With the rapid socioeconomic development of China,energy consumption and environmental problems become increasingly serious,especially the greenhouse effect which results from carbon emission becomes the worldwide focus.Global warming brings severe challenges to the sustainable development of human society, and has great effect on agriculture and food security,water safety,ecological safety and public health security.The paper proposed a method to analyze and compare the current situation of carbon emission and development tendency of 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta.Firstly,it calculated the industrial carbon emission of 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2009 based on the reference approach of IPCC Guideline for National GreenhouseGas Emission Inventory. Secondly,it specifically analyzed and compared these influence factors such as the carbon emission of fossil fuel,carbon emission intensity and the change rate of industrial carbon emission.Lastly,it used correlation analysis and decoupling analysis to conduct contrastive analysis. The conclusions are drawn as follows.The carbon emissions were 2098 million tons in the Yangtze River Delta region and the carbon emission caused by coal consumption occupied the main part in 2009.The average industrial carbon emission intensity of 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2009 dropped from 125 tons per ten thousand Yuan to 088 tons per ten thousand Yuan.The level of industrial carbon emission of Shanghai kept slow.The levels of industrial carbon emission of 8 cities of Jiangsu province were relatively same,while those of 7 cities of Zhejiang province were different obviously.There was obvious negative correlation between carbon emission intensity and industrial economic strength in the Yangtze River Delta region.Finally,the decoupling analysis of industrial added value and industrial carbon emission showed most cities including Shanghai belonged to weak decoupling region

Now the research on spatial network structure of urban agglomeration is relatively concentrated,while the dynamic analysis to various elements of the internal network is deficient.The inside knowledge of the various elements connected can help research,make plans to and manage the spatial network structure of urban agglomeration.Thus,the study on the relationship of the inside spatial network elements from basic form, structure attribute and network features has certain practical significance.Based on the social network analysis and urban gravity model,we studied the basic form,structure,properties and characteristics of the network.By studying three aspects of the Poyang Lake area,the economic contact about urban agglomeration was analyzed.The following conclusions were put forward in the paper.(1) The centrality analysis showed that the intermediary of the whole network was not high,the degree of resource exchange between cities was not high;from the network analysis of each circle,high degree of regional economic development in the center of Nanchang played an important role.(2)The subgroup analysis showed that the overall network was divided into two closeknit groups, and there was a structural hole in the core area.(3)The role analysis showed that the whole network could be divided into economic leadership role,radiation output,radiation receptor and the general role;the information and resources should be exchanged high efficiency between roles in order to maximize the advantages.Through network analysis,we put forward further policy recommendations as follows.(1)Develop and train economic leading cities such as Nanchang and Jiujiang. These cities can drive the surrounding cities develop more quickly.(2)Cities in urban agglomeration around the Poyang Lake should clarify their roles,so that the cities can better make use of their advantages.Nanchang should strengthen its core status and play role of the growth pole; while Jiujiang,Shangrao and Fuzhou should make full use of their unique geographical advantages, speed up the industrial development, increase construction dynamics,and finally build regional central cities.Jingdezhen,Yingtan and Yichun should make full use of their own advantages;clear their orientations,to speed up the population and production factors aggregation.(3)Setting up reasonable system and administrative districts arrangement,making the network of economic operation in more standard and fluent environment,could promote the relationships between cities in different zones from resources competition to cooperation

Rural settlements are the places of habitation, production and the living for people.In this paper,through landscape pattern analysis and GIS spatial analysis methods,the spatial pattern characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province were analyzed.Some conclusions are drawn as follows.Spatial pattern of rural settlements in Zhenjiang showed an eastwest differentiation.In the east region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of small scale,dense distribution and regular morphology.Meanwhile, in the west region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of large scale,sparse distribution and broken morphology.Influencing factors of rural settlements spatial pattern included terrain,economic,traffic,water system,and the distance of cultivated land.Through the analysis,settlement distribution had low altitude location orientation.Rural settlements plaques area of economic developed region was small,plaques density was large, but in the undeveloped region,rural settlements plaques area was great, plaques density was small.Rural settlements spatial distribution was most densely populated in the area away road at a distance of 500 meters and away water system at a distance of 1 000 meters.Rural settlements and cultivated lands spatial distribution had significant convergence. Currently,rural geography was a weak branch of human geography,especially with regard to theoretical development and the empirical research.This paper took Zhenjiang for example,analyzed spatial pattern and influencing factors of rural settlements,which not only could enrich rural settlement geography theory research, but also could provide the reference of rural settlements planning in Zhenjiang hilly area.

