In the context of global warming,climate change related adverse environmental crises,and governmental implementation of Kyoto Protocol,industrial energy consumption and associated carbon emission have been paid much attention.However,as witnessed with European and Northern American case studies,carbon emission from residential or household section has remarkably surpassed that of the industrial section since the past two decades in the developed countries.Recently,in newly emerging industrialized countries such as China,India, Brazil,etc.,huge requirement for energy consumption may result in more pronounced impacts on global carbon emission and global climate due to their huge population and strong demand for economic development in the world.On the other hand,previous studies on residential indirect carbon emission were very scarce.Considering in the coming decades over 60% of global population will live in the cities,residential carbon emissions associated with energy consumption should not be neglected due to outdated ideas for environmental sustainability. Thus,accounting residential energy consumption and associated carbon emission have been two key issues in the researching fields of curtailing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and governmental policies for adaptation to climate change worldwide. In this paper,Shanghai city,the largest city and financial center in China,was selected as an example. Based on literature review,an enhanced inputoutput model and carbon emission factors method were used to calculate the indirect and direct carbon emissions associated with residential energy consumption on local scale during 1997 and 2010. Furthermore,trends in carbon emissions associated with residential consumption,carbon emission gap between urban and rural residents,and the contribution of the six major sectors in local economy (containing fourteen key industries) to indirect energy consumption carbon emissions,were analyzed. The results showed as follows. (1) Accompanied by substantial population growth due to interprovince ruralurban migration,local ruralurban transition,and industrial transition,total residential carbon emissions in Shanghai exhibited an increasing trend from 1997 to 2010,of which indirect carbon emission associated with energy consumption was a major source in residential total carbon emissions,and accounted for dominant proportion. (2) There was an increasing trend in both direct and indirect carbon emissions associated with urban residential consumption in Shanghai over the study period. In contrast,carbon emissions associated with rural residential consumption showed an overall downward trend due to the ongoing trend in decline of rural residents under rapid urbanization,which caused remarkable ruralurban transition and changed lifestyle of former rural residents. It is noted that there is a significant difference in carbon emissions between the rural and urban residents,given the fact that urban residents enjoy highlevel lifestyle and lead to higher carbon emission due to their much higher disposable personal income (DPI) than the rural residents. (3) Six major sectors played the different roles in residential indirect energy consumption and associated carbon emissions,of which the culture,education,sanitation,commerce,and service sector (CESCS),transportation,storage,and information service (TSIS) sector,food produce and tobacco fabrication (FPTF) sector had the biggest contribution to the total carbon emissions of the urban and rural residents.(4) From the viewpoint of consumer,to enhance energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions at the micro scale of per unit output of six major sectors,and guide residents change their presence for luxury lifestyle and to consume low carbon products are effective and sustainable way for carbon reduction. In summary,the results presented in this paper may provide sound support to the further assess to residential survival carbon emissions in Shanghai and provide theoretical guidance for government departments to make policies toward cutting carbon emissions and to guide people for a lowcarbon life. 

Exportoriented manufacturing bases，as important space vectors of processing trade，are outcomes of China undertaking the processing fragments of global value chains in the introproduct specialization.However，since the excessive dependence on external technology and market，exportoriented manufacturing bases have low profit margins and urgently need to move to the advanced fragments in GVC by cultivating the ability of technology innovation.It has been claimed that constructing regional innovation systems is an important way to lift regional innovation capability in the interactive，networked innovation conditions.This paper，based on the theoretical frame of regional innovation systems and the case study of Pujiang Town in Shanghai，intends to explore how exportoriented manufacturing affects the regional innovation systems，and then make some suggestions on optimizing the innovation environment and supporting policies of exportoriented manufacturing bases.This paper hold that there are particular subject structures，basic environment and networks of innovation in the exportoriented manufacturing bases，which may cause some difficulties like being controlled by foreign resources and lacking the culture of innovation.Therefore，aimed at promoting technology absorption，it is quite significant to improve supporting policy systems

