With the process of globalization, the competition among the ports, shipping lines and terminal operators to get more container traffic has been intense. To get more container traffic, some ports have been making a great effort to be a logistic hub to increase their competitive advantage. The port authorities have implemented various efforts, such as building logistic centers, expanding port backup areas, cooperation between port authorities in the same areas and advancing information technology systems. Meanwhile, among the factors yielding on a port competitiveness, performance or efficiency is considered as one of the most influential elements. The port backup areas advances their port competitiveness and increases their profit through improving port productivity and advancing valueadded logistics. Under the circumstances, port backup area has attracted much attention in recent years as an important function area.From the perspective of transportation costs，the article analyzes the transportation cost from the candidate points of port backup area to the direct hinterland and indirect hinterland，as well as the comprehensive transportation cost among the various candidate points，and makes further research on the location of Waigaoqiao port backup area by use of the ARCVIEW network analysis module. The results show that the transportation cost from Waigaoqiao bonded logistics zone to the port is at a high level as a whole with the coefficient of 0.381 4,0.275 9,0.319 5 and 0.211 8 respectively；the transportation cost to direct hinterland is at a low level with the coefficient of 1.107 93,1.136 49,1.085 24 and 1.109 76 respectively；the transportation cost to indirect hinterland is at the central level as a whole with the coefficient of 0.874 5,0.935,0.825 4 and 0874 respectively；the transportation cost to hinterland is overall below the average level with the coefficient of 0.944 5,0.995 4,0.903 4 and 0.944 7 respectively. Meanwhile, the comprehensive transportation cost from Waigaoqiao bonded logistics zone to the port and hinterland is 0663,0.635 7,0.611 4 and 0.578 2 respectively, which has a superior position. In future, Waigaoqiao port bonded logistics zone should expand toward southeast direction,with the increase in the freight of Waigaoqiao port area

The coordinated development is not only the objective requirement of the national economic development, but also an indispensable part of the sustainable development. Since the reform and opening up, the local government of Jiangsu Province has gradually taken the sustainable development into consideration under the condition of the rapid economic development. At the same time, corresponding measures are also taken actively to control environmental pollution by the local government, which devotes to establish the resourcesaving and environmentfriendly society. However, Jiangsu Province is still suffering from imbalance and incoordination in the course of development of economy, society and environment. Therefore, analysis of coordinated development in Jiangsu Province is beneficial to the environmental problems positioning, find out the weak points and development potential of the environment, and promote the coordinated development among environment, population and economy. Based on the theory of environmental security, the author puts emphasis on the environmental coordination development, puts focus on establishing the index system of the coordinated development of environment, population and economy in Jiangsu Province.The index system is composed of the environmental safety subsystem and the environmental impact subsystem, including a total of 31 indexes. Through using the improved AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method and variation coefficient method to weight the indexes，we can get the coordinate coefficient by membership functions in the fuzzy mathematics. The results show that, from 2001 to 2010, Jiangsu is in the general coordinated state with the going up trend，although there are fluctuations in coordination coefficient. Therefore the coordinated development is optimistic in Jiangsu Province. Through careful analysis, some corresponding suggestions are given as follows:(1) Focus on improving the coordination development mechanism of environment, population and economy. Considering coordinated development strategy is an important part of sustainable development,and it should be introduced into the development strategy of Jiangsu Province as soon as possible. Then the government should try to make its own coordinated development policy of environment, population and economy in accordance with Jiangsu local conditions. (2) Environmental security maintenance system is proposed to maintain the environmental security in Jiangsu Province. It mainly consists of monitoring system, evaluation system and earlywarning system. Especially the earlywarning system, it could help to forewarn immediately when the factors threatening the environmental security arise. In this circumstance, effective measures should be taken in time by the local government to guarantee the environmental security. (3)New population policy should be made exactly to keep the population within a reasonable range. In addition, it is also absolutely necessary to perfect the population transfer policy, through encouraging people to transfer to small and mediumsized cities to achieve the appropriate distribution of population and properly population flow. (4) The adjustment and upgrade of industrial structure should be accelerated. And the energysaving and a higher level of industrial structure should be developed