The background of this paper is that the question of intensive land use becomes one of the most significant questions now, but research in ruralurban ecotone is still little. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the intensive land use of typical area of Qixia, and explore the characteristics and methods of intensive land use assessment in ruralurban ecotone. Methods of model, principal component analysis, literature are used in this study. The results revealed that the situation of intensive land use in Qixia district showed a steady upward trend as a whole, and the rise was considerable high during 9 years. However, with the limitation of industrial developing model, the level of land intensive use was still low. The conclusion disclosed that intensive land use in ruralurban ecotone had its feature different from the ones in rural or urban, the method of PSR model for intensive land use assessment in ruralurban ecotone was feasible, and the practice in the study area was successful. The results could well reflect the intensive land use situation and its evolution, and well show the relationship of the interaction between each subsystems of the study area

Excellent tourism cities are important tourist destination. As important nodes of a tourism region, they play essential role as tourist centers.The optimization of their spatial structure is related to their spatial  integration and the overall effect they have in a region.Based on the fractal theory,this paper quantitatively analyzed the spatial structure of the excellent tourism cities in Sichuan province.The findings indicated that it was feasible to apply the fractal theory to study the spatial structure of excellent tourism cities,and the spatial structure of the excellent tourism cities in Sichuan province had a fractal characteristic.The excellent tourism cities were gathering around the tourism center (Chengdu city), and the centripetal was apparent.The excellent tourism cities had a trend to gather near a geographical line,with strong space relevance and good transportation network.Finally,based on the spatial structure of the excellent tourism cities in Sichuan province and in order to optimize the spatial structure of the excellent tourism cities,this paper suggests to construct the “Great Chengdu” excellent tourism city cluster and “K”shaped development straps of excellent tourism cities

Cutting ring infiltration method was used to quantitatively measure the soil infiltration capacity under different forest types in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.The results indicated that the difference of soil infiltration rates among different forest types did not show the same trend in different soil layers.For Humus layers and leaching illuvial layers,the soil infiltration rate of mountain brown earth covered with temperate deciduous broadleaved forest was smaller than that of mountain yellow brown earth covered with mixed evergreendeciduous broadleaved forest,which was even smaller than that of mountain yellow earth covered with warm coniferous forest.This was caused by larger proportion of silt and clay particle content in two upper layers of mountain brown earth and mountain yellow brown earth than that of mountain yellow earth.However,the infiltration rate of soil parent material layers was exactly opposite to the humus layers and leaching illuvial layers.Soil infiltration rate of mountain brown soil covered with temperate deciduous broadleaved forest was bigger than that of mountain yellow brown soil covered with mixed evergreendeciduous broadleaved forest,which was even bigger than that of mountain yellow soil covered with warm coniferous forest.This may be caused by larger soil density and lower soil porosity in parent material layer of mountain yellow soil than that of mountain brown soil and mountain yellow brown soil.With comparison of different layers within the same type soil,the infiltration rate increased with the increasing of soil depth to mountain brown soil and mountain yellow brown soil,and that of humus layers were smaller than that of leaching illuvial layers,which were even smaller than that of parent material layers.While the infiltration rate of mountain yellow soil decreased with the increasing of soil depth, and that of humus layers were bigger than that of leaching illuvial layers,which were even bigger than that of parent material layers. The infiltration rate of all types forest soil decreased with time,but the decline rates were different.The infiltration rate of mountain brown soil and mountain yellow brown soil decreased rapidly with time,while the infiltration rate of mountain yellow soil and abandon cultivated land decreased slowly with time,and reached steady infiltration stage quickly.Simulation result of soil infiltration curve indicated that Horton equation simulated different forest land best,and was suitable to describe the infiltration process of forest soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.〖

SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) is known as the green leaves degrees,which means the parameters of leaf in relative chlorophyll content.SPAD is the important parameters of agronomy for assessing the winter wheat health condition.Therefore,crops in the farmland can be diagnosed and managed based on crop leaf chlorophyll content or SPAD.However,the traditional monitoring method is low efficient in monitoring the SPAD.This paper aims to integrate the field monitoring and remote sensing techniques in order to monitor the growth of winter wheat at Jianghan plain,China.The study was carried out at Houhu Management District of Qianjiang city,South China’s Jianghan Plain.At a winter wheat growth stage,the winter wheat canopy spectral reflectance and SPAD were monitored in field by using the ASD FieldSpec 3 and SPAD502.The Winter wheat spectroscopic monitoring were on a clear day or the breeze weather at time during 10〖DK〗∶00~14〖DK〗∶00.The monitor fiber was from the soil surface 120 cm.The ASD system cans automatically recorded 10 sampling information with its average as the spectral reflectance unobserved.This study randomly selected winter wheat leaves for monitoring SPAD in each period of winter wheat.This research combined the winter wheat growth period spectrum reflectance characteristics change,selected the four Hyperspectral Vegetation Index(GRVI,RVI,NDVI and DVI) with the winter wheat SPAD to build estimate model. Then the correlation between the Hyperspectral Vegetation Index (HVI) and SPAD was analyzed by SPSS.Four inversion models were constructed for estimating SPAD by using correlation analysis,regression analysis and other methods.The model tested NDVI accuracy,and found that NDVI was suitable for winter wheat SPAD inversion to the region.And then,it combined NDVISPAD inversion model and HJ1 remote sensing to monitoring winter wheat SPAD.By comparing HJ1 remote sensing with the field measured SPAD,the rootmeansquare error (RMSE) was 632.It is concluded that the research used differed scales from ground monitoring to remote sensing monitoring to the SPAD of winter wheat,and this is proved to be an effective method and technology

Anhui province (114°54′E～119°37′E,29°41′N～34°38′N) which located in the eastern of China is one of the great bases of commercial foodstuff.With the development of urbanization,industrialization and so on,many problems such as the loss of farmland,agricultural production fluctuation have become increasingly fierce since Reform and Opening Up.Thus，carrying out the research on agricultural production fluctuation,investigating the factors which result in the change of agricultural production and forecasting the agricultural production are urgently required.In this paper,the impacts that affect the regional grain production were studied by choosing socioeconomic statistics from 1978 to 2010,based on quantitative and qualitative analysis to the grain dynamic changes in 33 years.After that,GM (1,1) prediction model was established according to the data about grain production of Anhui province in the past 33 years.Then the simulation and prediction in medium and longterm on food production of Anhui province were carried out in the next 20 years (2011-2030).The results provided a scientific basis for relevant grain production departments of Anhui province.The reasearch showed that from 1978 to 2010,the characteristics of the dynamic change about the grain production in Anhui province mainly performanced in two aspects.On one hand,it displayed a significantly fluctuated growth in grain production but the fluctuations of grain production in recent years slowed down.On the other hand,the curve line of total grain production and the changing trends of per capita food production were basically alike.The total grain output of Anhui province increased from 14826 million tons in 1978 to 30805 million tons in 2010 with the average annual growth rate of 2567%. Per capita food increased from 3 14577 kg in 1978 to 4 51247 kg 2010 with the average annual growth rate of 1193%.Three major components of the impacts on food production were socioeconomic development levels,the cost of agricultural production and sown area of food crops.Socioeconomic factors played as the main driving factor which affected Anhui food production change greatly.However,the effects of natural conditions on food production could not be underestimated.The contribution rate of the three main components of food production in Anhui province were 58394,21542 and 9032.The stable yields area,effective irrigated area,actual machine arable land,the total power of agricultural machinery,fertilizer application rate,the single factor of the drainage and irrigation machinery were the main factors in the first principal components.The correlation coefficients were as high as 0992,0976,0974,0970,0969 and 0969.Food production would keep the sound development momentum from 2011 to 2030 through the forecasting results.Concretely speaking, the food production of Anhui province would reach 4119 million tons in 2030.There would be an increasing of 10.39 million tons compared with 2010

