he present paper gives a brief introduction to lakeshores,including definitions,zonation,characteristic features,ecological functions and a brief review of ecology and engineering.As a preface of this special issue,it also presents the background and objective of the project entitled ‘Substrate Reconstruction and Vegetation Rehabilitation in Littoral and Shoreline Zones of Lake Chaohu’,which the papers herein were based upon

The phosphorus release of sediment can significantly prompt water eutrophication,however,its key components and controlling factors remain to be fully researched. In this paper, vertical distribution characteristics of phosphorus sorption parameters and the content of sediment organic matter (OM) and phosphorus forms from large shallow lake (Lake Chaohu) and a river entering it (the Nanfei River) were described systematically.The results suggested that ironbound phosphorus(Fe(OOH)~P) and calciumbound phosphorus(CaCO3~P) were the main forms of sediment phosphorus,and both showed significantly positive relationship with equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC0).Compared to Lake Chaohu,the Nanfei River had significantly higher sediment phosphorus sorption maximum(Qmax).This phosphorus buffering capacity was counteracted by higher Fe(OOH)~P content,thus showing obviously strong releasing potential (high EPC0 value).The sediment OM not only enhanced the Fe(OOH)~P and CaCO3~P content,but also gave rise to the Qmax value in linear manners,thereby controlling the EPC0.The sediment EPC0 of the Nanfei River obtained minimum value in subsurface (10-15 cm), so had relatively smaller risk of phosphorus release

During the course of drying and rewetting that the soils and sediments along the aquaticterrestrial ecotone of Lake Chaohu experienced time and again,the manner of transport and transformation of phosphorus varied greatly.Airdrying would adversely affect the phosphorus buffering capacity of sediment in terms of the maximum phosphorus sorption capacity decreasing largely and sorption energy and EPC0 increasing.The effect on maximum phosphorus sorption capacity after flooding depends on the loss of organic matter in the soil.In aerobic condition,less loss of organic matter made no significant variation of maximum phosphorus sorption capacity,while sorption energy increased.In anaerobic condition, the maximum phosphorus sorption capacity reduced markedly due to more loss of organic matter,moreover,the sorption energy decreased and phosphorus release increased.In a word,the drying and rewetting behavior in waterlevel fluctuating zone will accelerate the release of bioavailable phosphorus from substrate obviously.Among the widely distributed soil types in Lake Chaohu drainage area,red soil,whose phosphorus buffering capacity was the strongest containing highest content of organic matter and the least loss after flooding,was suitable for application in remediation of shoreline.Moreover,with additions of FeCl3 and Ca(NO3)2,the phosphorus buffering capacity of substrates was increased and also enhanced the ability of phosphorus retention and fixation

Mechanisms behind phosphorus buffering by riparian zone are inadequately studied.In this paper,contents of different phosphorus forms and its sorption behaviours of rhizosphere soils for several native plants were analyzed in the riparian zone of Lake Chaohu from April to July，2011，and the phosphorus sorption behaviour of the study soils was well described by the Langmuir equation.Compared to the control,the rhizosphere soils of Artemisia argyi and Conyza canadensis (Linn.) Cronq.had significantly lower total phosphorus content and higher the maximum sorption capacity (Qmax).On the other hand,Cephalanoplos segetum Bge.Kitam.and Setaira viridis(L.)Beauv corresponded to the significantly higher OlsenP content,together with the significantly lower Qmax and sorption strength.In the rhizosphere soils,the length of roots and stems of the study plants significantly increased along the growing seasons,which was companied by a gradual decrease in degree of phosphorus saturation in the soils.Thus,plant uptake and soil sorption were the major mechanisms behind phosphorus buffering in the riparian zone.Soil organic matter simultaneously enhanced the OlsenP content and the Qmax,thereby adjusted the equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC0).The rhizosphere soils of Artemisia argyi and Conyza canadensis (Linn.) Cronq had significantly lower EPC0 Values and a stronger P sorption capacity,while,Cephalanoplos segetum Bge.Kitam. and Poa pratensis Linn.var.Pratensis corresponded to significantly higher EPC0 values,which tended to act as a P source diffusion towards the lake

