Since 1970s，the city and the area have experienced a dramatic transformation； city region has gradually become the main organizational form of the region to participate in the competition. Compared with the studies of the urbanization，city regulation，regional cooperation，the studies focused on the microscopic mechanism of formation of integration development still need to be strengthened. Shanghai，Suzhou，and Nantong which located at both sides of the Yangtze River constitute a geographical sense of mouth of the Yangtze River delta. Based on the theory of spatial interaction of the area which focus on the complementary，transportability and interventional factors in the region，this article studies the industrial economic integration process and the mechanism of time and space between three cities. It is founded that the industry economic integration between the three cities has experienced from weak to strong，simple to complex relationships along with the complementary，transportability and interventional changes. After 2005 especially，due to the enhanced trend of regional competition and cooperation，the regional strategic orientation and policy of Shanghai designed to remodeling the regional status through upgrading the industrial structure make ShanghaiSuTong economic relations enter the orbit of integration reconstruction. It is confirmed that a strong network of industry economic integration pattern has formed. To improve the cooperation between regions，amplifying the complementary，reducing irrational competition
should be strengthened further.

The method of window analysis was used to obtain the relief amplitude of Three Gorges Reservoir based on 1[DK]∶100，000 DEM Through mean changepoint analysis method，the optimal statistical unit of relief amplitude is determined as 015 km2 in the Three Gorges Reservoir It is the first time to draw the relief amplitude map of the Three Gorges Reservoir based on optimum statistical unit，and relief amplitude is identified as one of the important factors influencing the population distribution and the economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on analyzing the distribution of relief amplitude，four factors such as urbanization，Engels coefficient of rural residents，economic density and population density were chosen to reveal quantitatively how the relief amplitude influences the population and economic development The results show that the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was mainly covered by undulating mountains，accounting for 6383% of the total area The flat dam，platform and hills accounted for 3617% of the total area Through correlation analysis，it is found that the relief amplitude had a significant negative correlation to economic density and population density with a correlation coefficient of 0883  The relationship between relief amplitude，population and economic development was studied by mathematic modeling Through comparative analysis of different models and apparent test for parameters，the optimum models and the analysis results were as follows. The association between relief amplitude and population density was better modelled by logarithmic model Y=-30605ln（x）+17462 （R2 =07164） The association between relief amplitude and economic density was better modelled by exponential line Y=28202e-00156x （R2 =07460） There was a smaller population density，lower economic development level in the region with high relief amplitude，where rural residents lived in poverty relatively There was a higher population density，higer economic developement level in the region with low relief amplitude To some extent，relief amplitude restricted the development of regional economy，playing a significant impact on population distribution Correctly understanding the impact of relief amplitude on the spatial pattern of the mountain population and economic，scientifically mastering the quantitative relationship between relief amplitude and economic development，and moderately planning resource utilization and industry ditribution in relief amplitude range，would have important reference value and guidance significance to exert the regional advantage of the Three Gorges Reservoir area fully and promote regional economic benefit

Prediction of urban builtup area is a core issue in urban studies There is always a complex nonlinear relationship between urban builtup area and urban economy and society It is difficult to accurately predict urban builtup area by using traditional methods and models such as linear regression，time series analysis，gray system theory and BP neural network As a new artificial neural network model，RBF neural network has some advantages of fast learning， easily getting in the local minimum and approximating any arbitrary accuracy of the global nonlinear relationship Therefore，RBF neural network can overcome some shortcomings of BP neural network and show a ability to handle complex nonlinear system Currently，RBF neural network is one of the most accepted prediction methods Taking the prediction of builtup area in Hefei City from 1997 to 2007 as a research sample，this paper established a prediction model based on RBF neural network from five impact indexes including GDP，financial income，total fixed asset investment，nonagricultural population and average wage of workers As a comparison，this paper also used BP neural network，simple linear regression （SLR） model and multiple linear regression （MLR） model to predict The results indicate that the means of prediction residuals and relative errors of RBF neural network were only 04027 km2 and 029% which were the minimum values in the prediction results of the four models； the means of prediction residuals of BP neural network，SLR model and MLR model were 35794 km2，68531 km2 and 36668 km2 respectively； the means of prediction relative errors of BP neural network，SLR model and MLR model were 208%，457% and 238% respectively  The residuals of RBF neural network in each year were the smallest except for 1999； the residuals of SLR model in each year were the largest except for 1999，2004 and 2007 From 2004 to 2005，the builtup area of Hefei was mutated, which led to large errors （＞8 km2） predicted by BP neural network，SLR model and MLR model At the same time，RBF neural network still had a higher prediction accuracy which was less than the mean of prediction residuals （04027 km2） of RBF neural network The prediction results clearly show that the prediction accuracy of RBF neural network is the best，BP neural network is the second，MLR model is the third and SLR model is the worst Compared with BP neural network and linear regression models，RBF neural network can resolve the nonlinear relationships more accurately in complex systems，which makes RBF neural network a higher prediction accuracy in the complex nonlinear conditions Hence RBF neural network can provide a new idea and method for the prediction of urban builtup area Moreover，it can provide scientific basis for decision making in urban land use and planning.