Our purpose is to analyze the difference of the settlements landscape under several spatial granularities.In this study,we combined GIS and landscape analysis method,took the land use data of Zhenjiang in 2009，calculated spatial transfer probability between the settlements landscape and others and landscape pattern indices based on Rule of Centric Cell and Rule of Maximum Area.The results are as follows.(1) Relative error of each landscape pattern under Rule of Maximum Area was bigger than the others.(2)In terms of the changes of the settlements landscape,the landscape indices,containing Patch Density,Aggregation Index and Patch Cohesion Index were reducing as the granularity rised,while other indices,PerimeterArea Fractal Dimension,Largest Patch Index and Euclidean NearestNeighbor Distance were raising.It indicated that the patches of settlements pattern became less fragmented,the area became bigger,the patches trended to be into the group,and the spatial distribution became more discretely.(3)The change of the settlements pattern indicated that Rule of Maximum Area outstanded overall distribution law,while Rule of Centric Cell expressed spatial distribution characteristics.(4)Scaling Effect of Rule of Maximum Area was related to the special neighboring property and area structure

The Dianshan Lake is an important drinking water source conservation area of Shanghai city.Its water quality safety have been severely threatened by the increasing eutrophication level and the phytoplankton bloom over the last ten years.For controlling the maximum amounts of pollutants permitted into the Dianshan Lake,the amounts of TN,TP,COD and NH3N released into water body from six towns around the Dianshan Lake were parsed and quantified by using the methods related to emission factors.The results are as follows.The amounts of TN,TP,COD and NH3N,which were from the main pollution sources including industrial,agricultural and domestic sewages,as well as surface runoffs of urban,industrial and road construction land and released into near water body,were 84199 t,11968 t,16 776.07 t and 46110 t respectively in 2009.The pollution source with biggest contribution to TN and NH3N was domestic sewages,while the agricultural pollution contributed most to TP and the surface runoffs from the urban,industrial and road land contributed most to COD. Among the six towns, Fenhu Town is the biggest pollutant contributor, whereas Zhouzhuang Town is the smallest

The surface sediments from the Tiansha River were sampled and the contents of six heavy metals including Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd and Pb were measured.The pollution characteristics and ecological risk of heavy metals sediments containing were respectively evaluated by means of Nemerow index,geoaccumulation index,Hakanson’s ecological risk index and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) for freshwater ecosystem.Meanwhile,the comparison of the evaluation methodology was fulfilled.The results showed that the characteristics of heavy metal pollution evaluated by Nemerow index and Hakanson’s ecological risk index reached agreement to each sampling site.The pollution of Duruan,Baisha River basin and the upper reaches of the Tiansha River was more serious than that of the middle and down reaches of the Tiansha River.Besides, the evaluation on pollution risk of each heavy metal acquired general consistence by geoaccumulation index and Hakanson’s ecological risk index.Cd and Cu possessed the highest risks,followed by Zn,Ni,Pb,Cr.The consequences deduced by SQGs assessment showed slight differences compared with other approaches,mainly because SQGs index was more susceptible to biotoxicity,and other methods focused on pollution effect of single heavy metal or comprehensive pollution effect of various heavy metal

Since water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,reservoir water level fluctuated between 145 m and 175 m.Reservoir water level fluctuation is one of the important factors that cause slope to unstability.This article,according to rainfall and reservoir water level fluctuation to Gongjiafang4# slope, through monitoring its deformation and the regional rainfall by automated remote monitoring,studied the influence of rainfall and water level fluctuation on the slope by data sorting and analysis.The results showed that in the monitoring period,both rainfall and reservoir water level fluctuation jointly acted on the slope deformation aggravating in some time series.In some other time series,rainfall or the reservoir water level fluctuation was the dominant factor on the slope deformation aggravating.Slope deformation with 10 days rainfall was the best correlation. Monitoring indicated that the slope was still in deformation stage.Based on the deformation monitoring of the slope，it can quantitatively analyze and describe the slope motions.This study has significance on other similar landslide in the Three Gorges Area