At present,the application of fractal theory in the grade scale of urban system is mainly focus on revealing the space distribution features of population scale and land use scale.As the main push factors of population scale and land use scale,the distribution regulation of the grade on economic scale in urban system is still researched seldom.The distribution regulation of the grade on economic scale is the decisive factors for the further development direction of the urban system.Exploring the distribution regulation of the grade on economic scale is helpful to understand the reasons why different cities play different economic roles in the urban system.With the fractal theory,this paper analyzed the characteristics of the features of the grade on economic scale of each city in urban system.Selecting the administrative units above the county level in the Yangtze River Delta as example,we calculated the fractal dimension of the economic scale of the regional urban system separately from the total economy,economic density and scaling range based on the statistical data of 2009.The result showed as follows.(1) The space distribution of the grade scale of economies in urban system had a good fractal feature.In the computation of the fractal dimension for the overall sample,all computing projects basically met the R2>0.95,the proportion of 134 subjects included in the scaling range was also great.In the scaling range stratified study,correlation coefficients of the first scaling range were all above 098,most of correlation coefficients of the second and the third scaling range were above 095.The fractal characteristics were very obvious.(2) At present,there was a great difference in the spatial patterns of economic and social departments in the Yangtze River Delta.The monopoly of the central city was becoming stronger.Even though the difference of the total economic output tended to be relatively small, the economic density turned to be relatively large.The distributions of the first industry were more uniform,but the fractal dimension of the secondary industry and tertiary industry which dominated the GDP showed obvious characteristics of dispersion.In the pull factors of social economy,the factors in addition to the fixed assets investments with slightly uniform characteristics showed obvious scattered characteristics.Monopoly role of central cities was very obvious from the strength of the external economic links to spending power.(3) The economic scale hierarchy was obvious in the Yangtze River Delta.(4) Based on the features of scaling ranges,the Yangtze River Delta could be divided into two types of areas.The areas entered into the first scaling range were core economic region.The areas that had not entered into the first scaling range were marginal economic region.(5) This paper verified the applicability of the fractal dimension on the study of economic scales of urban system.It shows that the fractal dimension is more effective in discussing the distributions of all industry scales of the urban system,thus we can analyze the current social and economic development of the Yangtze River Delta

Based on a detailed discussion about the conception of urban drinking water system adaptation, this study established an drinking water system adaptive capacity assessment index system and model of areas along riverside from the aspects of adaptation factors in water sources subsystem,water supply subsystem,water user subsystem,sewage treatment subsystem and technology subsystem.According to the model,the drinking water system adaptive capacity,including spatial differentiation,types and influencing factors of cities along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province was evaluated.The results showed that the adaptive capacity of urban drinking water systems in south of the Yangtze River was higher than that in north of the Yangtze River.From the adaptive capacity of the various subsystems,primary cities of Jiangsu province need to make greater efforts on the drinking water source protection and rational planning of the layout of ports and terminals.The cities in north of the Yangtze River should speed up its infrastructure construction on supply and discharge.Economically advanced districts should enhance the awareness of water conservation and all the cities need to improve their ability to cope with emergency risk and technology

This paper used the Poyang Lake watershed as the study area, and a distributed hydrological model was set up for this area The observed river discharges at six main hydrological stations from 2000 to 2005 and the base flow index of groundwater were used to establish the objective functions for coupled model optimization PEST was used as an autocalibration tool embedded in WATLAC to improve the efficiency of model calibration Results showed that the Nashsutcliffe efficiency coefficients of different hydrological stations were varied from 071 to 084, and coefficients of determination were varied from 070 to 088, a better simulation effect was gained The actual evapotranspiration （ETa） based on remote sensing was further used to validate the model  Results indicated that model simulated and remotely sensed ETa match well in terms of the spatial variation pattern and the temporal change trend Furthermore, groundwater flow model was estimated qualitatively, and it was found that the spatial variation of water table was in consistent with the land surface elevation The general flow direction was from the mountainous areas to the plain area, which was judged as reasonable The model calibration strategy and technique proposed in this paper can provide high reference for similar studies in a large scale watershed simulation and parameter calibration.