The development of water system will directly affect the entire economic and social sustainable development The characteristics of water system are open，evolutionary，emergence and nonlinear The water resources are related with many factors，such as a variety of water resources，population，social and economic development indicators. They together form a typical complex nonlinear system In this paper，based on informational reality and maximum flux principle （MFP），a new dynamical equation that controls the generation and evolution of the water resources system was got，and the informational dynamic model of water resources system was built Based on this model，evaluation criteria was derived As a model with ontological foundation，the dynamic process was objective and easy to operate，without a prior given parameters artificially With the neural network provided by MATLAB，the dynamic equation that controled patterns could be resolved According to the process that the elements reached stable through selfemerging，the numerical simulation method of new theoretical framework could be established Therefore，the new model could give evaluation about the structure state of any complex system，including the water resources system The paper finally made an assessment on the abundance of various basin water resources in the Liaoxi Coastal River The ξ value of all levels of the standard was studied The water resources abundance standard could be divided into five grades according to the corresponding standard，which were very rich，rich，medium，dry，and extremely dry Base on the ξ value of the standard，water resources on basin 4 was extremely dry，basin 1，2，3 were dry，and basin 5，6，7，8，9 were medium The assessment results were compared with other models and the results showed that the method was reasonable and practicable Because the model reflects the evolution of the kinetic mechanism in water resources systems and it also reflects the spacetime evolution of the properties， it has  advantages in the evaluation of water resources abundance and it can also be used for the predictions of water resources abundance

The Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and it is one of the most important wetlands in the world Wetland vegetation plays an important role in material circulation and energy flow as well as other ecological process Plant community in wetland exhibits significant responses to water content and water level fluctuation in wetland As for the Poyang Lake，water level varies significantly within an order of 10m in a single year，with the bottom of lake emerging at low water level Only in these dry seasons hygrophilous vegetation，such as Carex can grow Hence，water levelinduced vegetation variations have been substantially discussed in recent literatures The relationship between vegetation growth and water level dynamics has been currently carried out The launch of MODIS （moderate resolution imaging sepctroradiometer）provided an opportunity for us to study the vegetation growth dynamic process In this study，time series of Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI） calculated from multiyear MODIS images were used to analyze vegetation variations in the course of low water level for the year 20012010 For this purpose，three hierarchically distributed MODIS pixels were selected along the BanghuWucheng ecological transect in the Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve （PLNNR） The average Wusong elevation of the three sample points was 138m，152m，158m，respectively More over，we also explored the influence on vegetation growth imposed by fluctuation of water level assisted with data from Xingzi hydrometric station Results indicated that intraannual EVI of each sampling site exhibited a trend of increasing firstly and then decreasing The annual mean EVI culminated in October and pixel with higher terrain corresponded to the early occurrence of peak EVI No significant trends were found in the interannual EVI.  Water level determines time span of outcrop emergence，thereby affects the growing season of vegetation Mean EVI had a better goodness of fit（075） with the growing phase than that of the maximum of EVI （0.49）.  Mean EVI would increase by 002 when the bottom of sample site emergenced 10 days in advance compared with the year 2005 as reference year，and the determination coefficient reached 0.55 In the typical dry year （2006），the three sample points with high，middle and low elevation were exposed 72，60，52 days in advance respectively，and the mean EVI of each sample significantly increased by 0.12，0.16 and 0.11 In the typical wet year （2002），only the maximum EVI significantly increased due to more precipitation in the study period We can conclude that  the longlasting water level extends the length of the vegetation growth It is propitious to the growth of wetland plant community And the precipitation is an important climatic factor for the vegetation Results can be used to guide the vegetation resource management in the Poyang Lake and the lake level regulation.
〖

