In order to promote the development of hightech zones, this paper used the experiences of [JP2]domestic and international evaluation of hightech development zone, established an evaluation index system [JP]in the hightech development zone of the Yangtze River Delta region. Firstly, AHP method was used to determine the weighing of each index, and the entropy method was used to calculate the development level of high and new zone in the Yangtze River Delta. Then correlation analysis was carried out and it was found that the difference of development level in the area of high and new zone was great, and the difference of economies of scale and structure index of economic was more prominent. The development level of hightech zones in the Yangtze River Delta could be roughly divided into three groups. Shanghai hightech zone ranking first belonged to the first group; Suzhou hightech zone ranking second for the excellent export in the region belonged to the second group; Nanjing, Wuxi, Hangzhou, Changzhou, Taizhou and Ningbo ranking three to eight for their similar economic development belonged to the third group. In this study, it was found that the industrial base, ability of scientific research, risk capital, policies and regulations and other industrial elements were the main reasons of the differences of development level in the high and new zones. Taizhou and Ningbo ranking later comprehensively in the economies of scale and the structure of economy should strengthen the development of economies of scale in the future, while Suzhou, Nanjing, Wuxi and Changzhou ranking ahead comprehensively should pay attention to hightech zone structure index, in order to increase the economic benefit based on longterm development. In addition, various hitech zones should strive to cultivate regional development environment, especially for the industrial base, scientific research ability, risk capital, policies and regulations and other industrial elements. In order to evaluate rationally and objectively the hightech development zones in the Yangtze River Delta, hightech zone evaluation should introduce competitive mechanism of survival of the fittest and continue to increase policy tilt and support to the national hightech zone with high quality in the future. 

In this study, some factors affecting carbon emissions in Jiangsu Province were empirically analyzed by extended STIRPAT model, such as the total population，population urbanization，the proportion of the aged，the family size, per capital consumption expenditure, carbon emissions intensity. The results showed that among the influential factors of carbon emissions in this paper，the family size had significant negative effects. The shrinking trend of the family size might cancel out the decrease of carbon emissions reduction stress due to the population growth slowed down, and result in the total carbon emissions still presenting larger growth. In the significant positive influential causes, flexibility of proportion of the elderly people was maximum, followed by per capital consumption expenditure，the total population，population urbanization level and carbon emissions intensity. Considering the population structure，the carbon emissions flexibility of the population size was less than 1，lack of flexibility. It means that the influence that the total population had on carbon emissions in Jiangsu province began to slow down. But the effect of the population structure and population urbanization level appeared gradually. Especially the elastic of proportion of the aged，had surpassed the carbon emissions influenced flexibility of the population size. The population urbanization process and the per capital consumption expenditure had intensified carbon emissions directly. Technological progress had some effect on restraining carbon emissions，but was not significant. Based on the above conclusions, the following policy proposals were puts forward. (1) After the family planning for 30 years，the Jiangsu province have made great contributions to reduce carbon emissions. In the present stable low natural growth rate，controlling population is not the only way to cut down the carbon emissions. It is not the best way，either.(2) The significant influence of aging populations on carbon emissions indicates that we should pay attention to the effect of the population structure, especially the effects of aging population on economic development and carbon emissions in China. (3) The government could slow down the speed of urbanization，optimize energy consumption structure and improve the efficiency of energy utilization，adjust the industrial structure，develop the energy conservation and environmental protection technology intensive industry, advocate low carbon way of life and consumption model to realize the goal of emission reduction gradually during the process of urbanization.(4) Technology progress meaning to reduce carbon emissions should be the main development direction in the future，including cleaning production technology, carbon capture and storage，etc. 