The development of the regional logistics industry plays an important role in the development of economic in the area around the Poyang Lake, and how to reduce logistics cost is the key of the industry. Thus, scientifically constructing a logistics network has a significant impact on the economic spatial pattern there. According to the characteristics of logistics system around lake, this paper puts forward the methods about hubandspoke logistics network based on traffic cost, and proposed the scientific analysis method considering the various transportation factors . The grid network analysis method is more scientific, and the method of potential energy is improved than the traditional model. In this paper,  thirteen indicators were selected to establish a logistics network evaluation index system, and identify for each research unit of corresponding logistics comprehensive strength index with two main factors was identified. According to the index,  the different levels of hub city were sorted and determined. Moreover, based on the weighted average travel time, the time cost for radiation limits of a hub city was measured by the potential energy model. Thus, it enabled the construct of hubandspoke logistics network in the area around the Poyang Lake. This study indicated that the logistics network had been formed in area around the Poyang Lake, with Nanchang for the first level hub city, Jiujiang, Nanchang County, Jingdezhen, Fuzhou, Zhangshu for the second level, and other counties for the third level. The space pattern of logistics network looked like Nanchang as the nuclear, and Jiujiang, Nanchang County, Jingdezhen, Fuzhou, Zhangshu as the five hearts in the area around the Poyang Lake. The radiation scope of Nanchang included all of the area around the Poyang Lake, and other five hub cities included the area around themselves. From the incidence of the logistics network, four main logistics axis had formed, such as Nanchang to Jiujiang, Nanchang to Jingdezhen, Nanchang to Fuzhou, and Nanchang to Zhangshu. It is concluded that the radiation limits of second and third level hub city matched well with their administration boundary. For overall distribution of different region, the level of logistics network showed that the north and western region was high, the south and east region was low, the central region was outstanding in the area around the Poyang Lake. Otherwise, the logistics network indicated that north area was not balanced, part of east area and south area was weak. Lastly, this paper puts forward optimizing policy suggestions to the development of hubandspoke logistics network for the area around the Poyang Lake

The Yangtze River economic belt and the coastal economic belt of land development together constitute our country economic construction and the "T" glyph macro pattern，which is the national economic contact center area.In the country economic development,it plays an important strategic position.Since the reform and openingup policy，our country takes the lead in implementing the coastal economic development strategy.The Yangtze River delta,the Pearl River delta and the Bohai Rim get the extraordinary development，leading to the prosperity of the national economy.But the Yangtze Economic Zone，as another development delta in the main axis along the Yangtze River，its regional development strategy and the related policy putting forward are relatively late.This article through the temporal and spatial analysis to the Yangtze River，chose the year of 1992-2010 as the time series and the Yangtze River economic belt as space series，and applied qualitative and quantitative method to analyze its changes.At the end,this paper summed up the overall economic development of the Yangtze River economic belt and analyzed the change of the Yangtze River economic belt space differentiation process，so as to provide the feasibility of clues and suggestions to the Yangtze River economic belt

This study explored behaviors and decisionmaking factors of different types of rural household on [JP2]rural residential land quittance Using the survey data in the area of Liangping County and Logistic model[JP]The results were as follows.（1）The general willingness to the rural residential land quittance of farmers was low,and there were some differences among different households types.（2）Fullfarm households quitted the rural residential land or not was affected by peasants age,numbers of their houses,peasants supporting degree,benefit from qittance；type Ⅰ households were affected by the square of residential land,peasants supporting degree,benefit from qittance；type Ⅱ households were affected by numbers of children,peasants supporting degree,benefit from qittance；offfarm households were affected by peasants age,education degree,numbers of the family,the square of residential land,benefit from qittance.Benefit from qittance was the most remarkable factor,while peasants supporting degree was the most significant factor which impacted on the response of householders to quit the rural residential landIt is concluded that the factors that impact on the response of different types to quittance decisionmaking are different.The essence of the problem is the quittance policy supportThe present quittance policy should be perfect by the government according to characters and profit need of different rural household types for the steady implementation household syetem and rural land quittance reform