The upper reaches of the Yangtze River is not only the most important area of biodiversity protection in Chinese freshwater region, but also one of the key ecoregions of the Global 200, which is the list of priorities for the purpose of global biodiversity protection.The recovery and improvement of the environmental quality in this area have already been the focus of the ecological protection and management in this area with extremely frequent human activities.Birds are extremely sensitive to environment changes and human interference, which has been used frequently in monitoring the environmental risks human beings face.The scientific field survey of the diversity features of birds (community composition, population size, spacial distribution, etc.),by line transect methods, in Xiangjiaba Reservoir Area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was carried out in the summer and autumn of 2011.Systematic analysis was conducted on the dynamic changes of birds influenced by human activities and the relationship between them.One hundred and ten species of birds belonging to 39 families in 15 orders were recorded.Through the research on the diversity of birds in different habitats of 5 investigation sites and 2 control sites, three results have been found.(1) The ShannonWiener Indexes of birds were comparatively low in different habitats of the research area in summer and autumn, hardly exceeding 15, which indicated the species diversity of birds were relatively poor in this area.(2) The Pielou Indexes of birds all exceeded 075 in different habitats of the research area, which indicated the enviorenment in the reservoir area was mainly dominated by artificial vegetation, but not monotonous at all.(3)The spatial distributions of birds in different habitats were strikingly different——the similarity difference of birds between thin forest thickets and bamboo groves of terraces and mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forests was minimum, but the difference between the above two and Phragmites australis and Arthraxon hispidus clusters in river beaches was maximum.On the basis of the above researches, multifactor comprehensive analysis was carried out on different habitat types of birds in Xiangjiaba for the purpose of protecting the species diversity and river landscape.The results show that there were abundant species diversity of birds in mountain forest habitats, and very high ecological values in this research area; furthermore, the thin forest thickets and bamboo groves in river beach and terrace habitats had certain landscape features, and considerable ecological values as well.These findings provide scientific evidence for the environmental protection and sustainable development in Xiangjiaba Reservoir Area

Landsat thematic mapper(TM) has a thermal band(TM6)，and this band can be used for retrieving land surface temperature(LST).In this paper，typical surface features parameter values were retrieved base on Landsat 5 TM remote sensing data of May，2007 in the Maotiao River watershed.The NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index) can be calculated using TM3 and TM4 band data,the land surface emissivity(LSE) of TM6 can be obtained by using NDVITEM (NDVI Thresholds Method),and the LST(land surface temperature) can be retrieved by single channel algorithm.The classification of land use types uses the China land use/cover of remote sensing monitoring classification system(geographical resources of Chinese academy of sciences,1999).According to this system，the researched area can be divided into 5 class including the forest land，grassland，cultivated land，water area and urban and rural construction land,and 13 subclass by which NDVI and LST can be respectively statisticed.The results indicated that in the three main types of the land use，the forest land had the highest NDVI and the lowest LST，farmland had the lowest NDVI and the highest LST，and the features parameter of grassland was between forest land and farmland.Heat island effect was clear in urban construction land,and both LST and NDVI were low in waterbody.The analysis of land use types shows that the surface characteristic parameters in the subclass land use/coverage scale represented regularly change even in the same kind of land use type for the different structure and function.In the subclass of forest land,forested land had the highest NDVI and the lowest LST.The NDVI of shrub land，sparse woodlot and other woodlands diminished gradually while the temperature increasesd gradually.In the subclass of grassland，high cover grass had the highest NDVI and lowest LST and the NDVI of low cover grass was the lowest,while the temperature was the highest.The features parameter of moderate cover grass was between high and low cover grass.In the subclass of farmland，the NDVI of paddy fields was greater than the dry land,while the temperature of the former was less than the latter.In the subclass of urban and rural construction land，NDVI and temperature had no apparent reverse relation.In order to deeply understand the significant degree of mean differerce of LST and NDVI in any two land use types of subclass,a series of posthoc multiple comparison tests using GamesHowell method were conducted associated with each possible pairing of land use types of subclass in SPSS.Most pairings exhibited significantly different mean values of NDVI and LST,while 3 pairings including forested land and high cover grass，sparse woodlot and moderate cover grass，construction land and urban use land were not significantly different in both NDVI and LST.Overall，a significant inverse relationship between LST and NDVI was observed for the entire watershed.Comparisons of mean NDVI and LST associated with individual pairings suggest that the majority of land use types of subclass can be differentiated on the basis of both LST and NDVI,and it is meaningful to analysis with the scale of subclass.This research helps to deepen the understanding of physical characteristics of different land use types and enrich the experienced knowledge of image classification of the main land use types

In order to bridge the gap between aggregated census data and geocoded data，different dasymetric mapping techniques were developed to disaggregate census data.The satellitemeasured DMSP/OLS nighttime light data was widely used for regional level mapping of socioeconomic activities due to its high temporal resolution，free availability and wide swath.However，due to the coarse resolution，data saturation and overglow effects of DMSP/OLS data，any application need to take into account the limitations of using this data source.Firstly，although the DMSP/OLS sensor has a nominal resolution of 1 km，this has been resampled from the 27 km native resolution of the sensor.The coarse resolution of the nighttime lights data lower the accuracy of dasymetric mapping.Secondly，the overglow effect due to surface reflection and scattering and refraction in the atmosphere results in the overestimation of lighted areas.Thirdly，the low radiometric resolution of 6 bits (i.e.the digital number value ranges from 0 and 63) results in data saturation over brightly light builtup areas.Vegetation indexes like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are negatively correlated with the impervious surfaces and can be used for estimation of builtup areas.The incorporation of vegetation index (NDVI) can reduce the errors occurring in estimating human settlements from the DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery due to data saturation and other factors.In addition，elevation is an important variable in population distribution modeling because most human settlements occur on lower elevation in China.This paper provides an approach for rapid and accurate estimation of population on a per pixelbasis using a integration of two coarse spatial resolution remote sensing data namely DMSP/OLS and SPOT NDVI，as well as the DEM data.The DMSP/OLS stable nighttime light image for year 2010 was firstly combined with SPOT NDVI data to develop a Human Settlement Index (HSI) image.Due to the complementary characteristics between DMSP/OLS data and NDVI，the resultant HSI image conveys more information than both the individual datasets.Then the DEM was involved in the HSI.The model for population density estimation was developed based on the significant linear correlation between the population and HSI with elevation effect correction.The HSI image for year 2010 was then used for modeling the population density of Zhejiang Province at a resolution of 1 km×1 km.The results showed that the error of population estimates was reduced by approximately 5 percent due to the elevation effect correction of HSI.8861% of total population in Zhejiang distributed in areas with an elevation lower than 500 m.The average population density of Zhejiang Province was 515 people/km2 and the mean relative error was 183%.The present paper provides a integrated approach for rapid and accurate estimation of population at regional scale using coarse spatial resolution images.The DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery，SPOT NDVI and DEM data for any region can be freely downloaded.Hence，the approach developed in this paper can be used to map the population distribution in other regions of China