Potential evapotranspiration（ET0）， as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere， has been widely discussed in researches on irrigation management， crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins Analysis of ET0spatial and temporal variation is the basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources， and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources In this study， based on the daily data from 54 meteorological stations in Northern and Southern Regions of the Qinling Mountains between 1960 and 2011， with the help of FAO PenmanMonteith formula， ET0 was calculated By using the Spline interpolation method， climate trend rate， Pettitt abrupt change point detection， correlation analysis and other methods， we analyzed the distribution and temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ET0 as well as the meteorological elements which influenced evapotranspiration The results are as follows. （1）Average annual ET0 was 9642 mm， with the spatial distribution pattern of higher in east and lower in west According to the size of evapotranspiration， the order was northern and southern region of  the Qinling Mountain， the Han River Basin， the BaWu Valley ET0  in four seasons had the same distribution characteristics as the annual ET0， the order was summer， spring， autumn and winter （2）According to the percent of stations with decreasing trend accounted for the whole stations， the order was the Han River Basin， southern slope of  the Qinling Mountain， the BaWu Valley， northern region of  the Qinling Mountain The decreasing trend was more obvious in southern region than that in northern region  ET0 of most stations in spring， which accounted for 78%， increased while  ET0 in summer， which accounted 91%， decreased significantly No obvious increasing or decreasing trend was founded in autumn or winter The departure of ET0 in summer and annual between 1960s and 1970s was positive while negative between 1980s and 2000s; ET0 in autumn experienced negative and positive departure in the past 50 years， which appeared alternatively ET0 in spring decreased in 1960s， then increased until 1980s， since then presented a downward trend， finally increased significantly in 2000s; ET0 in winter fluctuated in the past 50 years， the order was positive， positive， negative， positive and negative The spatial and temporal distribution of ET0 illustrated the difference of ET0 in different latitude zone under the background of climate change On the other hand， it could also be concluded that complicated terrain could influenced the distribution of temperature， precipitation， wind speed and other meteorological factors， which would finally influenced ET0.  （3）The abrupt change of annual and spring ET0 happened in 1993 or between 1979 and 1981， while  ET0 of  85% stations in summer changed in 1979 There was no obvious abrupt change points in autumn or winter （4）Precipitation and ET0 of 70% stations in summer presented an negative correlation relationship， as for autumn the number accounted for 76% Sunshine hour， maximum temperature， average temperature and wind speed correlated positively with ET0， which reached 001 significant level According to size of correlation coefficient， the order was sunshine duration， maximum temperature， average temperature and wind speed The decrease of sunshine duration and wind speed leaded to ET0 decreasing in summer and winter while temperature increasing caused ET0 increased in spring and autumn 

Global climatic change is one of the most complex challenges to human today， and global environmental change has a huge impact on social economic activities，agriculture environment and the ecological system IPCC fourth climatic change assessment report said that the global surface temperature rose by 074 between 1906 and 2005，and the temperature increased significantly China average surface temperature rises significantly in recent 100 years， and the warming range is about 05-08 The temperature rise directly leads to the change of the length of four seasonsThe change of the starting date of four seasons and the change of the temperature is consistentThe different methods of warming statistics leads directly to the inconsistency of the amplitude of the warming According to three different season dividing methods，such as the division of season by modern climatology， season average temperature and meteorology， the author made use of the observational data based on more than 2400 ground meteorological offices and stations issued by the national climate center，and established a set of data set （CN051） in grids of 025×025 longitude resolution，and then selected 26 lattice point temperature precipitation data in the Claohu basin and its surrounding between 1961 and 2010The author also applied the interdecadal change， anomaly，regression analysis and MannKendall method to analyze and compare the trends and characteristics of temperature and precipitation changes of three seasons in recent 50 years The result showed that，to different seasons divided by three methods，when the change trend of temperature and precipitation was analyzed， the result of theirs was different， even quite obviously differentFrom the three different interdecadal change of spring air temperature in nearly 50 years, the air temperature of meteorological spring and Houwen spring was 09 higher than the temperature of climatic spring， and the temperature change of the spring analyzed by climatic spring was  different The comparison of summer temperature changes showed that the temperature of climatic summer turned on great fluctuation，which reflected the characteristics of today summer air temperatureThe temperature of climatic fall showed stable rise ，and the temperature of weather fall turned on large variation ，whose trend was not obvious Three kinds of winter air temperature had significant rise，among which the sudden change of the weather winter and climatic winter occurred in the early 1980s，while the change of Houwen winter occurred in the mid 1960s All kinds of rainfall change trend of the same season  was similar on the whole， but there were obvious differences in fluctuation range and mutation time between themThe reason of the phenomenon is that under the big background of global warming the days of spring and autumn become less， resulting in big differences of calculated data of each season， which affects the seasonal change trend levelUsing meteorology seasonal division method can overthrow the statement of global warming successfullyThus， climate change of  the season should consider the actual temperature every year， and be analyzed by multiscale