The results from the western region of Lake Chaohu indicated that cyanobacterial blooms mainly accumulated in the lakeside zone.The area where large amounts of algal blooms mainly accumulated were chosen to monitor the spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplankton,and the correlation between phytoplankton biomass and physical and chemical factors was analyzed.The results showed that the biomass distribution of water blooms would be susceptible to wind direction and weather conditions.Chlorophyll a content was significantly correlated with total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) (p<001).The biomass of Microcystis species almost accounted for more than 95% of the total water blooms,and the closer to the lakeshore the greater the biomass proportion of Microcystis species.Accordingly,the accumulation area of water blooms could be chosen as key areas for removing cyanobacterial blooms to effectively reduce pollutions,so as to create requirements for ecosystem restoration.

The Chaohu Lake is one of the five largest lakes in China,and the lakeshore ecological restoration project will be conducted in drinking water source area of Eastern Chaohu Lake.Therefore,analyzing the composition of existing vegetation will provide scientific basis for lakeshore management and restoration.By the method of transect sampling,the distribution regularity of plant communities was studied.The results showed that the total species number of this area was 47,belonging to 23 families and 40 genera.TWINSPAN classification divided the vegetation into 5 communities.DCA ordination indicated humidity and soil type were the main factors influencing the community structure and distribution of lakeshore vegetation.The relationships between hydrology and dominant species were also analyzed.The results showed that Potamogeton wrightii could be regarded as pioneer species of submerged plants,Nymphoides peltatum as pioneer species of floating plants,and Phragmites australis,Carex argyi and Typha laxmannii were suitable in inshore area.

Investigations of macrozoobenthos in the littoral zones of the Chaohu Lake were carried out twice in June and November of 2009.Altogether 33 species belonging to 9 families and 29 genera were recorded,in which oligochaetes and insectesa counted 79% of the total species.The mean density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were 506 ind./m2 and 11534 g/ m2,respectively.The study showed that the diversity of macrozoobenthos in the littoral zones of the Chaohu Lake decreased seriously because sensitive species (e.g.Stenothyra glabra,Alocinma longicornis) decreased or disappeared,while tolerance species (e.g.Branchiura sowerbyi,Bellamya sp.,Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,Limnoperna lacustris) dominated in the littoral zone of the Chaohu Lake.We also found that substrate played an important role in structuring macrozoobenthic assemblages, and bank types also indirectly had effects on the composition and distribution of macrozoobenthos.The maximal density and biomass of macrozoobenthos were found in the clay and gravel substrate,respectively.Collectorgatherers and collectorfilters were the dominant functional feeding groups in the littoral zones of the Chaohu Lake.Based on the research,recovery and utilization propositions were made for macrozoobenthos in the littoral zones of the Chaohu Lake

Based on the influence of meteorological and hydrographical conditions on the distribution of Microcystis bloom,bloombarrier and bloomtrap were constructed in Wannianbu coastal zone area in the Chaohu Lake.The bloomcontrolling effect of this integrated technology was evaluated by the comparison of water quality between inside and outside of the barrier or trap.Investigation results suggested that it is scientific and reasonable to build bloombarrier and bloomtrap in Wannianbu coastal zone area,the because the monitoring showed that the biomass of cyanobacterial bloom was aggregated by wind and water filed in the coastal zone area.Bloombarrier had good effect for blocking the algae,and the blocking rates for bloom biomass and chla were higher than 50% and 50%,respectively.Also,the phytoplankton biodiversity inside the enclosure was significantly higher than that outside of the enclosure.Bloomtrap could efficiently collect and trap the cyanobacterial bloom,and the dry biomass could reach to 2 kg/(m2·day). All these results suggest that this integrated bloomremoval technology has high efficiency in bloom controlling,and it has a good prospect of application