The existence of extensive crossover genotype by environment interactions (GEI) clearly suggests that the efforts are necessary to identify the discriminating and representative test locations over multilocation data for specific trait selection and new cultivar evaluation.Genotype+Genotype×Environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis is an efficient technique in graphically displaying and visualizing the interrelationship between the actual locations and the virtual ideal location.In the “discrimination and representativeness view” of GGE biplot,the vector length of a test location stands for its discriminating ability in differentiating the genetic differences among candidate genotypes.The angle between a test location vector and the average environment coordinate (AEC) is defined as its representativeness to the average performance in the target planting region.Further,in the latest version of heritabilityadjusted GGE biplot,the test location vector length and the cosine value of the angle to the AEC are approximated by the genetic correlation(r〖KF（〗H〖KF）〗) and the square root heritability (〖KF（〗H〖KF）〗) respectively.Meanwhile,the product of the genetic correlation(r〖KF（〗H〖KF）〗) and the square root heritability(〖KF（〗H〖KF）〗) is defined as the ideal index of test location.However,the Euclidean distance to the “ideal” location is more precise in evaluating the ideal degree of test locations.In the present study,the heritabilityadjusted GGE biplot analysis was employed to analyze twentyseven independent oneyear datasets of national cotton variety trials from 2000 to 2010 in the Yangtze River Valley to evaluate trial locations based on cotton fiber length selection.The trial locations were comprised of Janyang and Shehong in Sichuan province; Changde and Yueyang in Hunan province; Huanggang,Jingzhou,Wuhan and Xiangfan in Hubei province; Nanyang in Henan province; Jiujiang in Jiangxi province; Anqin in Anhui province; Nanjing,Nantong and Yancheng in Jiangsu province and Cixi in Zhejiang province.Judging by the desirability indices and superiority parameter,we could conclude that Jingzhou,Jiujiang and Changde test locations were most efficient in broad adaptive breeding for cotton fiber length selection and also ideal to act as regional trial sites for the enhancement of cultivar selection efficacy.However,the coastal region test location in Jiangsu and Zhejiang province (Nantong,Yancheng and Cixi) and the test locations located in Sichuan basin(Jianyang and Shehong) were not suitable in cotton fiber length selection targeting at the whole cotton planting region in the Yangtze River Valley.The other trial locations including Yueyang,Huanggang,Wuhan,Xiangfan,Nanyang,Anqin and Nanjing were of moderate performance in the regional trial scheme for cotton fiber length selection.The results above were positive as a case study in displaying the GGE biplot application efficiency in cotton regional trial environment evaluation and also in providing the theory background for the decisionmaking of national cotton scheme configuration in the Yangtze River Valley.〖

In recent years，industry water environment problems is one of the factors which restricts the sustainable development of society and economy.Studing on spatial differential features of industrial point source can provide reference for water environmental treatment and industrial planning.This research took five cites in the Jiangsu Huaihe River Basin for example，built industrial point source information database，and analyzed spatial distribution and feature of industrial point source and the pollution load based on pollution source survey data in Jiangsu Huaihe River Basin and GIS spatial analysis method and technique.The results show that industrial point sources concentrated on cites,county town and professional town,and regional difference phenomenon of water pollution industry was obvious.Among them, lots of high load sources tended to be near river,sea and great lakes, especially the chemical industry,paper making and chemical fiber industry.Beverage manufacture and foodstuff manufacture preferred to concentrated in low economic town of north Huaihe River Basin.Industrial ammonia nitrogen source mostly came from the chemical industry.In different industrialization level,industry pollution load made great difference.More pollution load in south river basin than that in north,however high load zone distributed in few cities and towns of north river basin.This research displays the spatial relationship between industrialization and water environment concretely.It points out the high load industry point resource and the main industry renovation region, which can help to analyze industry water pollution issues