With natural wetlands loss and degradation as a consequence of human activities around the world,artificial wetland as alternative habitats for waterbirds receives more and more attention.Chongming Dongtan,located at the Yangtze River Mouth,is one of most important wintering and stopover sites for thousands of migratory waterbirds.During last decade,this area was reclaimed for multipurposes,and part of area was converted into four patterns of the artificial wetlands:(1)wetland park,(2)aquacultural ponds,(3)abandoned fishpond,and (4)artificial wetland restoration demonstration area.In order to understand the environmental impacts of different land use on the waterbirds after the coastal reclamation and sort out the key habitat factors impacting the waterbird distribution,we undertook a wetland survey and waterbird study in Chongming Dontan,Shanghai coastland during November 2011 to May 2012.The study focused on the four types of artificial wetlands(Dongtan wetland park,fishpond in Beibayao,abandoned fishpond,Spartina alterniflora controlled demonstration sampling area).During the survey,a total number of 20 050 waterbirds were counted in winter,covering 34 species of 5 orders and 9 families.The dominant species were the spotbilled duck(Anas poecilorhyncha),mallard (Anas platyrhynchos),northern pintail(Anas acuta),among which,3 oriental white storks(Ciconia boyciana) ranked as IUCN/ICWP Endangered Species were recorded regularly in the December.In spring,5 080 waterbirds were counted,belonging to 47 bird species of 6 orders and 7 families.The dominant species were the spotbilled duck(Anas poecilorhyncha),mallard(Anas platyrhynchos),northern pintail(Anas acuta).The further study indicted that there were significant difference in the waterbirds species,density and diversity ShannonWiener(H′) among the four artificial wetland in winter and spring with OneWay ANOVA analysis.Correlation analysis were undertaken between the waterbird characteristics(species number，H′ and evenness)and the habitat factors (water area,mean water lever,human disturbance,mudflat and vegetation areas).The number of species,H′ were positively correlated with water area,the number of species were negatively correlated with vegetation area in winter,and the number of species,density and H′ were positively correlated with area of mudflat in spring.The study results indicates the artificial wetland of Chongming Dongtan plays an important role in the biodiversity conservation for wintering waterbirds,in terms of alternative habitats.According to our results,some recommendations were raised for artificial wetland management:(1)to maintain the large water area and proper water lever for building up a suitable habitat for wild goose and ducks in winter;(2)to maintain large mudflat area and control the vegetation expansion for the shorebird in spring;(3)to reduced human disturbance,particularly,in terms of controlling the number of the visitors in the Dongtan wetland park

Since 1998，the construction of Vshaped dike on the bifurcation of North and South Passage has led to sustained and serious sediment accumulation in the entrance area of North Passage.It subsequently causes rapid growing of the head of Jiuduansha shoal towards to northwest.Long time observations indicate that the siltation only happened on the north side of submerge breakwater,while the south side riverbed suffered severe erosion.To gain fundamental understanding and basic mechanisms of newly found morphological evolution phases,this paper analyzed the data of both different years and locations measured at bifurcation area of North and South Passage in the Yangtze estuary,especially those in the mouth of North Passage.With mathematic statistic method,the mechanism of suspended sediment transport and siltation were discussed.A dimensionless parameter was introduced to scale the relative importance of different mechanism constituents.Equations describing sediment transport mechanisms in entrance area of North Passage were presented in this paper.Sediment transport was divided into four individual contributions induced by (Lagrangian) residual flow,tidal pumping,circulation and asymmetry diffusion respectively.Lastly,the cause of continuously silting at entrance area of North Passage was investigated.The results are as follows.(1) All contributions were divided into three different orders,and these contributions varied on distinct sections.Suspended sediment transport was dominated by Lagrangian residual flow both at near entrance section and inner entrance section.At the inner part,tidal pumping and circulating were the second order sediment transport mechanics with diffusing effect followed.Lagrangian advection and tidal pumping effect controlled the middle entrance section simultaneously.(2) Sediment silting at entrance area of North Passage originated from upper reaches of the estuary.Sediment was partly intercepted by submerged breakwater and accumulated at the area of slack water,when it transported down into the channel.At the same time,sediment transported to the South Passage together with over dike flow was eroded away by strong overdike flow itself.(3) At uppermouth area,the main transport contribution,Lagrangian transport,pushed sediment seaward into North Passage,whereas,at the middle entrance section,sediment was driven by two dominated contributions simultaneously on contrary direction.Lagrangian residual flow tried to transport sediment south into the channel of North Passage,but was compensated by tidal pumping.The angle between these two components was about 165 degrees.Due to this combined interaction,net sediment finally transported from along channel to across channel.Moreover,the net transport was weaker at this area than that the downstream,and large amount of sediment silted in the entrance section of North Passage when it crossed the channel