The study presented an ecological restoration framework based on selforganization theory,and applied it in resolving the question of aquatic plants disappearance in the littoral zone of Lake Chaohu.The technique framework was firstly to study the environmental requirements for aquatic plants restoration,secondly to set the restoration goals for different inshore regions,and thirdly to restore the inshore regions while combing existing ecological engineering techniques.We applied the framework to implement an ecological restoration project in Lake Chaohu.The project has successfully restored aquatic vegetation of an area of 50 000 m2.Aquatic plant biodiversity has been raised by 70%,and total coverage has been increased from 30% to 60%.The framework provides strong technological supports for ecological restoration of the littoral zone of Lake Chaohu,and holds high practical application values in the future.〖

In the light of impaired ecosystem of rigid embankment in Lake Chaohu,soil amendment and ecological rehabilitation technology of windward rigid embankment was studied.Based on the characteristics of the strong winds and serious erosion in rigid embankment,the traditional ecological concrete formula was optimized,thus greatly improving physicochemical properties of the ecological concrete,which had high permeability,high stability,plant growing and many other advantages.At the same time,according to field investigation of lakeshore in Lake Chaohu and field simulation experiment,the optimal soil and plant types in lakeshore were screened.On this basis,in view of the relationship between ecological concrete,soil and plant,ecological concretesoilplant slope technology was integrated.This technology could stabilize embankment,restore ecosystem and effectively reduce nonpoint nutrients

In 20092010,a comprehensive survey of the lakeshore zones and lakeshore region was conducted in Lake Chaohu,and this paper summarized the results,including land use,physicochemical parameters,aquatic vegetation and macrozoobenthos.Furthermore,the paper integrated the survey results with ecological rehabilitation techniques developed by us at the same time,and proposed the rehabilitation schemes for shoreline and littoral zones of Lake Chaohu.The former intended to protect the shoreline using concretesoilplant ecorevetment techniques,and the latter to restore vegetation in the littoral by waterlevel regulation and bottom improvement

By using the observation data from meteorological stations in Zoige from 1957 to 2011, the changes of the initial date, final date, continuous days and the accumulated temperature above 0 ℃ in different years were analyzed. The accumulated temperature mutation test was analyzed. It was found that the initial date of the accumulated temperature above 0℃ was not obviously earlier, it’s final date was obviously later and it’s continuous days showed increasing trend. There was a very obvious ascending trend for the variation of annual accumulated temperature above 0℃ in Zoige from 1957 to 2011. In 1997 the annual accumulated temperature had abrupt change. The ascending trends of annual accumulated temperature above 0℃ and continuous days were most significant form1998 to 2011. Under the each accumulated frequency, continuous days above 0℃ from 1998 to 2011 were higher than that from 1957 to1997, that was, the initial date was advanced and the final date was postponed, and the accumulated temperature above 0℃ from 1998 to 2011 was higher than that from 1957 to1997.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

A systematic index system and scientific methods are necessary for the evaluation of landscape value in scenic spot.Based on the field investigation of scenic spot,information and data collection,requirement of social economy development and construction principles of evaluation index system for landscape value,by using expert consultation method,statistical analysis of grey system, analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy evaluation method synthetically,it constructs a complete scenic and landscape value evaluation index system.According to its multilevel features,this paper establishes a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model. With the combination of landscape comprehensive evaluation index methods,it has ensured the veracity and rationality of evaluation results.To take Jinfo Mountain,Chongqing as an example,it clearly reveals that the two models are consistent with each other and conform with the status of the 4A level of national scenic spots.It provides foundation for the evaluation of landscape value in scenic spot.

