazards,and research on disaster risk assessment and vulnerability mechanism during the process of disaster evolvement should be expedited