Based on the monthly monitoring of the northern of the Qingmuguan undergroundwater from March,2008 to October,2008,and the monthly monitoring of the southern of the Qingmuguan groundwater from June,2010 to October,2010,using hydrochemical and 15N isotope techniques,variations of nitratenitrogen and its possible sources were investigated.The results showed that the nitrate concentrations were 2035 mg/L and 5077 mg/L at the outlet of the north and south underground river,and were 320 mg/L and 0842 mg/L at the inlet of the river.The outlet of the two parts were all 6 times more than the inlet of them. In addition,through analyzing the spatial distribution of δ15N in the whole underground river basin,it could be concluded that the southern of the underground river had high NO-3δ15N,and changed significantly.The maximum value(37825‰)appeared in the Dingjia cave sampling point on September 21.The nitrate source might be waste and sewage.The northern of the underground river had low NO-3δ15N and a small rangeability.δ^15N data were all bellow 10‰.The source of the nitrate were soil organic nitrogen and nitrogen in agriculture

Different landuse types influnce the surface runoff,the infiltration and evapotranspiration in the soil.Changes of landuse patterns would impact the elemental distribution of water balance,as well as the changes of water conservation capacity.The hydrological response to landuse types was the basis of studies on water resource management and ecological remediation.It is important,therefore,for the reasonable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of ecological system.The Muyang River watershed refers to the lower part of the Jinsha Jiang River basin,and is chosen as the study area in this paper.Taking the meteorological data within and nearby the study area,combining with the landuse,soil and topography data in this area as the basis,a SWAT model was built.The feasibility of the model in the Muyang River watershed was evaluated afterwards.The landuse data from 1986 to 2009 were collected.By presupposing four different scenarios of landuse changes with the intense human activities and the improving ecological system,the hydrological responses to the landuse changes in the watershed were analyzed using the SWAT model.The results indicated that the modelling error in the Muyang River watershed was+10%,and the NashSutcliffe efficiency coefficient was larger than 075 both in the calibration period and the validation period,which proved the SWAT model was suitable for the evaluation of the hydrological response in the Muyang River.The runoff decreased in accordance with the landuse pattern of 1986,2000,2009 and 1995,and the evapotranspiration decareased by the order of 2009,1986,2000 and 1995.The influence of landuse changes on runoff and evapotranspiration in the flood season was greater than that in the dry season.The runoff would decrease with the increasing area of forest.Changes of the present arable landuse type to forest or grass landuse type would contribute to the decrease of the runoff.The evapotranspiration in forest area was higher than that in grass land.Therefore,the construction of the composite forestandgrassland system was favorable for the decrease of runoff and evapotranspiration, and for the increase of infiltration.All the results will provide scientific knowledge for the water resource protection and the construction of the forest for conservation of water supply

Fractal study is one of the most important content in modern theoretic geography.This paper commenced with the application of the fractal theory and tried to find the rule of the settlements system of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province at the scale of the municipal area，by using ArcGIS9.3 software.Based on the fractal theory，the paper analyzed the scale structure and spatial structure of settlements system，and found out that the settlements system had the fractal properties.Thus,the fractal theory could be suitable for calculating and analyzing the scale structure and spatial structure of reunionlike settlements system in the district.According to the results of calculation and analysis，the paper drew the conclusions below.(1)Reunionlike settlements system in Zhenjiang were fractal in the scale structure and spatial structure of settlements system，acting as a selfsimilar structure.In the settlement system，the spatial correlation among the city，town and centre village was strong，indicating that the evolution of selforganization in spatial structure showed optimization trends.The factor of the settlements system in the study area distributed evenly from the center to the periphery.Therefore,fractal theory would be important for the planning of settlements system and be valuable in practice.(2)The spatial aggregation of reunionlike settlements system in Zhenjiang acted as multilevel fractal character.The spatial aggregation citytowncentre villagenature village,towncentre villagenature village and centre villagenature village settlement system were different in some places.In most place，such as around the center of Zhenjiang city and in the hinterland of Jurong，the spatial aggregation of centre village was stronger than that of the city and town.In the hinterland of Dagang New District，the spatial aggregation of town was the strongest.Therefore,we can conclude that the fractal distribution would be affected by the degree of development of the settlements system.All in all，the spatial aggregation of centre village was stronger than that of city and town.(3)Terrain and the degree of development of the settlements system were the most important factors influencing the spatial aggregation.Around the center of Zhenjiang city and the north of Jurong，there would be more settlement groups which located around center village in valley area because of the terrain constraints.At the same time，the gathering fractal dimension would be lower；in the plain areas of Danyang，the city had a significant role in gathering settlements in its hinterland.Therefore，in the future work，fractal theory would be a useful tool for the planning of settlements system，finally make effective use of geospatial resources