As an important research aspect in tourism geography,research on the spatial structure of tourism may contribute to reveal the laws of regional differentiation of tourism system and to provide the theory basis for optimization of tourism space system. This paper focuses on analyzing 2A and above tourism spots of thirteen prefecturelevel cities in Jiangsu province.To study the spatial structure aggregation fractal of tourism attractions and reflect the objective laws of tourism attractions distribution,the writer measures each aggregation fractal dimension on spatial structure of each tourism attractions system, based on the data of tourism attractions of thirteen prefecturelevel cities in 2001 and 2010.The results are shown as follows.（1）The developmental model of scenic spots of southern areas in Jiangsu transforms from point to planar.In the south,middle and north of Jiangsu province,the tourist attractions which aggregate in the main urban zone present different rules. The rule changing from northern areas to southern areas is from pitting development model to planar development model.(2)By analyzing 13 representative prefecturelevel cities on spatial scales,it reveals that the tourism spots of each city have the characteristic of aggregation and fractal which exists three different types.In the same type of tourist attraction systems,there are differences among the changes of the values of aggregation fractal dimension in different interval.(3)It also shows,in terms of the spatial structure of tourism attraction systems’,that the density is decaying from centre tourism attractions to the surrounding hinterland.  
The reasons for this phenomena can be ascribed to three factors as follows.Firstly,the difference of tourism resources spatial distribution in the south,middle and north of Jiangsu province is a vital reason.Southern city travel circles play a greater central role,and the travel areas have abundant tourism resources.The number of 4A level and 5A level tourist attractions in southern Jiangsu is 69,with a total share of 654% of Jiangsu province.And also the high dimension aggregation structure shows that the spatial structure of southern tourist spots is very strongly aggregated in the first scalefree interval. By contrast, there are less tourist spots in northern Jiangsu.Although the spatial structure is aggregated in some extent,the density of tourist spots decays quickly from the centre point of tourism attractions to the surrounding hinterland.Secondly,regional difference in the levels of economic development is another important cause.Strong economic strength can promote the development of tourism. The higher level of economic development in southern Jiangsu provides the higher living standard for the residents there, which is of benefit to the prosperity of the travel market and to the better conditions of tourism infrastructures and facilities.The last but not the least,the geographical environment and the traffic condition influence the distribution of tourism resources.South Jiangsu is located in the Yangtze River delta region,which has more intensive transportation network and important ports.〖HJ1〗

The juvenile Aristichthys nobilis swimming capability and swimming behaviour were tested using experiment apparatus by increasing velocity method.The results showed as follows.(1) The actual standard metabolic rate (SMR) was 18727±545 mgO2/(kg·h) which was closed to the estimated SMR (18281 mgO2/(kg·h)).(2) There was high swimming efficiency in Aristichthys nobilis because the power value of swimming speed (U) was 130 which was low level in the oxygen consumption rate (MO2) power equationMO2=18281+3983 U1.30. (3) In the experiment, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was 457±056 BL/s which was similar to Piceus’ critical swimming speed. (4) The ability for recovery in Aristichthys nobilis was high,because the excess postexercise oxygen cost (EPOC) was 10716 mgO2/kg which was lower than other fishes.The aerobic metabolic rate renewed to the normal level after 45-60 min later,when Aristichthys nobilis was fatigue.(5) In the relation curve between the cost of transport (COT) and swimming speed,the value of COT was low level in 4-6BL/s swimming speed.Therefore,the efficiency of energy was excellent at that condition. And the equation COT was COT=664 U-1+131 U0.34.(6) The equation TBF=202+053 U obtained by the relationship between the tail beat frequency (TBF) and the swimming speed.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

Gardenia jasminoides〖WTBZ〗‘prostrata’,〖WTBX〗Hedera nepalensis〖WTBZ〗 var.〖WTBX〗sinensis,Setcreasea purpurea〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Oxalis corymbosa〖WTBZ〗 had been studied for the effect of amelioration methods on function of carbon sink of green space.The results showed that among three kinds of soil amelioration methods such as stone paving,organic fertilizer,and crushed straw,the organic fertilizer applied had the greatest effect on soil organic carbon content and plant growth,which was conductive to the increase of soil and plant carbon storage.In different treatments mineralization law of soil organic carbon preasented the great consistency,which showed the change trend of decreasing from earlier stage to later carbon emission.The treatment 8 with thickness of stone paving for 4cm,amount of organic fertilizer for 20 kg/m2 and amount of crushed straw for 2 kg/m2 had the most carbon emission amount.Consequently,the function of carbon sink of treatment 1 only with amount of crushed straw for 1 kg/m2 was in the lowest level,showing state of carbon loss.Conversely,the amelioration method of treatment 9 with amount of organic fertilizer for 20 kg/m2 and amount of crushed straw for 3 kg/m2 had the most exogenous carbon sink and the best carbon sink function of green space.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