Plan evaluation has been considered as an indispensable process to ensure effective implementation of a regional plan Outcome evaluation， as an inevitable stage in the process of plan evaluation， has practical meanings in effectively promoting the development of regional planning However relevant research in this area is far less than sufficient This paper started with the evolution of regional planning and their effects on outcome evaluation Then considering conformance based evaluation theory as framework， this paper attempted to claim the degree of mission accomplishment as the evaluation scale Core mission need be analyzed and identified in each evaluation practices Further， goals and objectives should be classified and integrated to indicate the effectiveness of plan And finally each objective would be assigned a weight to calculate the overall achievement In order to test the validity of this evaluation methodology， an empirical case study based on “Regional Development Plan of YangtzeRiverside Area in Jiangsu” was applied In this case study， the author designed a sevenstep evaluations procedure， including plan description， objective identification， background establishment， outcome identification， evaluation and analysis， adjustment and correction， continuing monitoring Based on this procedure， this paper established an outcome evaluation index system， and applied the system on “Regional Development Plan of YangtzeRiverside Area in Jiangsu” The results indicated this area had increased in four aspects Firstly， regional economy had grown up continually， as well as the benefit of industry cluster and economics of scale had been enhanced Foreign investment became the engine of economic growth Secondly， sustainable development of environment resources had been achieved in this area Resources had been used more efficiently， while pollution had been under control Thirdly， infrastructure construction had been well developed and became the solid foundation for industry cluster and development of society and economy Finally， regional differences between south and north side of the Yangtze River were reduced steadily， and the north side presented a higher increase rate on economic growthAfter identifying the implementation outcomes， it is important to prove that positive results were actually caused by the original plan Therefore， in the next stage， this paper used regional differences between north and south side of the Yangtze River to prove the relationship between plan and outcome By comparing relevant factors and Theil index， the author positively concluded that plan was the major reason for the actual outcomes At last， the author summarized the case study and pointed out that “Regional Development Plan of YangtzeRiverside Area in Jiangsu” had positive influenced in directing industry positioning and distribution， as well as infrastructure construction The plan increased regional competition advantages and reduced local differences within the regional areas The outcome of plan implementation was good although limitation had been found in coordinating conflict interests and implementing safeguard plansAt the final， this paper analyzed potential defects in outcome evaluation， suggested that outcome evaluation could not explain how the plan affect the outcome， which means important determinant factors in planning and implementation could not be identified The author advised future studies should pay more attention to evaluating implementation process

General land use planning and urban master planning are the basis of urban land use and land development. Coordination of their relation is of great significance for urban land use planning, and the quantitative evaluation of the coordination degree is extremely important to the preparation and implementation of these two planning. To evaluate the coordination degree of general land use planning and urban master planning, a coordinating comprehensive evaluation system was built through analyzing the content and connotation of these two planning, and then 13 indices in terms of economy, society, resources and environment were selected. The increase rate of each index from the results of these two planning was calculated, and then the Synergisticity Model was applied to calculate coordination degree of each index. After determining the weight of each index by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the coordinate degree of these two planning was calculated by synthesizing coordinate degree of each index and index weights. Geography Information System spatial overlay analysis was applied to determine spatial difference of the land use in these two planning. Taken Nanjing City as an example, the coordinating value and degree of these two planning were calculated by the model. The results showed as follows. The coordinating value of compilation achievements of these two planning in Nanjing city was 91.58, and the coordinate degree was medium. The coordinate degree of indices among economy, society, resources and environment were different. Indices in terms of economy and society had high coordinate degrees, while indices in terms of resources and environment had low degree. The inconsistency of these two planning was contributed to the difference of land use database in the base and planning period. In order to improve the coordinate degree of these two planning in Nanjing City，the database of the land use in base period and planning period should be consistent

Since the 1950s， the scholars at home and abroad pay extensive attention to the formation and evolution of port system， the interaction between port and hinterland， the structure and organization of line route network and so on， while they ignore the evolution， development and protection of coastal resources Taken the basin on Wuhu city which stands along the Yangtze River as the example， the article divided the spatial evolution of the shoreline resources into five stages in the background of administrative division adjustment， such as along the Zhongjiang River development stage， along the Qingyi River development stage， along the Yangtze River to the north expansion stage， along the Yangtze River to the south extension stage， along the Yangtze River both sides stage etc On this basis， the article selected the indicators of water depth before shoreline and shoreline stability to evaluate shoreline resources in the “new Wuhu City”， and conducted the functional zoning of shoreline combined with the hinterland coastline demand Finally， the article explored the change of shoreline resources and the development and utilization of shoreline resources after the administrative division adjustment in Wuhu city Then the shoreline resources adjustment and optimization measures were put forward， such as developing shoreline access system， implementing the compensation for the use of shoreline institution， establishing the shoreline adjustment organization， strengthening coastline reserve management and so on