Roads are a part of most landscapes,and high road densities create large ecological impacts by altering landscape patterns,interrupting ecological flows,inducing soil erosion,damaging inhabit of environment,and speeding up bioinvading.To advance the scientific and technological ability in highway construction and explore a new highway traffic approach of resource saving and environmentally friendly,we undertook a study to explore the potential for protecting ecosystems during the construction of roads in Shennongjia region of Hubei Province from 2008 to 2009 supportted by Ministry of Communications,Traffic Office and Highway Bureau of Hubei Province,and proposed a nearnatural greenway concept and scientific and technological harmonious system of highway.As in the use of ecological corridors,the new strategy emphasizes the need to decrease the impact of road construction on plant and animal habitats by protecting existing natural habitats and using local species for revegetation of the land surrounding the roads.It also emphasizes the need to improve traffic safety,promote local tourism and economic growth,and provides a demonstration to citizens (including bureaucrats) of the need for environmental protection both during and after road construction.After 6 years of monitoring,the result indicates it is possible to implement a winwin approach which combines environmental and economic perspectives by protecting the environmental,ecological,educational,cultural,and esthetic aspects of the reserves.The new road system is extended in forestry land,fascinating party,and natural landscape with the clear rivulet aside.Sustainable development,based on economic growth and sound environment,is increasingly essential.To satisfy both socioeconomic and ecological needs,governments face a difficult balancing act.The new approach is a particularly promising way to achieve this balance,because,as we have shown,it greatly increases environmental protection around the road and promotes socioeconomic development by encouraging flows of people and goods between formerly isolated regions.Although the environmental benefits are difficult to quantify in economic terms,they are clearly significant from a sustainability perspective.Based on the success of the projects described in this paper,the government is increasingly adopting the use of nearnatural greenway systems in environmentally sensitive areas.These projects will provide a rich source of new data that can be used to further explore the benefits of the new approach,and also provide an opportunity to monitor the projects and determine how well their performance holds up in the long term

Rainfall splash erosion is a critical element in hillslope water erosion.Raindrops splash is a precursor to the start of interrill erosion and surface seal formation.It is the direct results of raindrop strike on top soil,and causes detachment and transportation.And it is usually the first step in soil loss and sediment transport.Soil detachment and transportation occur when erosive forces of raindrops are greater than the inherent strength and particle distribution.The aggregate size distribution is a recognized factor influencing crust characteristics and transport during rainfall erosion events.The red soil hilly regin is located in the tropical and subtropical zones of central China.Because of the plentiful light,heat and efficient rainfall,the area is favourable to erosion.The soil erosion in red soil hilly regin becomes severe.Therefore,it is very disadvantageous to ecoenviromental and agricultural protection.The objects of this study were to improve the understanding of the relationship between aggregate stability and size distribution and rainfall splash erodibility under simulated rainfall.In this study,four red soils derived from quaternary clay and shale were studied.2-5 mm aggregates which were prewetted in alcohol of each soil were exposed to simulated rainfall with an intensity of 60 mm/h.Bissonnais’s method was applied to simulate the aggregate breakdown mechanisms.And the relative mechanical breakdown index (R) was used as the aggregate stability index.The results showed that soil splash rate was significantly related to aggregate stability,but the relationship varied with the aggregate stability index (R).The dynamic change of aggregate sizes had great effect on rainfall splash rate.Percentage of ＞025 mm size aggregate (P＞025) and mean weight diameter (M) both decreased at a power function with rainfall time（T）,while rainfall splash rate（Dr） increased at a power function with time.The bigger the aggregate mean weight diameter (M) was，the less the rainfall splash rate（Dr） got.The relative mechanical breakdown index (R) was used to quantitatively describe the relationship between different soils M and their rainfall splash rate（Dr） with time（T）,and their equation was established with a good correlation coefficient (R2=082).The equation revealed that the breakdown process of aggregates was alleviated by increasing aggregate stability,thus the splash rate was decreased,and showed a good prediction performance.This study provides a new approach to reveal the rainfall splash erosion mechanism of red soil,which has great significant for perfection of the physical progress model of rainfall erosion