The amount of CO2,CH4 and N2O emitted by agriculture in Chongming from year 2005 to 2009 was accounted.The result showed that from year 2005 to 2009,the total amount(converted to CO2) of agricultural greenhouse gas(GHG)had risen from 1 038 527 t to 1 076 993 t,with a rising percentage of 37%.Among them,the amount of CO2 and CH4 had reduced from 460 178 t and 12 039 t in year 2005 to 441 705 t and 11 686 t in year 2009 respectively,by 40% and 29% respectively.However,the amount of N2O had risen quickly,from 1 050 t in year 2005 to 1 258 t in year 2009,with a rising percentage of 198%.The fast rising of N2O emission and its huge global warming potential was an important factor to effect the trend of total agricultural GHG emission in Chongming.The account result showed that the main factors which effected agricultural GHG emission in Chongming were  the too high use intensity and too low use efficiency of chemical fertilizer,faulty feces management system and agricultural products sales network and so on.In the future,agriculture in Chongming should reduce the GHG emission so as to achieve sustainable low carbon agriculture mainly from the four aspects of increasing the use percentage of renewable energy and use efficiency of energy,adopting precise fertilization to reduce the use intensity of chemical fertilizer,raising the recycling percentage of poultry and animal feces,and improving the agricultural products sales network

There are a lot of driving factors for landscape pattern change.Various landscape metrics have been used in the past to provide a quantitative description of landscape structure.The data of landscape pattern indices stores large number of data,how to extract useful knowledge from these data is the key to landscape pattern research.This paper introduces new method into landscape pattern research.How it can be effective selection is very important to understand driving mechanism of landscape pattern change.The rough set is an effective data processing method,we use this approach based on qualitative analysis and statistical data.The main objectives of the paper is correlation between landscape pattern and driving factors.we present a kind of reduction method that is based on attribute importance selection.Firstly,we drew the type raster format map of Jiangsu Province landscape ecology using ARCGIS analysis and calculated many landscape indices in FRAGSTATS 33.We investigated the utility of landscape pattern indices for judging the regional landscape features.Secondly,we analyzed the strong index which we choose,The number of landscape patches (NP),the average area mean (AMN),patch shape index (LSI) and aggregation index (AI)，were made to the Landscape Composite Index(LCI),a decisionmaking factor in rough set model.Thirdly,we chose 19 property factors as attribute factor for reduction,including natural factors and human factors.The main reason that natural factors were selected was according to the Statistical Yearbook.There were factors including agricultural output value (a13),the forestry (a15),Animal Husbandry (a16),fisheries (a17),and so on.We gave expression nature by factors.Human factors were the main part of attribute factors.These included primary,secondary,tertiary industries,traffic factor and population,etc.Based on model in the paper,we drew the conclusion as follows.Four main factors of 19 factors were retained key attributes.These were the total population,the secondary industry output,value of the cargo and the area of cultivated land.It showed that the method was effective.So we made correlation analysis between decisionmaking factors and LCI of Jiangsu Province.The proportion of the population share of urban population and regional ILI index was high as -095,which reflected the population in particular the urban population was the main driving factor of landscape pattern change.By correlation analysis of the road and the ILI,correlation coefficient value of -0.874 6,water transport and ILI correlation coefficient was -0.604 3,it could be concluded that land transport factor was the main driving factor of landscape pattern changed.We correlated ILI index with the national infrastructure,and  found the relevant value of -0.75,suggesting a strong correlation.In a word,the landscape pattern of regional characteristics was urbanization

Using standardized precipitation index and historical disaster data,droughtsfloods abrupt alternation events in secondlevel hydrology partition of middlelower reaches of the Yangtze River were selected,their spatiotemporal distribution characters and the differences in frequency and intensity of partitions were also analyzed.The results showed that from 1960 to 2011 typical droughtsfloods abrupt alternation events happened,the frequency was about 10 years,in which the intensity index and rainfall intensity in lower main reaches were stronger.There were obvious adjustments when droughtsfloods abrupt alternation events happened.There are notable differences in south and east Asian high latitude areas of 200 hPa height field and subtropical east Asian areas in 850 hPa wind field.〖