Drainage basin hydrological cycle is the core of watershed ecosystem processa, and basinscale passingby water is one of the most important factors. It includes two parts: natural and artificial. The Taihu Lake Basin is widely recognized as an area which is most severely affected by human activities in China. The evergrowing water demand  for modern industry and domestic life nearly dries up all the local natural runoff. Meanwhile, industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater discharges cause severe deterioration in water quality. And the drainage basin hydrological cycle has been effectively modified by hydro projects, including the introduction of basinscale passingby water. Then the basinscale passingby water has been reducing crisis of water resources more or less.
In this paper, using the modified dualistic water cycle pattern, based on the data about the Taihu Lake Basin waterbalance, we analyzed the impacts of basinscale passingby water on drainage basin hydrological cycle. The results showed that Taihu Lake Basin was one of the basins where basinscale passingby water had the most important impacts on drainage basin hydrological cycle among all subbasins in the Yangtze River Basin.
In the Taihu Lake Basin, the introduction of basinscale passingby water that mainly came from the Yangtze River,expanded the flux of drainage basin hydrological cycle for 67%, changed the pathway of “precipitation → runoff (groundwater) → artificial water (pumping) → drainage (or evaporation) → discharge into the sea (or into the atmosphere)” by “artificial water”, decreased the cycles of “artificial water (pumping) → drainage (or evaporation) → artificial water (pumping) → drainage (or evaporation) →…” or water recycle form more than 3 times to 15 times, and modified the pattern of water resources configuration. 
Because of the characters of plain river network, the basinscale passingby water had their influence extended to every hydraulic regions. There was 560×108 m3 coming form the Yangtze River directly in Huxi Hydraulic Region, which most effectively impacted hydrological cycle of all the hydraulic regions in the Taihu Lake Basin because Huxi Hydraulic Region was located at the upstream of the Taihu Lake Basin. In Huxi Hydraulic Region, WuChengXiYu Hydraulic Region, YangChengDianMao Hydraulic Region, Zhexi Hydraulic Region, HangJiaHu Hydraulic Region, Pudong and Puxi Hydraulic Region and Taihu Hydraulic Region, the basinscale passingby water respectively occupied the flux of hydrological cycle for 62%, 48%, 36%, 13%, 13%, 37%, 27%.
At the same time, because that hydrological cycle was the supporter of solute translocation, basinscale passingby water also had important impacts on the translocation of solute in Taihu Lake Basin. The most important part was the impacts on the translocation of pollutant. In the Taihu Lake, the basinscale passingby water increased the pollutant flux accompanying the increase of the water flux. But the more serious problem was that the pollutant volume of importlake was 205~330 times more than that of exportlake taken by basinscale passingby water. It meanes that there was more and more pollutant deposited and detained in the Taihu Lake. Even the water which imported by the project of water diversion from the Yangtze River to the Taihu through the WangYu river directly  had the perfect water quality, sometimes leaved the pollutant in the Taihu Lake. It is concluded  that the basinscale passingby water not only has important impacts on drainage basin hydrological cycle, but also on pollutant translocation. This paper shows the importance of basinscale passingby water in watershed ecosystem process and the impacts on drainage basin hydrological cycle and on pollutant translocation, pave the way for a better understanding on drainage basin hydrological cycle