Based on the observed runoff data of the Danjiangkou reservoir from 1969 to 2008 and the multicoupledmodels results of the 4th IPCC assessment report in the uppermiddle reaches of the Hanjiang River,1 day maximum flood volume series and 3 days maximum flood volume series of the upper valley of the Han River were respectively simulated by the generalized extreme value distribution model (GEV) and generalized Pareto distribution model (GPD).The optimal probability model which described the distribution of the 1 day maximum flood volume and 3 days maximum flood volume was selected,and then the corresponding design value of the return periods was calculated,finally the extreme runoff response to the climate change was analyzed.The results displayed that the 1 day maximum flood volume and 3 days maximum flood volume series conformed to the generalized extreme value distribution,and the generalized Pareto distribution,the corresponding design value of the generalized extreme value model were slightly larger than that of the generalized Pareto model under the same return periods.The simulated results of the generalized Pareto model were superior than that of the generalized extreme value model for the 1 day maximum flood volume and 3 days maximum flood volume series under the different scenarios of the future climate.The research indicates that the climate change has a direct impact on the flood extreme value

Based on the sunshine duration,rainfall,cloudage,and mean wind speed data of 93 stations in the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River during 1961-2010 with modern statistical diagnostic methods such as climatic trend rate,abrupt detection,and correlation analysis,the temporal/spatial characteristics and cause of yearly,seasonal,and monthly sunshine duration in the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River were investigated in this paper.The results showed that the spatial distribution of yearly,seasonal,and monthly sunshine duration in the northeast of the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River was more than that in the southwest of the reaches.The sunshine duration was most in summer,and next in autumn,spring,and winter.The yearly sunshine duration in the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River in the recent 50 years was obviously widespread declined (682 h/10a),and the decline was more than that of the national average in the same period.The significant decadal change was in the early 1980s.The yearly sunshine duration was extremely excessive in 1963 and 1971,which caused by much summer sunshine duration,but no extremely deficient was observed in this period.The sunshine duration in spring,summer, autumn and winter also declined at the rate of 27 h/10a,375 h/10a,108 h/10a,165 h/10a respectively,especially in summer, autumn, and winter(p＜005).The most declination was in summer,and next in winter,autumn,and spring.The reduction rate of the sunshine duration in year,summer,autumn,and winter in recent 30 years reduced,but the sunshine duration in spring increased at the rate of 147 h/10a in the same time.The abrupt change of the yearly sunshine duration in the midsouth of Hubei,north of Hunan,north of Jiangxi,north of Anhui,Southeast of Zhejiang appeared in the 1980s.Factors leading to the decreases in yearly sunshine duration varied greatly over different regions.The reduction of the yearly sunshine duration in the north of the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River had close relationship with the increase of the rainfall and the reduction of the mean wind speed. Moreover the effect of the lowlevel cloudage in the south of the Lowermiddle Reaches of the Changjiang River was also important

Composition of waterbirds community was surveyed in the Qiantangjiang River Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay in the winters of 2007,2009 and 2011.A total of 69 species were recorded and they belonged to 7 orders and 14 families.Among these bird species,45 species (652 percent of total) were migrants,7 species were national firstgrade protected wildlife.For 6 species,maximum counts exceeded the 1% of the biogeographical flyway population.The waterbirds were divided into five dominant groups:shorebirds (Charadriiforms),waterfowls (Anseriformes),the Rallidae and gulls (Laridae,Sternidae).And the dominant species were Dunlin (Calidris alpina) in shorebirds group,Falcated Duck (Anas falcata),Spotbilled Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha),Common Teal (Anas crecca),Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope) in waterfowls group,Common Coot (Fulica atra) in the Rallidae group and Vega Gull (Larus vegae),Yellowlegged Gull (Larus cachinnans) in gulls group.And 65,38,37 and 28 species were recorded in Cixi County,Shangyu County,Zhenhai County and Haining County,and accounted for 942%,551%,536% and 406% of total,respectively.The community compositions from four abovementioned key areas were analyzed by using species numbers or individual number of five dominant groups.The species richness of shorebirds,ducks and gulls in Cixi County was remarkably higher than that in the other areas,while there was no significant difference in the number of shorebirds species between the former and Zhenhai County.In Cixi County,the population of shorebirds and ducks were also larger than that in the other areas except that there was no significant difference in the population of ducks between the former and Shangyu County.From 2007,2009 to 2011,there were little changes in the community diversities of wintering waterbirds,but great change occured in the population size of waterbird community and this was mainly due to the changes of the population sizes of shorebirds,the Rallidae and gulls.Over four years (2007-2011),waterbird numbers increased,from the maximum count of 41 712(2007) to 54 393 (2011).The individual number of the Rallidae increased quickly,from the maximum count of 58 (2007) to 17 171 (2011),but that of the gulls declined quickly,from 4 947 (2007) to 1 845 (2011).The results showed that wetland resource availability was the key factor that affected the spatial distribution of waterbirds in the Hangzhou Bay and the Qiantangjiang River Estuary.Recently,the intensive reclamation in the studied area maybe play a key role in influencing the community composition and structure of wintering waterbirds.Artificial wetlands after tidal reclamation can provide important wintering habitats for waterbirds,such as tideland reservoirs were particularly important for waterfowls and shorebirds,new reclaimed but not yet developed areas for waterfowls and the Rallidae.The surface area of the two abovementioned habitat types of artificial wetlands has increased over the study period,and waterbird species such as Common Coot concentrated in these artificial wetlands have tended to increase.Garbage resources are generally of importance in several large gull species such as the Yellowlegged Gull’s diet.The reduction of the amount of garbage from the upper reaches of the Qiantangjiang River may be the reason that has resulted in a sharp decrease of the individual number of gulls from 2007 to 2011.Therefore,for the purpose of bird conservation,the local governments should take actions to protect and use natural wetlands reasonably and efficiently.On the same time,appropriate management is needed to improve the quality of artificial habitats