As one of the major places of recreation and leisure for the residents,urban public green space has fundamentally important function for social service.In addition,this function is one of the most significant components of ecosystem services provided by urban green space.When evaluating the social service function of urban public green spaces for the residential districts,the effectiveness of their utilization and the service equity for all the residents should be considered simultaneously.In order to analyze the social service function of urban public green space for the residential districts quantitatively,this paper presents a new comprehensive evaluation system,including three indices: service coverage ratio,service overlap,and service population per unit area of urban public green space.The service coverage ratio is the ratio of area of residential districts located in the service region of urban public green spaces to the total size of residential districts.The service overlap is the number of urban public green spaces serving for a specific residential unit.The service population per unit area of urban public green space is the average population served by urban public green space unit.Taking the central area of Shanghai as an example,definitions for three indices are elaborated.The methods and procedures are proposed to calculate the results based on the techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS).And the methods have been implemented as software tools which are successfully applied in the quantitative analysis of the urban public green spaces (area ≥3 000 m2) in the central area of Shanghai.The results reveal that the service coverage ratio of the major urban public green space for residential districts is over 80% and the average service overlap reaches 221.At the same time,the average service population per unit area is 117.The three indices can provide an effective way for quantitative analysis of the social service function of urban public green space

With the progress of rural development and the improvement of farmers’ living standards，there is significant change in the patterns of rural water use in many regions of China.Nevertheless,studies of domestic water use have been focused on urban areas so far.There is a lack of systematic study of rural domestic water use in China.In this study,a random inhouse survey has been conducted in 8 villages located in the Pudong District of Shanghai that is going through rapid urbanization.The survey includes three components:(1) the characteristics of the interviewed farmers such as age,education,water bill,household income;(2) the interviewed farmers’ domestic water use behaviors such as cooking,bathing,and clothes washing; and (3) the interviewed farmer’s attitudes towards water price,water pollution,water conservation and current conservation practice.Based on the survey results,statistical analysis is used to analyze the farmers’ domestic water use behaviors and significant influencing factors.All of the interviewed farmers have connections to tap water at home.The villages can be classified into two categories based on their tap water price: 5 villages with a higher tap water price of around 2.8 RMB per ton and 3 villages with a lower tap water price of around 16 RMB per ton.The interviewed households’ monthly water bills range from 5 to 70 RMB,with an average of 24.5 RMB.About 78% of the households have a water bill of less than 30 RMB.Study results are as follows.(1) The majority of the surveyed farmers consider the current price of tap water is expensive.Their attitudes towards water price are not significantly influenced by the interviewer’s age,education level,and water price itself,but significantly influenced by their household income.(2) The price of tap water has significantly affected the farmers’ choice of water source for washing clothes.Farmers who consider tap water expensive tend to use groundwater for washing clothes.(3) The identified significant variables influencing the amount of rural domestic water use include household size,tap water price,source of water for washing clothes,and the ways of bathing.The developed stepwise multiple regression model could explain 41% of the variance in monthly tap water usage.(4) The majority of the surveyed farmers acknowledge the importance of water conservation.However,they tend to limit water conservation to “reducing the amount of tap water use so as to cut water bills.” Many farmers considered the more use of groundwater as their major way of water conservation.The free availability of groundwater seems to lead to the widespread practice of water waste.The study results have suggested that more work is needed to ensure the safety of rural domestic water use in the study region,which includes (1) educating farmers to enhance their awareness of water pollution control and water resource protection;(2) guiding farmers’ groundwater use and sewage discharge activities to reduce waste and indiscriminate discharge;(3) establishing rural sewage collection and discharge programs and ensuring its proper operation;(4) establishing groundwater protection and management programs to ensure the sustainability of groundwater resources and the protection of groundwater quality