With the rapid economic development and overexploitation of resource, the aquatic ecosystem of the Zhenjiang Reach of the Yangtze River is threatened by all kinds of disturbances. In order to fully understand the present status of the macrozoobenthic community, this study was carried out from March to December in 2010. Sediment samples were collected with a 1/16 m2 Peterson grab and cleaned with a 420 μm sieve. Animals were sorted in a white porcelain dish and specimens were preserved in 10% formalin. Altogether 26 species belonging to 7 families and 21 genera were recorded, including 12 species of oligochaetes, 1 species of polychaetes, 4 species of molluscs and 9 species of aquatic insects. The dominant species were Teneridrilus mastix, Branchiura sowerbyi, Nephthys polybranchia and Tanypus sp.. The standing crop of the macrozoobenthos was 74 ind./m2 in density and 0.2 g/m2 in biomass. Among three habitats, higher biodiversity were found in conservation district. Generally, higher density of the macrozoobenthos was observed in spring and summer, while the biomass was found greater in spring and autumn. The composition of the functional feeding groups was mainly determined as collectors. Comparisons of macrozoobenthic community characteristics among the lower reaches of the Yangtze River were carried out. Density was highest in Yangzhong Reach and lowest in Zhenjiang Reach. However, biomass was highest in Jiangyin Reach and lowest in Zhenjiang Reach. Zhenjiang Reach and Yangzhong Reach had more species than Jiangyin Reach

Forested wetlands are rare in China because most of them have been destroyed by the long history of human activities.Consequently,reconstruction and restoration of forested wetlands lack reference sites for community composition. In order to find out the wetland plants that can grow in high tidal plats of Chongxi wetlands,we selected and cultivated 21 wetland tree species among Phragmites australis and Zizania latifolia in Chongxi Wetland,forming wetland woody patches.We tracked the survival and growth of plant species from 2006 to 2008.The survival rate were 8685%,8000%,2000%,5000%,4000%,6200%,2000%,1000%,800% for native species Alnus trabeculosa,Adina rubella,Lycium [JP2]chinense,Camptotheca acuminate,Bischofia polycarpa,Sapium sebiferum,Pterocarya stenoptera,Euonymus [JP]maackii,and Morus alba,respectively,while Broussonetia papyrifera,Ziziphus jujuba,Celtis sinensis,Zelkova serrata,and Melia azedaeach,were all dead.And the survival rate were 9890%,9610%,8400%,6200%,5000%,1550%for the exotic species Taxodiumd istichum,Quercus palustris, Casuarinae quisetifolia,Salix integra,Hibiscus hamabo and Fraxinus griffithii,respectively,while Acer ne[JP2]gundo was dead.The analysis results showed that Taxodium distichum,Quercus palustris,Alnus trabeculosa and Casuarinn equiestifolia ware excellent species in restoration and reconstruction of periodic flooding wetland,and Adina rubella,Salix integra and Hibiscus hamabo were  good species also without lethality shading.Diversities of [JP]bird and macrobenthos species were improved significantly in the area with forested wetlands construction. Compared the project site with the control site,there were 19 more new bird species and 6 more new macrobenthos species than in project site that in the control site,the improvment of the biodiversity would surely enhance the ecosystem functions of this region. With integrated analysis with survival ratio and growth pattern indices,five suitable species were selected,they ware Alnus trabeculosa,Adina rubella,Taxodium distichum,Quercus palustris and Casuarinae quisetifolia for the vegetation restoration and reconstruction of the forested wetland in Chongxi wetland