The Jianghan plain is the important grain base in our country and the heart of Wuhan urban agglomeration.Understanding the impact of regional land use change on watershed hydrology help to making landuse planning policies and providing decision support for the sustainable development of water resources.This study calibrated the data during 2000-2004 and validated the data during 2005-2009 to structure SWAT model,and used this model to simulate monthly and yearly main runoff in the region.Then by means of double mass curve,the effect of human activities in main rivers of the Jianghan plain on disturbance of runoff was studied,and the changes of runoff under simulated scenarios between 1980 and 2010 were also comparatively analyzed.The results showed that model validation could be better simulated runoff in the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang river basins in the region.As the decrease of rainfall，the effect of land use change on runoff was increasing.Impacts of human activities during 1990-1995 on runoff were mainly reflected on the reducing forest land and inputs in the water conservancy facilities.After 2000,land use particularly the increase of construction land use increasingly impacted on runoff

Externality is essential element to decisionmaking of ruralurban land conversion and land allocation.This paper tries to systematically review literatures on externality of ruralurban land conversion with inductive method.Research progress of the topic was introduced in terms of measurement of externality and land allocation optimization.Meanwhile,some controversial issues were analyzed.
Overview on measurement of externality is one aspect of the article.At first,we summarized basic theory of externality measurement and applications of measurement methods.Contingent valuation method,hedonic price method,travel cost method and choice experiment method which are proposed based on consumer surplus theory were introduced and analyzed comparatively from their respective advantages.The applications of above methods in different countries or regions were concluded when influence extent of externalities and additivity of utility function were emphasized.Secondly,since identification of the influence extent is essential process in externality measurement,Loomis(2000),Lewis(2007) and Chen(1996)’s researches illustrated methods of extent identification and some results of externality measurement in parcel level.Thirdly,we analyzed the phenomenon that embedding effect caused linear utility function having error in partwhole externality measurement,while solutions included making the assumption of quadratic function or using choice modeling methods.Still,there are flaws in above method to solve the error of embedding effect according to our analysis,which are worthy of attention for Chinese researchers.
The other content of the overview is land allocation optimization based on the results of externality measurement. Firstly,due to context difference,we found that the assumption of agents in land allocation model should be improved with Chinese situation because decision makers of ruralurban land conversion in China were local officials instead of private persons.Even there were some literatures having noticed the problem,realistic policies of ruralurban land conversion in China had not been explained thoroughly.Secondly,land heterogeneity was common in reality but it was often ignored by models of ruralurban land allocation with externality.Therefore,related studies were summed up,and random probability function,heterogeneous matrix and multinomial logit model could be alternatives.At last,we showed the important role of the endogenous of externalities in ruralurban land allocation with externalities.On the basis of previous studies, endogenous of externality could influence decisionmaking of ruralurban land conversion,〖JP2〗which meant that interaction between amenity and market need to be analyzed in theoretical and empirical study.〖JP〗
As a conclusion,our analysis demonstrated that notable issues in externality study of ruralurban land conversion included identification of the influence extent,additivity of utility function,assumption of agent in land allocation model,land heterogeneity and endogenous of externalities.By the end of the article,the development of prospect is projected from three sides.One is that the process of externality measurement in ruralurban land conversion needs to be designed completely.Secondly,researches on ruralurban land conversion under Chinese context should improve models with the assumption that decisionmakers of land conversion are local officials.Lastly,spatial element has been presented as important factor in related studies,but ruralurban land allocation with spatial factor faces challenges,it is also the future direction