It is crucial to the regional climate and hydrological and ecological applications that how to get a better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation. With the rapid development of satellite remote sensing technology and applications, the estimation of precipitation make it possible for the precipitation forecast by using remote sensing complements the data from ground gauge observation in the areas where the number of observation stations is not enough.Due to the artificial neural network characterized by a description of the nonlinear relationship,it can be used to describe the nonlinear information of precipitation and its regional differences and thus fit the nonlinear relationship between values of precipitation estimation and gauge observation. The artificial neural network is powerful due to its capability in processing data by using parallel,selfadaptive and selflearning methodology and mapping the nonlinear patterns. Thus, artificial neural network technology can make a new and valuable method for the estimates of the precipitation information.In this paper,the typical northern Tibetan Plateau is taken as the study area.The data mainly includes gauge observation data and a long time series of FY2C imagery.Based on the analysis of observation data,the multispectral characteristics and features of clouds,the parameters for the description of the process of precipitation in the study area were acquired and normalized.Then,the parameters for precipitation simulation and the intensity of precipitation were used as the input and the output of the neural network for the estimation of precipitation by using satellite remote sensing data.Finally,a combination of qualitative and quantitative indicator evaluation system was employed to test the accuracy of model estimation.Multiindicator system was developed for analyzing the accuracy of precipitation simulation.The results show that the infrared band could be used to effectively indicate precipitation of clouds.By using high temporal resolution satellite remote sensing imagery,the subtle changes of clouds could be captured and the parameters of precipitation simulation,which reflect precipitation characteristics,could be acquired.The nonlinear features of precipitation in this area could be well described by using artificial neural network.The precipitation estimation model used in the paper was stable,efficient,and globally representative.The model could better disclose the precipitation characteristics of the study area in the northern Tibet Plateau.The results also demonstrate that correlation coefficient between values of modeling estimation and gauge observation data was 0.57.Moreover,the systematic bias of the estimates was small,indicating that the model could predict the precipitation of weak intensity more accurately in the site.The values of precipitation estimation were less than that of gauge observation data,which had a better indication of the weak intensity of precipitation.The precipitation estimation results could provide valuable parameters for various hydrologic researches.Due to the significant variation in terrain of the north Tibetan Plateau,whether or not the precipitation simulation parameters and the model by using FY2C data can be used in other parts of the Tibetan Plateau is to be answered by further researches

According to Maslow′s Need Hierarchy Theory, safety is the second most significant need for human beings,only next to physiological need. Since tourism is a thriving industry worldwide and increasing people are involved in travelling, security has become one of the most important factors for tourists. Tourism Risk Perception is tourists’ perception of negative consequences that may occur before and during their travels. Based on the literature review, risk perception has developed into an important part in tourism study nowadays, and has a farreaching influence on tourism decisionmaking process. Through openended questionnaires’ research, this paper builds a scale of tourists’ risk perception composed of 18 indicators, including geological disasters, meteorological disasters, crime, disease, traffic accidents and so on, which provides basis and reference for research in other natural sightseeing. Taken Jiuzhaigou as an example, through empirical analysis, this paper gets some conclusions as follows. (1) Based on factorial analysis, the risks tourists percept can be divided into three main dimensions: dysfunction, crisis event and cultural conflict. Among them, dysfunction is the most at risk, crisis event comes next, while cultural conflict is least. (2) The overall risk perception of tourists is inconspicuous. And the risks perceived during the tour are less than which were imagined before the travel. This indicates that travelling in Jiuzhaigou is safer than peoples’ imagination.  The crisis events such as earthquakes are not the main risks which tourists worried about.(3) The parameter test analysis shows that: dysfunction risk has a significant difference among tourists who have travelled to Jiuzhaigou for different times, and who differ in age and education level. Cultural conflict risk shows a significant difference among tourists who have different occupation, education level and income level. And crisis event risk has no difference among different groups of tourists. The differences among different groups of tourists are mainly reflected in “waste of money”, “lost or losing companion” and "language barriers". Besides, gender, region, whether or not experienced disasters, whether or not bought insurance, whether or not carried drugs and other factors have no significant effects on the differences among various types of risk perceptions. Based on these findings, some recommendations are raised to tourism marketers for promoting the tourism products. The tourists' risk perception research in this study provides a reference to improve tourism safety theory and has an important significance on the planning and management of tourist destination. This scale of tourists’ risk perception has its own characteristics in natural disasters and cultural conflicts dimensions. And it provides a preliminary framework for the research on tourism risk perception in natural sightseeing, such as Jiuzhaigou. The adaptability of the scale of tourists’ risk perception in holiday and cultural tourist destinations could be researched further in the future.