With the development of urbanization，the radiation and energy budget over different urban and suburban underlying surface become increasingly different.Based on the radiation,turbulence flux and fluctuation wind velocity observed by the eddy correlation method on the urban and suburban sites in Nanjing from 27 July to 2 August 2010,the characteristics of the radiation and energy budget over different urban and suburban underlying surface on clear day in summer were analyzed and compared.In order to provide some fundamental characteristics of the radiation and energy budget over different urban and suburban underlying surface,the data observed by Eddy Covariance (EC) observations was studied by using classical statistics.The results show as follows.(1) The radiation over urban and suburban was significantly different on clear day.The average of upward longwave radiation were 5051 W/m2 and 4883 W/m2,and the average of upward shortwave radiation were 246 W/m2 and 395 W/m2 over urban and suburban.The result was related with surface temperature and radiation trap.（2）The energy budget over urban and suburban was significantly different on clear day.Heat storage and sensible heat flux played major roles in urban energy budget.The sensible heat flux in urban was positive all day.The stratification of the atmosphere over urban was always unstable. In suburban,latent heat flux played major role in urban energy budget.The stratification of the atmosphere was stable in night.(3) The average of the diurnal albedo of the urban（33m above the tower）and suburban（2m over the grass）were 011 and 017.The urban albedo was representative characteristic of entirety urban levels of the hundredsmeters diameter.In addition，the suburban albedo showed more serious asymmetry than the urban.(4)The heat storage of urban and suburban were 56% and 7% of the net radiation flux in daytime.Compared with the heat storage of  some others investigations,the characteristic of the heat storage had close correlations with the proportion of hard ground in the observation site and the influence of approved anthropogenic heat.（5）The height of the turbulence flux of the radiation and energy budget observed by the eddy correlation method on the urban was 33 m above the tower on an urban building.The quality of urban turbulence flux datum was good and its reliability was high.Because many factors for the datum like threedimensional urban buildings were of vital importance,the instrument used to observe turbulence flux in urban should be set up in a high position of urban canopy

Nowadays water resource is relatively lacking in China and water pollution becomes serious gradually，though economic progress has been made by the past thirty years.Thus， it is the time to solve these problems for a wonderful tomorrow.The basin integrity and the administrative separation have made it possible that water pollution shifts from the upstream administrative region to the downstream administrative region.As a result of that,transboundary water pollution conflicts in basin may appear.In China,traditional extensive economic patterns often don’t take care of environment.Transboundary water pollution conflicts usually occur between different regions in basin.The graph model for conflict resolution is a method of conflict analysis on the basis of noncooperative game theory.The method analyzes the behaviors of the players involved certain conflicts at the strategic level,so that the equilibrium or resolution of the conflict can be achieved by the graph model.The graph model analysis process considers the decision participants,their decision options,and their relative preferences on the feasible states when modeling and analyzing the conflict.All feasible states and states transitions including unilateral improvements for every player must be picked out before stability analysis.Then assessing the stability of every state for every decisionmaker under various stability definitions is necessary so that the potential equilibrium states can be achieved.There are five usual stability concepts in the graph model:Nash stability,General metarationality,Symmetric metarationality,Sequential stability and Limited move stability.Different stability concepts are based on different hypothesis.In this study,the graph model for conflict resolution was applied to the transboundary water pollution conflict in the Taihu Lake Basin as a case,and an actual example of water pollution conflict between Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province and another example in Jiangsu province were picked up to prove the effect of the graph model for conflict resolution in analyzing the transboundary water pollution conflict.Firstly,players and their options should be identified from the conflict.Then their relative preference on the feasible states could be gained.Lastly,stability analysis was carried out.After the analysis,the potential equilibrium states of the conflict were worked out.The results showed that there was not only one potential equilibrium state.One was actual existing state before the given time.The other equilibrium state was such a condition in which the central government carried out incentive strategies and control strategies at the same time and Jiangsu Province adopted the strategy that pollution emission was partially reduced and Zhejiang Province resorted to communication and coordination strategy.The similar result could be gained in the transboundary water pollution conflict between Hangzhou and Shaoxing.With the help of case study,some further discussion on the graph model for conflict resolution was carried out.Generally speaking, the graph model for conflict resolution is an easyto use and flexible method to study strategic conflict,because the method need not so much information when modeling and analyzing conflicts.It turns out that the graph model for conflict resolution works efficiently on the transbounday water pollution conflicts.〖

The relationship between ecological resources and economic development has been one of the hot spots,which always attracts attention of the human society.Ecological competitiveness,which reflects the capacity of ecological resources to support social and economic sustainable development,is the cornerstone of the social and economic development.In accordance with the theory of sustainable development,this article built the “Ecological Competitiveness” system of evaluation index including 3 secondclass indicators (ecological state,ecoenvironmental stress and initiative coordination ability) by adapting and consulting ecological environment index system and regional competitiveness index system.In this study,principal component analysis method and arithmetic average method were used to evaluate systematically the ecological competitiveness of the 17 municipal jurisdictions of Anhui Province,and further to give the ranking list of the ecological competitiveness.This study explored preliminarily the methodology of using ecological competitiveness as evaluation index system.Our conclusions could provide the cities of Anhui Province with scientific basis and decision references about ecological construction and economic development