The Taihu watershed,one of the most developed regions in China,is in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The Taihu watershed includes parts of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces and Shanghai municipality.The areas of lakes in the large drainage basin are approximately 1300 kilometers.Most of the lakes in Lake Taihu watershed are distributed in Suzhou,Wuxi and Changzhou.However,in recent years,because the rapid development of the local economy and enhancement of the urbanization level,the lakes in Lake Taihu watershed have been seriously plagued by pollutions from industrial wastewater,agricultural wastewater and city life sewage.Heavy metals naturally occur in the earth crust.However,human activities have introduced high loads of these elements in the environment,making the differentiation of natural and anthropogenic contributions difficult.Sediments provide a temporally integrated indication of the aquatic environment condition and act as a major reservoir for metals,though some sediment can also act as a source of contaminants.Furthermore,sediments have high physicalchemical stability and their characteristics usually represent the average condition of the system,often being representative of the average water quality.Therefore,the heavy metal pollution problems have already become one of the hot topics to the domestic and international research personnel.The aims of this paper are to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics and evaluate the pollutions of main heavy metals As and Hg in the sediments from lakes in Lake Taihu watershed.Five representative areas are selected for this research.The five selected research areas are Suzhou areas,Changzhou areas,Wuxi areas,Huzhou areas and Yixing areas in Lake Taihu watershed respectively.The spatial distributions of main heavy metals As and Hg in the sediments from lakes in Lake Taihu watershed,were analyzed with Hydride atomic fluorescence spectrometry analytical method.The pollution assessments of heavy metals were calculated by geoaccumulation index (Igeo) method on the background of the lakes in Lake Taihu watershed.The results showed that the highest concentrations of As and Hg in the Suzhou areas,Changzhou areas,Wuxi areas,Huzhou areas and Yixing areas were respectively 21.88 mg/kg,16.35 mg/kg,21.36 mg/kg,13.77 mg/kg and 13.97 mg/kg;1.50 mg/kg,1.42 mg/kg,1.01 mg/kg,1.65 mg/kg and 1.46 mg/kg.The lowest concentrations of As and Hg in Suzhou areas,Changzhou areas,Wuxi areas,Huzhou areas and Yixing areas were 2.92 mg/kg, 2.72 mg/kg,4.18 mg/kg,4.28 mg/kg and 2.47 mg/kg;0.34 mg/kg,0.03 mg/kg,0.23 mg/kg,0.29 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg respectively.The average concentrations of As in the sediments were relatively higher in Huzhou and Wuxi than other areas.The values exceeded environmental baseline in the basin of Lake Taihu.Average concentrations of Hg in the sediment from four areas (Huzhou,Suzhou,Wuxi and Yixing) were significantly higher than environmental baseline in the basin of Lake Taihu,except for Changzhou.The index Geoaccumulation (Igeo) values indicated that pollution intensity of As was unpolluted in all areas,but pollution intensity of Hg reached moderate level except for Changzhou.Therefore,the lakes from Lake Taihu watershed have been influenced by As and Hg,especially the heavy metal Hg pollution has been relatively serious

The ecological sensitivity in the upper Changjiang River over large scales was studied in this paper  to provide technical support and scientific basis for the water resources protection and management of the water power development in the upper Changjiang River.On the basis of identifying and analysis of major habitats and ecological sensitive areas in the upper Changjiang River,ecological sensitivity evaluation index system was selected,identified and established with GIS technology and hierarchy analysis method,to determine the classification standard of ecological sensitivities.And the correlated calculation method and comprehensive evaluation method were established to generate the evaluation map for each single ecological evaluation unit through combining the characteristic data base with spatial image data base.It could reveal the spatial distribution of ecological sensitivities in the upper Changjiang River and provide theoretical foundation for the analysis of the ecological restrictions for the water power development in the upper Changjiang River.The study revealed that the nonsensitive area,light sensitive area,medium sensitive area,high sensitive area and extreme sensitive area in the upper Changjiang River accounted for 741%,676%,825%,493% and 593% of the total acreage of the whole area respectively.The Jinshajiang River Basin was the highest sensitive in the upper area,and the next were the main stream area and the Chishui River Basin.The ecological sensitive areas were mainly distributed in the upper basin.Attention should be paid to the ecological protection of the ecological sensitive areas of all levels in the utilization of the water resources of the main stream of the Upper Changjiang River