The research of flood disasters in history could provide analogies for better understanding the mechanism and impacts of the current and future floods.Today the research of historical flood is playing a more and more important role in the risk assessment and prediction.During the recent 300 years,there were lots of floods in China,especially in the southeast China,which can be given evidences by lots of historical documents before the instrumental meteorological observation.It can help to make sure the advantage of doing research on historical floods in China.This paper selected Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Shanghai provinces as the study area and constructed the historical floods database from 1644 to 1949AD according to historical document.The historical extreme flood years were identified according to the statistic analysis of annual floods counties.Then the paper analyzed the exposure of population and GDP of this area in 2010 under the scenarios of these historical extreme floods years without caring about the changes of the characters of hazardaffected bodies and margin of exposure.Results are as follow.(1) The worsthit year in recent 300 years in JiangsuZhejiangShanghai area was 1931AD,and the frequency of this flood was once in 300 years,which involved about eightysix counties.The worsehit years were 1823 and 1849AD and their frequency were between once in 100 years and once in 300 years,which involved about eighty counties.In 1670,1683,1804AD,the frequency were between once in 50 years and once in 100 years,which involved about sixty to seventy counties.(2) The paper recovered the spatial distribution of these historical extreme floods through the GIS tool and statistics.It is found that disastrous areas were mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Delta Area,including shanghai,the southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang.(3) It calculated the exposure of GDP and population in JiangsuZhejiangShanghai area in 2010 under the scenario of these extreme floods,it is found that if these extreme floods happened in 2010,JiangsuZhejiangShanghai area was relatively vulnerable and suffered great losses.The percentage of GDP and population's exposure almost accounted for more than 40% of the total,especially GDP exposure had risen to 50% of the total GDP.(4) The extreme floods had different impacts in different disastrous areas.Jiangsu was relatively suffering more than others.The fluctuation of disasters impacts in Shanghai was bigger than that in Jiangsu and Zhejiang,especially when the frequency were between once in 100 years and 300 year;the exposure was obviously larger than those years that the frequency were between once in 50 years and 100 years.Shanghai should be more vulnerable and cautious about the extreme floods with frequency of once in more than 100 years.Zhejiang exposure in these extreme floods scenarios was relatively little fluctuant.Zhejiang was less sensitive to the flood than Jiangsu and Shanghai.(5) There was no significant correlation between the exposure of the population and GDP and the number of disastrous counties.Higher exposure doesn't mean larger disastrous spatial distribution,because of the economic and population's unbalanced growth

ENSO is one of the most significant signal to the mutual coupling between the atmosphere and the sea.In this paper the response characteristics of the extreme rainfall over eastern China(the areas to the east of 100°E) in different seasons to the ENSO were studied by taking the use of the percentile method to define the extreme precipitation，and the possible reasons in the air properties were also analyzed by the use of moist potential vorticity(MPV) because of its own characteristics.The results showed that the threshold of the extreme rain reached the heavy rain standard in most areas in the summer since it was a rainy season itself and achieved only moderate rain in the winter.The frequency of the seasonal extreme precipitation showed its special distribution characteristics that in the spring the extreme rain mostly occured in the south area and in the summer the areas along the coast and in the southwest showed more extreme rain.While in the autumn it was the most area of the westsouth which had more extreme rain,and the northeast of the Neimeng province occured less in each season.When it came to the ENSO,it had another pattern.The extreme rainfall differed significantly over the east area of the Northern China in the warm and cold years，respectively the negatively anomaly filed and the positive anomaly field．In the spring and summer of the following year of Einino，it had nearly the same distribution that the north exsited more and the south exsited a complex distribution that there was a great value over the south area of the Yangtze River valley.In the autumn of the following year，constrasting to the spring and the summer，the big value shifted apparently and it was main over the northern region；and in the winter of the following year of Einino，it mainly had less．However，it nearly presented an adverse distribution pattern in the following year of Lanina.According to the study above we could conclude that in the summer of the following year,the extreme precipitation distribution differed from spatial distribution of the precipitation.In addition,the spring and summer of the following year of the cold year had a higher reliability,while in the autumn and winter it was the following year of the warm year which was more credible.The corresponding MPV could well reflect the atmospheric stability of the north area，especially over the Northern China,that is to say the MPV showed a positive anomaly field over the Northern China in the summer of the warm year and a negative anomaly field in the summer of the cold year.However,because of the many factors affecting the extreme precipitation,only taking the advantage of the changes of the atmospheric nature can not well be the fine basis of the extreme precipitation forcast in the lowlatitude region

Based on MODIS,the study analyzes the dynamic change of drought intensity between April 2011 and April 2012 with the models of gravity center and the perpendicular drought index in the Brahmaputra river basin,then it takes a further explore of impact on the vegetation.The results show as follows.(1)The region of weakened drought intensity was mainly located in the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra River which included Shigatse City,Jiangzi County,Qushui County,Renbu county and Zhanang county, while zone of the aggravated drought intensity was mainly concentrated in the upstream and downstream of the Brahmaputra River such as Lunggar county,Zhongba county and Cuole county.(2) On the whole,the intensity of the drought in April 2012 had been aggravated than that in April 2011 in the Brahmaputra River Basin.Areas of mild drought,severe drought increased,however the areas of wet reduced.The regions of severely aggravated drought intensity were mainly distributed in the Lhasa River Basin and the belts of ＞3 000～4 000 m and ＞4 000～5 000 m such as Naqu county,Linzhou county and Mozhugongka county.(3) The transfer trajectory of gravity center indicated that:NDVI and PDI had a good negative correlation,thus the vegetation was apparently under the stress of the drought.Of all the vegetation types in the Brahmaputra River Basin,the subalpline sclerophyllous coniferous forest,sparse forest of high mountain,subtropical and tropical coniferous forest of mountain were the most sensitve to the PDI,however the types of alpine sparse vegetation,corps which harvest once each year,subalpine deciduous broadleaved forest were insensitive to it