The geographical distribution,area and higher plant resource status of the subalpine sphagnum mire in western Hubei Province of China were studied through remote sensing images analysis and field investigation in order to clarify the higher plant species diversity,higher plant association types and to reveal the characteristic of this kind of wetland.The result indicated that total area of the subalpine mire in western Hubei Province was 1 27869 hm2.It was mainly distributed in 4 protected areas,which included the Qizimei Mountains National Natural Reserve,the Dajiuhu Basin National Wetland Park,the Erxianyan Provinciallevel Nature Reserve and the Houhe National Reserve,and it was chiefly constituted by 8 patches.A total of 194 species (including varietas) belonging to 128 genera of 65 families were found in the wetland higher plant flora.Among these,4 species belonging to 4 genera of 4 families were bryophyte;9 species belonging to 8 genera of 7 families were pteridophyte;181 species belonging to 116 genera of 54 families were spermatophyte.Twenty higher plant associations were recognized:Ass.Carex rubro-brunnea var.taliensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Carex fargesii+Calamagrostis epigeios-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Lycopus coreanus var.cavaleriei+Scirpus lushanensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Lycopus coreanus var.cavaleriei+Juncus setchuensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Lycopus coreanus var.cavaleriei-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Juncus setchuensis+Deyeuxia hakonensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Juncus setchuensis+Carex ascocetra-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Carex fargesii-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Juncus setchuensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Agapetes lacei+Miscanthus sinensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Agapetes lacei+Juncus setchuensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Scirpus lushanensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Rosa helenae+Neanotis ingrate-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Phyllostachys heteroclada-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Carex argyi-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Rhamnus utilis+Carex argyi-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Rhynchospora chinensis-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Poa sp.+Heleocharis wichurai-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Festuca rubra-Sphagnum palustre;Ass.Vaccinium bracteatum var.chinense-Carex fargesii-Sphagnum palustre.These results may provide useful information for the sustainable use of the resource of the subalpine sphagnum mire in western Hubei Province of China,and they will also be favorable to protect wetland resources.They may be benefit to the restoration and reconstruction of the wetland ecosystem and provide helpful references for the further study of higher plant resource in the subalpine sphagnum mire

EFDC model was used to simulate water temperature of the Ertan reservoir from February 28th to July 31th,2006.Traverse direction of the reservoir was generalized into a grid and the average width was 400m;longitudinal direction of the reservoir was divided into 139 sections and the grid spacing ranged from about 500 m to 1200 m;vertical direction of the reservoir was divided into 40 layers.Thus， the total number of the research domain grids was 5 560.In order to improve simulation ability of the EFDC model,a preliminary exploration of the uncertainties related to model parameters was made.By analyzing parameters related to heat exchange and transfer,we have found that, surface water temperature would increase and bottom water temperature would decrease,when the value of proportion of fast wave in shortwave radiation (FF) or coefficient of shortwave radiation slowly attenuated in water (SS) increased.On the other hand, the coefficient of shortwave radiation rapidly attenuated in water (SF) had no significant influence on water temperature.Then,parameters were calibrated by comparing the simulated and observed water temperature at different reservoir sections in different time period.The modeling results indicated that the EFDC model could well reveal water temperature stratification structure and their development processes of large deepreservoir.On this basis,the law of water temperature stratification was analyzed.Water temperature stratification phenomenon could be observed in all the months during the simulation period.Stratification structure was simple and a single thermocline was appeared in March.And temperature gradient of the single thermocline gradually became larger from April to June and finally a double thermocline was formed in July.Surface water temperature significantly increased from March to July due to the influences caused by shortwave radiation and air temperature (from about 14℃ to 25℃).Meanwhile,bottom water temperature changed little during this period because the heat was difficult to transfer from surface to bottom (around 11℃).It also could be seen that,temperature of discharged water after the construction of dam was different from the natural river water temperature at the same place.Temperature of discharged water was higher than natural river water temperature in March,June and July;and lower than natural river water temperature in April and May.Therefore,the reasons and influences of water temperature difference due to the construction of dam were analyzed.By doing this,we attempt to provide some scientific basis for water intake design and operation management of reservoir in order to reduce the influences of water temperature stratification and protect the ecological environment and aquatic biodiversity of the downstream river