Nowadays,the contradiction between economic development and resources environment is increasingly prominent,which makes people pay more and more attention to ecological efficiency.So,for the construction of “twotypes” society and realizing sustainable development,it has an important theoretical significance and policy reference value to accurately evaluate regional ecological efficiency level and analyze its influencing factors.Based on the Chinese provincial statistics about resources,environment and economy in 2010,China provincial ecological efficiency was evaluated,by the use of entropy weight method and grey comprehensive evaluation method.Then,the spatial statistics method and spatial error model was used to empirically analyze China provincial ecological efficiency.The results show as follows.(1) Ecological efficiency  China had a gradient distribution pattern(the east is higher than the west),had significant spatial correlation and clustering,and had an obvious “club convergence” phenomenon.(2)The three factors,such as using foreign capital,human resources,industrial structure,had significant positive impact.(3)The investment,which controled environmental pollution,did not play its due role as expected.(4)The pollution charge system did not  influence regional ecological efficiency significantly.At last,according to the results of empirical analysis,some related policy suggestions were put forward as follows.(1) The pattern of economic development should be transformed and the industrial structure should be upgraded.(2) Foreign capital should be actively and effectively used.(3) The investment to education and scientific research should be increased to improve the quality of the population and the level of science and technology.(4)The management of the investment fund controling environmental pollution and the government departments daily supervision work should be strengthened.(5) It is a systems engineering to improve ecological efficiency,which should take into consideration comprehensively from multiangle.

The Three Gorges Project launched in 1993 and completed in 2008.Since 2006, the water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir reached the predetermined 135 meters,and the Three Gorges Project began to pay dividends this year,playing an important role in flood control,power generation,navigation,water diversion and environmental protection.On November 4,2008,the water level of the Three Gorges Reservoir reached 172.5 meters;on October 29,2009,the water level reached 170.9 meters;on October 26,2010,the water level eventually reached 175 meters.The Yangtze River and its branches of the reservoir area of the Three Gorges began to store water and turned into a reservoir in mid June,2003,and the water level reached 170 meters in 2008.The flow rate of the Yangtze River slowed down after construction of the reservoir.As well as producing electricity,the Three Gorges dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River shipping capacity and reduce the potential for floods downstream by providing flood storage space.The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering,social and economic success,with the design of stateoftheart large turbines,and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions.However,the dam flooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people,and is causing significant ecological changes,including an increased risk of landslides and algae bloom.The dam has been a controversial topic both in China and abroad.In order to study the algal bloom of the branch river of the Three Gorges Reservoir and realize ecologic regulation of the Three Gorges reservoir ，the influence of the 175 m trial impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir on water environment was conducted.The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) began to 175 m experimental water storage in 2008-2010.The impoundment scheme of Three Gorges Project(TGP) was different in 2008-2010. The field environmental monitoring data used in this paper was from the XiangXi Bay from 2008 to 2010.This article carried out the analysis from the aspects of water bloom outbreak degree, water quality and hydrodynamic and so on,aftertwards described the influence of the different impoundment scheme of the 175 m trial impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir on water environment in the Xiangxi Bay. The results showed that the time of water storage advanced was beneficial to upper water exchange and turbulence of the upstream of Xiangxi Bay(XXB) , reduce the water surface nutrient concentration, destroy the living environment of phytoplankton,restrain the growth of algae, reduce the water surface of chlorophyll a concentration,and decrease water bloom outbreak frequency, duration, and strength. These are beneficial to the improvement of the water environment in Xiangxi Bay

Healthy river is acknowledged as the object of river management and the basis of environmental flows assessment, thus in terms of river health assessment theory is of great significance in theory and practice for improving the river ecosystem environment.The study is undertaken in the Liao river basin that based on the changes between four seasons in the northern region of China.Affected by indicators such as hydrological conditions and human disturbance,the river health also has seasonal characteristics.The aim of this paper is to access the river health by month and study its changing rule within Main Liaohe River basin.River health assessment used indicators as water quality,biological indicator,riparian vegetable,the physical form of the river system and the socioeconomic indicators.The study used AHP method for assessing the health of the Liao river and a score from 15 was assigned for each indicator.These scores were then aggregated to produce combine score to evaluate the river health condition.And the fivegrade assessment standard described as" healthy,subhealthy,normal,subsick and sick” were established.The result showed that the river health in Main Liaohe River changed by stages and obviously.The hydrology and water quality indicators were the mainly disturbance of river health management.The month within DecFeb was on the sick level,MarMay and OctNov were on the subsick level,JunSep was on the normal level.Based on this characteristic,the idea of ecological regulation by stage was suggested to restore the river health condition.This study divided a year into four seasons:frozen season, dry season before flood,flood season,and dry season after flood.It also confirmed the minimum ecological water demand in frozen season,river selfpurification water demand in dry season,the sediment water demand in flood season.At last the study coupled the ecological flow process of the Liaohe River,and compared with the Tennant method.The result indicated the flow process met the natural runoff rhythm which was able to maintain river health better.The advise is health changes in the Liaohe,a major river in northern China,could provide the basis for health management of the rivers of northern China.The accuracy of the data would have a great impact on the accuracy of the evaluation results during the process of evaluation of river health trends.Because of the lack of ecological information of the riparian zone vegetation, long series river health status can only have a limited analysis instead of comprehensive analysis.Therefore,river health management should be concerned to strengthen the collection and monitoring of ecological data,which also contributes to longterm maintenance of river health