Tropical cyclones are amongst the most powerful and destructive meteorological systems on earth.Tropical cyclones can produce extremely powerful winds and torrential rain; they are also able to produce high waves and damaging storm surge as well as spawning tornadoes.With ongoing global warming predicted for the coming years,the duration and intensity of tropical cyclones will increase,and their influence will become more serious.Impact from tropical cyclones is one of the major natural hazards to the coastal cities in Southeast Asia.Tropical cyclones have caused enormous losses of life and economic damage in China,and the impacts of tropical cyclones could be made worse by population increases,more people living near the coast,greater wealth,and other factors.Thus，a more accurate prediction of the paths or tracks of tropical cyclones and the prediction of storm intensity is important for the disaster prevention and mitigation in China.Although understanding and predicting the physical processes when a tropical cyclone makes landfall (including precipitation) has become the focus of some major research programs,it is generally recognized that the progress in improving tropical cyclone intensity forecast and quantitative precipitation forecast has been slow.It is also difficult to make tropical cyclone quantitative precipitation forecast for a specified location.The forecasts from numerical weather models are generally on latitude/longitude grids and extra errors can be brought when these predictions are interpolated to a location not on the grids.Improving the skill of rainfall prediction from the short range (1-12 h) up to 3 days becomes a major target for the local forecasters and personnel in hazard mitigation organizations.Based on the TRMM 3B42RT 3-hour rainfall data and upper air circulation situation data from European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),the tracks,intensities and the spatial distributions of precipitation of 29 tropical cyclones landfalling in coastal areas or entering the offshore areas of East China,and the effects of upper air circulation situation on them are analyzed during 2000-2009 with GIS spatial analysis method.The results indicate that upper air circulation situation has a regular influence on the moving tracks and the spatial distributions of precipitation for tropical cyclones,especially the westerly flow and the western end of the ridge of the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) sever as important indicators in the forecasting of tropical cyclone track and precipitation distribution.The forces that affect tropical cyclone steering are the higher latitude westerlies,the subtropical ridge,and the beta effect caused by changes of the coriolis force within atmosphere.Accurate track predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high and low pressure areas,and predicting how those areas will migrate during the life of a tropical system.In addition,this study finds that the overall path of "0813" and "0815" tropical cyclone are extremely similar,and even both of their intensity are up to the "super typhoon" level.Subtropical high and middlehigh latitude circulation parameters have significant impacts on tropical cyclone track,so circulation situation should be pay more attention by forecasters during the typhoon similar path analysis

Based on multimode data in Phase 3 of WCRP′s Coupled Model Project and 63 meteorological stations in the upper Yangtze River,simulation capability of temperature and precipitation in the upper Yangtze basin was assessed.In the A2,A1B,B1 scenarios,the average temperature and precipitation change in the Yangtze River basin were projected for the next 50 years.The results showd that the global model could better reflect the basin temperature and precipitation trends in time and space,and the simulated surface temperature was generally lower than live value.The variation of average annual temperature were 1.7 ℃,2.1 ℃,1.3 ℃ in the three scenarios.The region showed a consistent warming trend in A1B,B1 scenarios,while a cooling trend in the Jialing River in A2 scenario.The increase of rainfall were 50.0 mm,83.5 mm,29.5 mm,and the spatial distribution of precipitation was uniform in A1B,B1 scenarios

Ozone concentration characteristics of different functional areas in Shanghai were analyzed by using the data from 2006 to 2010 in Xujiahui,Chongming,Baoshan,Jinshan,and Pudong stations. The ozone data showed that ozone concentrations in Shanghai were low in central city and high in suburban areas; the higher concentrations of NOx in central city and heavy downtown areas suppressed the generation of ozone,which was the reason of the lower ozone concentration in central city. The results showed that the annual concentrations of ozone in 2006 were the lowest During 2006-2010,and the differences of annual variation of ozone concentrations in Xujiahui and Pudong stations were the most obvious,mainly due to the lower ozone concentrations in late spring and summer of 2006. Considering the weather conditions,wind speed,sunshine duration and ozone precursor (NOx and VOCs) concentrations,the lower concentrations of VOCs and the lower ratios of VOCs and NOx were the major reasons causing low ozone concentrations in the urban area of Shanghai in 2006.The concentrations of NOx and VOCs from April to August in 2006 were generally low. And the ratios of VOCs/NOx during typical ozone diurnal cycle in 2006 were quite small and average value was only 1.22,which was 65% lower than those in 2007 and 2008,while the ozone productivity in 2006 was also reduced 65% and 59%,respectively compared with in 2007 and 2008. The result derived from OZIPR also revealed that the lower concentrations of VOCs and the lower ratios of VOCs/NOx were the major reasons causing low ozone concentrations in 2006 in the urban area of Shanghai