Spatialtemporal dynamic changes in ponding and enclosure culture of the Taihu Lake especially the changes of lake area and lake enclosure culture in the east Taihu Lake were studied with the aid of Landsat TM,Landsat ETM+ and Alos image.The result showed that the area of land reclamation was 16.004 2 km2 in Lake Taihu from 1979 to 2008.The area of land reclamation was 9509 km2 from 1979-2001 and the area of land reclamation was 0.432 2 km2 peryear.The land reclamation was used for water aquaculture,and the area of ponding was 56.53% in total area of land reclamation from 1979 to 2001.The area of land reclamation was 6.495 2 km2 from 2001 to 2008,and the area land reclamation was 0.927 9 km2 peryear.The land reclamation was used for earthfilling cofferdam,and the area of earthfilling cofferdam was 5228% in total area of land reclamation.The scope of enclosure culture had become large since 1979 and the enclosure culture had bestrewed the whole of the East Taihu Lake today.The area of enclosure culture in 1979 was 83434 km2 and had increased 100.272 6 km2 since 2001,which occupied 7465% in total area of the East Taihu.Higher density of enclosure culture had become a big problem of water resource exploitation in the East Taihu Lake.Based on the analysis of the situation and problems of the ecological environment,some countermeasures were suggested for the exploitation of the lake

The Dongting Lake is the second largest fresh water lake in our country,which is important for taking insending out water in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The change of underlying surface conditions and the application of water conservancy projects influences the geography and coming water conditions,which consequently causes the great changes of exchange water frequency and exchange water amount.Based on the analysis of  the change of exchange water frequency from 1961 to 2008,in particular contrasting the exchange water amount of the 1990s and that after the Three Gorges Project operation,the change of the exchange characteristic of the Dongting Lake was studied.By calculating,the exchange water of the Dongting Lake reduced 14647 billion,the amount of dry season was 4834 billion and that of flood season was 9814 billion.As a result,the change of exchange characteristic of the Dongting Lake should be seriously noticed in the process of water conservancy projects.

The three inlets river system is the link between the Yangtze River and the Dongting Lake,which is an important part of the Dongting Lake Area.In recent years,as the further effect of the climate change and human activity,the evolution of the riverlake relation presents a new feature and the water environment problem in this region is becoming more serious.Through the deep analysis of the longterm hydrological and water quality data of the representative stations in this region,from the annual and interannual dimensions,the water environmental evolution trend of this region was systematically discussed.The result showed that the interannual variation of water quality was worsening.Annually,the concentration of permanganate index and TN was higher in dry season and lower in rainy season,whereas TP was higher in rainy season and lower in dry season.And then the driven mechanism of water environmental evolution was analyzed from the aspects that influence the water quality and quantity.Finally,a initial control strategy to the water environment in this region is constructed from the construction of water conservancy projects,control of the nonpoint pollution and the formulation of law and regulations as well as the water saving publicity and so on.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

By using the temperature data of the Chongqing and Yichang station(from 1924 to 2011),the variation characteristics of temperature in the Three Georges Reservoir Area during the past 88 years were analyzed.The results demonstrated that the linear trend,decadal variation,sudden change and the cycle analysis showed that the temperature changing characteristics of Chongqing station and Yichang were highly same in the last 88 years,and the two significantly warmer periods were the mid1920s to the 1940s and the mid1990s to the present.The Three Gorges Reservoir area could be represented by the average values of Chongqing and Yichang,and the temperature change in phases of the reservoir area was basically same with Chongqing,Yichang.The significant warming phenomenon appeared since the late 1990s was later than the China average warming stared at the year around 1986.The seasonal temperature changes had some differences,the latest warming of the four seasons mainly concentrated in periods of the mid1990s and later 1990s.There were two sudden changes of the temperature in Three Gorges Reservoir area during the recent 88 years:one was a cooling trend around the year 1947,one was a warming trend around 1996.The 2-4 years cycle changes of the average temperature was the most significant,while the 4 years cycle changes were becoming very significant since the later 1980s.There was a 16-20 years decadal period between the 1920s and the 1980s,but its energy was weaker than the annual period.The Three Gorges Reservoir area temperature changes were different with the global temperature changes during the past 88 years.Compared the latest significant warming time,the temperature change in Three Gorges Reservoir Area was about 10 years behind the global temperature change.〖