The contents of different phosphorus forms in soils of waterlevelfluctuating zone at the estuary of the Maixi river，a tributary of the Baihua Reservoir,were studied using the standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure of phosphorus forms．Correlation coefficient between phosphorus forms and organic matter and pH was analyzed．The results indicated that the total phosphorus (TP) average contents in the soils of A zone was 1 2988 mg/kg， 1 1712 mg/kg in soils of B zone and 1 0762 mg/kg in soils of C zone．The TP content in the soils of A zone was the highest，and the soils of C zone was the lowest．Distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms were different between the soils of A zone，B zone and C zone.The ratio of OP/TP in the C zone (average value 633%) was higher than that in the soils of B zone(average value 607%)，and that in the soils of A zone(average value 592%) was the lowest.The dominant phosphorus forms of IP was Fe/AlP．The average ratio of Fe/AlP /IP was 789%in the A zone,was 642% in B zone, and 54.6% in C zone．The CaP average content in C zone was 1011 mg/kg,which was higher than that in soils of B zone (average content 849 mg/kg) and A zone (621 mg/kg).The average ratio of active phosphorus (OP+ Fe/Al-P) in TP was 738% in soils of A zone and 744% in soils of B zone, whereas the average ratio in soils of C zone was 771%．The active phosphorus would become potential pollution sources of water under appropriate environmental condition，therefore，the potential impact of phosphorus on water eutrophication in soils of waterlevelfluctuating zone could not be neglected

Using data from the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,this paper reported simulations of six different ecological compensation schemes both with and without a budget constraint,and analyzed all the schemes by comparing the efficiency of compensation funds,the characteristics of the selected compensation objects,the impoverished people involved in the compensation,the distribution of compensation amount, ecological importance,ecological fragility,and project costs.The following conclusions were drawn.The riskbenefitcost standards scheme had the highest efficiency in the compensatory fund,and had advantages in terms of ecological importance and ecological fragility.However,this program had the lowest participation rate and the least number of compensation towns and impoverished people,and had disadvantages in the project cost.The costeffectiveness standards scheme had a higher efficiency in the compensation fund and relatively high participation rate,larger number of compensated towns and the highest participation rate of the poor population.This program had advantages considering ecological importance and project cost,but would suffer from disadvantages in terms of ecological fragility.The efficiency standards scheme had higher efficiency in the compensation fund,a relatively large number of compensated towns and the highest participation rate,and could compensate the largest number of the poor.This program had advantages in both the ecological importance and ecological fragility,but with the least compensation area and had disadvantages in the project cost.The cost standards scheme had the largest compensation area,the largest number of compensated townships and relatively high participation rate, and might compensate more impoverished people.It had advantages in the ecological importance and project cost.Nevertheless,it had the least efficiency in the compensation fund and would suffer from disadvantages in terms of ecological fragility.If there was no budget constraint and only the ecological fragility was taken into account,the risk standards scheme should be the most appropriate one,because it compensated the degraded grassland.The unified standards program compensated the entire region,and the allocation of compensation fee in the area was fair,the program was facile to implement.But this program required a large capital budget,which might hamper its implementation,and the efficiency of compensation funds was very low.〖