In recent years,the socioeconomic development of Jiangsu Province has entered a new period of rapid development,which is accompanied by the high consumption of energy and the enormous emission of GHG. In 2010,the GDP of Jiangsu Province was 4.142 5 trillion yuan,which is 20% higher than 2009.Meanwhile,in the same year Jiangsu Province consumed 257.737 million tons of standard coal equivalent ,with 80% of the energy imported from other provinces.Nowadays energy consumption and economic growth are becoming increasingly salient conflicts in Jiangsu Province.At the same time,GHG emissions also become one of the main restrict factors of economic development in Jiangsu Province .Due to high energy consumption,Jiangsu Province produced 621.2 million tons of CO2 emissions,and GDP per capita CO2 emissions were 3.34 tons/ten thousand Yuan in the year 2005.While in the year 2008 the CO2 emissions were 833.4 million tons and GDP per capita CO2 emissions were 2.69 tons/ten thousand Yuan.The GDP per capita CO2 emissions of the year 2008 just fell by 19.8%,compared to that of the year 2005.According to the actual situation in Jiangsu Province,the Longrange Energy Alternative Planning System Model is involved to develop Jiangsu Model in our empirical study.Two scenarios,reference scenario and sustainable development scenario,are set by the potential and vital factors affecting energy demand in Jiangsu Province.The future energy demand and CO2 emission trends in each scenario from 2010 to 2050 are simulated and predicted,and accordingly,the energy development stratagems for Jiangsu Province are put forward as conclusion.The results of our empirical study show that,in two kinds of scenarios,the total energy demand of Jiangsu Province will continue to rise until the year 2045.In the reference scenario,the total energy demand of Jiangsu Province will be 331.075,394.057,482.775 and 472.999 million tons of standard coal equivalent in the year 2020,2030,2040 and 2050,respectively.While the total energy demand in  the sustainable development scenario is assumed to fell by 12.50% in the year 2020,7.34% in the year 2030,11.5% in 2040 and 17.9% in the year 2050,compared to that of the reference scenario.In future,the second industry is still energyintense sector,but on development trends,and its proportion of the total energy demand by the second industry will be reduced.In contrast,the energy consumption by the tertiary industry,ranked the second,is assumed to rise gradually.The primary energy demand in the future will still give priority to coal,but because of treatment costs and other constraints,the coal demand increase slowly,and the proportion of coal demand is assumed to decline.However,the share of renewable energy is assumed to rise steadily,and it may become the important alternative energy sources for coal.Research also shows that the CO2 emission and CO2 emission intensity in sustainable development scenario is lower than that in reference scenario

 Fluorine is an important trace element in the ecosystem，either the excess or the deficiency of fluorine can cause diseases in animals as well as humans In the human body，fluorine is derived mostly from the consumption of water and food，which is directly affected by the soil fluorine content，fluorine fractions and soil physicalchemical properties，especially soil soluble fluorine content In this paper，fluorine content in the soils collected from Anhui province was studied using sequential chemical extraction procedure，and correlation analysis was also conducted to determine the relationships between soil fluorine fractions and soil physicochemical properties The results showed that total fluorine content in soils was 1066—1 2367mg/kg with a mean value of 4852 mg/kg The order of the soil total fluorine content  of different soil types was vegetable soil>fluvoaquic soil>lime soil>yellow brown soil>yellow cinnamon soil>paddy soil>shajiang black soil>yellowred soil Soil parental material was the main contributing factor affecting the soil total fluorine content Our results showed that the soil total fluorine content was in accordance with its parental materials in the following order from high to low：Huanghe river alluvium>shallow limnetic facies sediment>limestone efflorescence>granite efflorescence>Changjiang alluvium>Late pleistocene loess>river alluvial deposit>Huaihe alluvium>drift deposit>Quaternary red earth In vegetable soils，besides soil parental materials，the total fluorine content in the top soil was also affected by the addition of Fcontaining phosphate fertilizers，pesticides and highfluoride irrigation water The soluble fluorine content of the soils in Anhui province was 042—2248 mg/kg with a mean value of 338 mg/kg The soluble fluorine content order in these soils was vegetable soil>shajiang black soil>fluvoaquic soil>yellow brown soil>yellow cinnamon soil>paddy soil>lime soil>yellowred soil Fluorine forms in soils were separated into five fractions：water soluble fluorine，exchangeable fluorine，fluorine bound to Fe/Mn oxides，fluorine bound to organic matter and mineral fluorine Mineral fluorine was the majority of fluorine，accounting for over 95% of total fluorine The left 5% fluorine existed as the forms of soluble fluorine，organic fluorine compound，Fe，Mn oxidesfluorine and exchangeable fluorine The content of total fluorine was positive correlative with content of soil total phosphor and soil clay （<0001 mm），and the coefficient was 0331 5 and 0312 4 respectively The content of water soluble fluorine was significantly correlated with soil pH value，and also was positive correlative with soil total phosphor，the coefficient was 0660 2 and 0353 9 respectively The content of exchangeable fluorine was positive correlative with soil clay （<0001mm） [JP]and soil cation exchange capacity， the coefficient was 0338 4 and 0345 8 respectively Organicfluorine was significantly positive correlative with soil organic matter，and the coefficient was 0526 8.