Based on the NOAA AVHRR OLR product,the interannual variation of OLR in three gorges reservoir and southwest China as well as the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river was analysed.And by using the MODIS surface albedo product,the change of albedo after and before the reservoir water storage was studied.The following conclusions were obtained.There are similar tendencies of the interannual variation of OLR in the three areas,they indicate the same climatological change characters.The yearly average OLR increased 40、45、49 W/m2 during 2001-2011compared that during 1990-2000 in three gorges reservoir 、southwest China、 the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze river.The increase of yearly OLR is the results of decrease of numbers of pecipitable days in these areas.The changes of surface albedo after and before the reservoir water storage were +0.089%、+0.08%、-003%、+0.44% in spring、summer 、autume 、winter respectively. The little change of albedo explains the minor variations in surface types and vegetation growth which represent the ecological environment of the three gorges dam.〖

Along with a rapid population increasing rate and exacerbated industrial and agricultural activity,natural ecosystems are suffering from human activity,and ecosystem security problems have become increasingly prominent，and attracts more and more attentions of the researchers at home and abroad．A general review was made in the concept of ecological security,assessment mechanism,and assessment methods.The trends and research directions were analyzed for ecological safety quantitative assessment.〖

Based on the ecological water transfusion data from the Bureau of Tarim River Administration and Management (TRAM),the information about the time of conveyance,duration,water volume and arrival were collected to analyze the processes and impacts of ecological water transfusion in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.Using CBERS/CCD remote sensing images (195 m spatial resolution) during 2000-2007,actual river channel inundated with water and water accumulated areas including the length and width of the water surface were extracted by photo interpretation and digital image analysis.The information was then associated with water transfusion data and used to monitor ecological water transfusion situation.The results show that the length of river channel inundated with water was 51413 km,and the width of average river channel was about 4223 m.Compared with field investigations,the accuracy of the results derived from remote sensing images was 975%.The relationship between water channel width and ecological water transfusion volume was positively correlated.The maximum river channel width was more than 50 m,which appeared in 2003 because of the maximum ecological water transfusion.However, the minimum river channel width was only 2898 m in 2000 due to the minimum amount of ecological water transfusion."Overflow" type of ecological water transfusion had been adopted by the TRAM.As the result,rather amount of water had been accumulated in the lowlands from the Daxihaizi Reservoir to Kardy.It was closely related to the ecological water volume and the distance from the reservoir.The total number of flow accumulated areas between the Daxihaizi Reservoir and Kardy reached to the 153 from 2000 to 2007,and the area was about 1987 km2.In contrast,the number of flow accumulated areas was counted as only 43 from Kardy to the Tetima Lake,with an area of 832 km2.Overall,the results of remote sensing observation were in accordance with field measurements.However,there was certain uncertainty in our results,which might be associated with the quality of remote sensing images and the time differences between the exact time of water transfusion took place and the images were collected.We conclude that the remote sensing,Geography Information System (GIS),and Global Position System (GPS) may provide an accurate and convenient method to detect the ecological water transfusion process

Rainstorm flooding is a multifactor coupling complex system.Based on the precipitation data from Hangzhou City during the period from 1959 to 2009 and combined with the natural geographic and the society economic factors,according to the natural disaster system theory,this study built a rainstorm flooding disaster assessment model of hazard factors,including environment,hazardaffected body and disaster prevention ability.And the map of rainstorm flooding disaster risk division in Hangzhou was drawn using 100 m×100 m raster as basic assessment unit,by means of ArcGIS and fuzzy comprehensive assessment methods,with lots of factors such as precipitation,topography,water,GDP and cultivated land taken into accounting.Results showed that the rainstorm flooding disaster risk in northeast was higher than that in southwest.The results also indicated that the possibility of flood risk was the biggest in the three urban districts of Hangzhou,Yuhang,Linan as well as the Fuchunjiang River and southwest of the Qiandaohu Lake.In the densely populated areas,valley areas,river and other areas,the rainstorm flooding disaster risk was relatively high.〖