The traditional ecological footprint does not put water resource into their accounting system.To compensate for this deficiency,the researchers put forward the ecological footprint of water resources and water ecological footprint.The paper introduces the present situation of water ecological footprint research in our country in terms of the basic theory and basic models,and analyzes its shortcomings and inadequacy.It points out that the traditional ecological footprint based on biological production cannot accept the water resources ecological footprint based on nonbiological production.The key way to solve this problem is to construct water ecological footprint in the waters of the multiple ecosystem services function,elaborate the water ecological footprint theory foundation and basic model based on the ecosystem service.Finally,the paper puts forward the main problems that need to be studied further

Spartina alterniflora (Smooth Cordgrass),a perennial and deeprooted saltmarsh plant, is introduced to China by ChungHsin Chung at Nanjing University in 1979,and has been expanding rapidly in intertidal flats of coastland of China ever since.Invasion and excessive spread of Spartina alterniflora have led to seriously environmental and ecological problems,and its negative influences have drawn extensive concerns.As a result,Spartina alterniflora is considered as one of the bioinvasion species by State Environmental Protection Administration of China in 2003,which is the only coastal salt marsh plant.Due to its fast growth,stronger reproductive ability,higher biomass and no competition with food,Spartina alterniflora is a good species for bioenergy production.Anaerobic digestion technology is increasingly important for waste management as it leads to environmental benefits with regard to waste treatment,pollution reduction,energy production and improvements in agricultural practices.For this reason,researchers have done many works on anaerobic biogasification of Spartina alterniflora.However,there were not many literatures related to anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora  and the earliest paper on anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora was 2006.Many studies showed that there were only two research teams doing this work,one was Nanjing university and the other was Tongji university.Most of papers on anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora were published in Chinese,indicating that the ecological and environmental problems caused by the invasions of Spartina alterniflora were more serious in China.In this paper,the recent research review about anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora was summarized,including physicochemical properties of Spartina alterniflora,advantages,disadvantages,feasibility and research progress of anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora and future research priorities.In the part of research progress of anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora,Spartina alterniflora directly used for biogas production,fermentation process control,pretreatment of Spartina alterniflora,codigestion of Spartina alterniflora and other organic wastes and advanced biogas production were included.Although much research showed that Spartina alterniflora was a good substrate for biogas production,there were still much challenges on anaerobic digestion process of Spartina alterniflora.In this paper,the future research on anaerobic digestion of Spartina alterniflora were discussed,including the elimination of sodium inhibit,harvest machine,anaerobic digestion process,correlative engineering equipment and longlasting operation and management mechanism

Field investigations were carried along the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River.Typical Holocence eolian loesssoil profile with interbedded palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWD) was found at the Liaowadian site at the Hanjiang riverbank in Yunxian county,Hubei province.A set of samples for sedimentary analysis and for OSL dating was taken from the profile.OSL age of the samples was obtained by using the single aliquot regenerativedose（SAR）protocol.In combination with the stratigraphic correlation and archaeological dating,the extraordinary palaeoflood events recorded by SWD were dated to 1800-1700 years during the Eastern Han dynasty and Weijin period (A.D. 200-300).The climatic records from the upper Hanjiang River basin and various regions within China and over the world indicated that the flooding episode corresponded to the global climatic decline that lasted for several centuries.The extraordinary floods occurred because of the climatic instability,that resulted in high variability of precipitation and resulted in great floods and droughts.This is of great significance in understanding the regional hydrological response to global climatic change

Climate change and its adverse effects bring about a large number of real or potential climate migrations. It has become a challenge of the human society in the 21st century, and has been gaining attention and concern of governments and the international community. In the social reality and history of the development process, the climate migrations caused by climate change phenomenon and the conception were analyzed in this study. Some issues under attention and being solved were also studied, such as the climate migrations climbed, affected areas continued to expand, continued evolution from temporary migration to permanent migration, climate migrations being more and more complicated with a variety of factors interweaved. For the climate migration issues, strengthening the international cooperation,both slowing down and adapting to the climate change,establishing the policy,governance mechanism and management institution, reducing climate migrants' social vulnerability and other measures were put forward finally. This study make a preliminary exploration to effectively solve various kinds of climate migration problems, resolve social risks facing climate migration, and promote positive social operation and the coordinated development