The analysis of landscape structure in the Dongting Lake region by remote sensing interpretation indicates that the wetlands structure changed significantly in the past 20 years.Among the four major types of classification (i.e.reed,grass,water and mudflat),the distribution area of reed increased steadily (from 475 km2 to 751 km2),the area of grass was relatively stable,the area of water and mudflat was substantially reduced.In this process,some grass communities were replaced with the reed communities,and the grass communities invaded the mudflat areas.Sediment and hydrological regime were two main factors affecting the change of landscape pattern in Dongting Lake wetlands,but this situation changed after 2000 with the impact of sharp reduction in sediments and prolonged low flow period.Analysis by coupled hydrological calculation and spatial analysis on landscape reveals that although the elevations for different type of vegetation covers varied in different regions,their inundation patterns were much similar.Sediment and hydrological regime changes had triggered vegetation succession by changing the wetland inundation patterns.The operation of the Three Gorges Reservior had shortened the inundation period of middlelower wetlands,which in turn resulted in the grass invasion to water area up to 05 m

 The Dongting Lake located in north of Hunan Province and south bank of middle reaches of the Yangtze River is the 2nd largest freshwater lake in China.It not only is the important fishery water， but also the precious fishery genetic resources center. Over the past few decades， as the human population growth，development of industry and agriculture， and the acceleration of urbanization， the extent of pollution in the Dongting Lake is also increased. Nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） are the two most important elements in natural water bodies， because N and P can directly influence the primary productivity of water bodies， then the aquatic community will be changed.This article is based on the 20002011 monitoring data of the Dongting Lake fishery environment to analyze the temporalspatial distribution of total nitrogen（TN）， total phosphorus（TP）， ammonia（NH3-N） and nitrate nitrogen（NO3-N） concentrations in different fishery waters of the Dongting Lake. The results show as follows. （1） In the Dongting Lake， the mean concentration of TN， TP， NH3-N and NO3-N were 143±041 mg/L， 009±003 mg/L， 032±005 mg/L and 063±011mg/L， respectively.The maximum of TN was 480 mg/L， appeared at Lujiao sampling point in May of 2009，and the maximum of TP was 0417 mg/L， appeared at Lujiao sampling point in January of 2008. （2）Oneway ANOVA results of mean annual concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus between 2000 and 2011 showed that the differences were significant （P<005）.Except for TP， mean annual concentration of TN， NH3-N and NO3-N showed the rising trend， and the differences of mean concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus during low water period， wet season and median water period were also significant（P<005）.The mean concentration of TN at median water period and TP at low water period were both the highest.（3） Simultaneously，the differences of mean concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus on spatial distribution were also significant （P<005）.The maximum of mean concentration of TN， TP and NO3-N appeared at SanJiangkou， and the maximum of mean concentration of NH3-N appeared at the East Dongting Lake According to reports in the literature and actuality analysis， the industrial waste water and municipal sewage were the greatest sources of pollution in Sanjiangkou area and the East Dongting Lake.（4） Nonpoint pollutant source which accounted 94%～99% of the total amount of pollutant for the Dongting Lake was the major way， also the main factors to enhance the Dongting Lake water eutrophication. The nonpoint pollutant source mainly included agricultural pollution， urban sewage， animal husbandry and aquaculture pollution.（5）During all of the monitoring years， the water quality，based on Peoples Republic of China Surface Water Environment Quality Standards（GB38382002），was defined as III only in 2000， and defined as IV in most of the other years，and as V in parts of those years. According to The Water Quality Standards of Fisheries and the demands of fish for the environment of water quality， the water environment of the Dongting Lake was in the state of medium pollution，which was not suitable to fish breeding， early development， feeding， wintering and the other life behaviour