Based on WRF model, the response of southwest vortex precipitation systems to the typhoon were studied at different numerical experimentation with modifying the typhoon dynamic winds by means of the southwest vortex heavy rain case affected by the longdistance typhoon.The results showed that the transportation of water vapor and the instability energy enhanced the role of the Swan typhoon,which resulted in the occurrence of heavy rainfall prolonged.The southwest vortex moving path had obvious differences and the precipitation had significant regional local differences with the effect of different typhoon dynamic winds.When the southwest vortex system center extended westward (eastward) and northward (southward),the lowlevel jet stream belt was westward (eastward),which led to moisture and instability energy transportation and spatial location of convergence zone being west (east) in the middle and low level correspondingly.The regional rainfall distribution was influenced and the local difference of precipitation area was obvious.The longdistance typhoon had a significant impact on the southwest vortex circulation system

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key component in hydrological cycle.Understanding of spatiotemporal variation of ET is of highly valuable to basinscale management of water resources and effective promotion of ecological services in the Poyang Lake Basin, China. This study applied the surface temperaturevegetation index triangle method to retrieve ET using the MOD erate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data over the Poyang Lake Basin for the period from 2000 to 2009.The retrieved ET was validated with in situ observation data and basinscale water balance approach.The results revealed the spatial and temporal variations in ET over the area. ET was higher for water surfaces and forestlands, but lower for agricultural fields and grasslands surrounded the Poyang Lake or located in the central basin. The annual ET was 795 mm on average over the basin for the period. The annual value was relatively higher for dry years including 2003,2004,2007 and 2009,with a range from 802 mm to 890 mm.In addition,the annual ET was subbasin dependent,ranging from 666 mm to 1031 mm.ET was higher in the Raohe and the Xiushui subbasin than the others,which was attributed to the high forest cover by more than 70% over the two subbasins.The ratio of annual ET to precipitation ranged from 04 to 07，indicating the water surplus with seasonal variation. Statistical analysis demonstrated that ET had a significantly positive relationship with net radiation and air temperature (P＜001).Seasonal ET showed negative pattern with precipitation,especially for a dry year

Ecological environment earlywarning in the process of Xinjiang urbanization was studied in order to take preventive measures before degeneration of ecological qualitaty caused by urbanization.In this study,the index system of ecological quality evaluation and the extenics evaluation model of urbanization were built.Evaluation index of ecological quality in Xinjiang was predicted by the grey forecast model  from 2010 to 2014 and the ecological quality from 2005 to 2014 was analyzed.The results showed that each index of ecological environment had the same trend between 2010-2014 and 2005-2009 in Xinjiang.Per capita amount of water resources，proportion of ecological water，controlling rate of forest pest and disease significantly reduced.The other 10 ecological environment quality index was optimized.Then,the ecological environment quality of urbanization in Xinjiang was obtained.The resource subsystem would experience the process of improvementdeteriorationimprovement.Ecological subsystem would experience process of improvement after the deterioration.The environment subsystem would continue improvement.In addition,if Xinjiang could control the population growth，the reduction of per capita water resources and proportion of ecological water,we could control the deterioration of ecological system and make optimization on the quality of ecological environment.Therefore,in the process of Xingjiang urbanization in future,we should control population growth and conserve water resources to ensure an adequate amount of water resources and ecological water;save residential and industrial land,protect oasis of Xinjiang；improve forest coverage and control forest pest;continuously increase investment in order to control environment pollution and reduce the discharge of industrial waste.When it is coordinated state on coupling system of urbanization and ecological environment,Xinjiang urbanization will realize sustainable development

Six urbanization typical areas namely Lixiahe,Qinhuaihe,Wuchengxiyu,Pudongpuxi,Hangjiahu and Yongcaopu were selected in the Yangtze River Delta and 1991,2001 and 2006 were selected as the representative years of different urbanization stages in the study.The index systembased assessment method was used to reveal the effect of urbanization on flood risks.Risk evaluation index system was established based on the flood disaster formation mechanism,and the analytic hierarchy process was utilized to determine the index weights.Then,the hazard,exposure,vulnerability and composite risk of flood disaster were evaluated. The results showed that the flood hazards of 6 areas presented an increasing trend in the process of urbanization,and the increasing trends of hazardaffected bodies exposed in flood stricken area were especially obvious.Though the vulnerabilities of 6 areas presented an decreasing trend owing the enhancement of flood prevention ability,the composite flood risks of 6 areas tended to be exacerbated in whole,which would pose a serious threat to urban sustainable development.Finally,some flood risk management countermeasures for urbanization areas in the Yangtze River Delta were put forward based on the evaluation results.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