Under the global climate change,the frequency of extreme climate events increases gradually.In this context,more and more scholars pay close attention to the change of extreme temperature events.Based on daily temperature at 6 meteorological stations over the Poyang Lake ecoeconomic region observed by the China Meteorological Administration during the 1952-2011,the extreme temperature events were analyzed.The results are as follows.(1) Over the 1952-2011 period, the linear trends of extreme temperature events in the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region were remarkable.The linear trends of extreme high temperature events and extreme low temperature events of this region were 0.4 d/10 a, -2.7 d/10 a;the linear trends of cold and hot days sustainability index were -0.4 d/10 a,-2.4 d/10 a.(2) Over the 60 years,there were obviously two phases in terms of extreme temperature events in the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region:high frequency and low stability phase and low frequency and high stability phase.Two phases of extreme high temperature events and hot day sustainability index were 1952-1979 and 1980-2002;two phases of extreme low temperature events and cold day sustainability index were 1952-1985 and 1986-2007.(3)Wavelets Analysis was used to analyze the periodicities of extreme temperature events in the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region.The results of wavelet analysis indicated that the different kinds of extreme temperature events in the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region had various periodicities in different phase from 1952 to 2011.Extreme high temperature events and hot day sustainability index had a big change from late 1970s to early 1980s.Before that time,it was shown as weak primary 12-13 a periodicity and strong primary 7 a overlying.After that,it was mainly shown primary 9 a periodicity with discontinuous 4-5 a periodicity.Extreme low temperature events and cold day sustainability index had a weak 11-12 a periodicity from 1950s to 1970s,but then changed into a weak primary 5 a periodicity from late 1970s to 1990s.(4) In this study,in order to research the relevance of extreme temperature events in the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region and Asia monsoon change, we compared the extreme low temperature events with Asia winter monsoon and compared extreme high temperature events with Asia summer monsoon, respectively.The extreme low temperature event of this region was a sensitive response of winter monsoon under a global warming background.High frequency and strong fluctuation of extreme low temperature events were mainly seen when the winter monsoon was strong,while low frequency and weak fluctuation were mainly happened when the winter monsoon was weak.Therefore,focusing on the Asia winter monsoon change is a sort of effective way to prevent the disastrous weather which result from extreme low temperature events over the Poyang lake ecoeconomic region.The relevance,however,between extreme high temperature events and summer monsoon is much more complex and still needs further research

he study of collective memory needs to take into consideration the information source in which the remembering takes place.Jiuzhaigou tourism area in Aba Tibetan qiang autonomous regions of Sichuan province,is announced the first batch of national key scenic spots in China.The tourism of Jiuzhaigou area develops well,its visitors have as much as 169.41 million throughout 2010.At some time,there are nearly 30 000 passengers tourists in the peak travel period.Jiuzhaigou tourism area is located in the mountains,its traffic conditions is relative inconvenience,complex geological structure,the relatively high altitude (2 000-3 200 m),thus there are frequent geological disasters,climate disasters,floods in this region.This article  studied the information source of residents' collective memory construction process after "5·12" earthquake and its change characteristics to make up for the domestic academic blank,and also to provide academic guidance to the recovery work after large sudden crisis.The paper chose Jiuzhaigou residents for the case study and used CFA structural equation to verify the conceptual model of collective memory.The findings showed as follows.(1) The information sources and effects of the collective memory on natural disasters could be measured from the four dimensions of social communication,media campaigns,scenes of life,and the event description.(2) Path coefficient on radio and television programs was maximal,indicating that it played an important role on the impaction for construction of collective memory,and was an important aspect of the quality of collective memory.(3)The correlation coefficient for latent variables of the model between "event records" and "living environment" was maximal and the lowest of the "media propaganda" and "social interaction".(4) Interaction and contact existed between the four dimensions of collective memory,and collective memory of the changement in mechanism should consider multifactor interactions