Based on the serious situation of Cd pollution in the wetland of the Dongting Lake,a series of studies were conducted to evaluate the Cd enrichment characteristics and repairing effects of kinds of plants growing in the Dongting Lake area. The results show that Artemisia selengensis is an outstanding species to repair Cd pollution for its remarkable capacity to accumulate Cd from lake soil.Artemisia verlotorum shows a good capacity to absorb Cd and could be selected as a potential candidate to treat Cd pollution. Because of their higher Cd accumulation in the root parts and their higher biomass of stem and leave which could be harvested every year, Phragmites australis and Miscanthus lutarioriparius could also play a role in controlling Cd pollution in the wetland of the Dongting Lake.
In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to study the biological traits and the Cd accumulation characteristics of Artemisia selengensis to Cd stress during its growth period. The final results showed that the leaves were injured apparently associated with significant decrease of aboveground biomass when Cd concentrations in soil were higher than 40 mg/kg. Artemisia selengensis could complete its life cycle at a high Cd concentration (100 mg/kg) and showed a stronger resistence to soil Cd. The bioavailable Cd accounted for about 15.3%-37.1% of total soil Cd. There were no significant differences of Cd concentrations in the plants during their different growth phases, but a lower Cd accumulation was observed in stems and leaves at the seedling stage than the other stages because of low biomass. During the adult stage of Artemisia selengensis, Cd accumulation was up to 492-588 mg/kg under the Cd treatment of 40-60 mg/kg. These data suggested that Artemisia selengensis was an outstanding species that could be selected as a potential candidate to repair Cd pollution from lake soil.Using the Cdcontaminated soil as culture medium, a pot experiment was carried out to explore the affect by chelating agents on the biomass and Cd accumulation of Artemisia selengensis. The results showed that the biomass of stems and leaves decreased by the impact of HEDTA, EDTA and DTPA, but the content of Cd in aerial parts of plants increased respectively by 35.5%, 98.4% and 42.1%. Additionally, the effective content of Cd in soil, the opposite effect was observed in the add of lime. The growth of plants were promoted by the organic matter and fertilizer, however, the effect of Cd enrichment was not the case. Overall, the chelate applied at the seedling stage had a greater impact than the adult stage

As the most valuable land resources，cultivated land is very important to agricultural production，which has some functions，such as production，the landscape culture，ecosystem services and so on. Evaluation on cultivated land ecological security is greatly helpful for improving the state of cultivated land ecosystem and sustainable cultivated land use. On the basis of defining the meaning of cultivated land ecological security，the evaluation index system for cultivated land ecological security was constructed based on the PSR model，then an empirical analysis was conducted in China by entropy method and obstacle degree model. The results showed as follows.（1） The level of cultivated land ecological security in China had been gradually improved from 1996 to 2010，with the index increasing from 0.484 4 to 0.626 9. The degree of cultivated land ecological security in China generally experienced two stages，i.e.，criticality safety and Safer. （2） The pressure index generally showed a downward trend，while status index and response index showed a rise trend. （3） In the long run，the system pressure was found to be the major factor affecting cultivated land ecological security in China. The obstacle degree of system pressure and system status increased by an annual average of 5.33% and 0.52%，respectively，but the obstacle degree of system response decreased by an annual average of 8.02% in China. （4） The pesticide load per unit of cultivated land，fertilizer load per unit of cultivated land，per capita cultivated land，land reclamation rate，and extent of soil erosion were verified to be the key obstacle for further improvement of cultivated land ecological security in China. The cultivated land ecological security was continuously improved by further transformation of economic development mode，promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure，optimizing the layout of industrial upgrading，strengthening supervision and management for land utilization，improving the degree of land resources market allocation，effectively increasing the land use intensity，reducing economic growth on excessive consumption for land resources，vigorously developing green agriculture，accelerating the agricultural science and technology innovation，rational application of pesticides and fertilizers，effectively reducing pollution for cultivated land resources，carrying out rural land consolidation，strengthening highstandard basic farmland construction，increasing the amount of cultivated land，improving the quality of cultivated land，increasing the investment for environmental protection，increasing the intensity of environmental governance，effectively controlling soil erosion，and so on.

Natural disaster is one of the most important global issues we are facing. Typhoons bring about gales，rainstorms，very rough seas and storm surges，do great damage to the community，and cause loss of human life and destruction of properties. Greenhouse gasinduced climate warming potentially could affect tropical cyclones in a number of ways，including intensity，frequency of occurrence，geographical distribution，and storm tracks. The combined influence of increasing sealevel rise and stronger tropical cyclone could result in flooding in coastal area. As one of the most dangerous weather systems with the maximum wind of 34 knots or higher，typhoon has caused enormous losses of life and economic damage in Shanghai. There were totally 145 affecting typhoons in Shanghai during 1949-2009，of which there were 117 affecting typhoons during 1961-2009，with mean annual of 2.4 affecting typhoons. The frequency of affecting typhoons varied greatly between years in Shanghai，depending mainly upon the atmospheric circulation background. The impact of typhoon could be worse by population increases and higher density，more people living near the coast，greater wealth，and other factors，so quantitative losses assessment of typhoon disasters in Shanghai is important for disaster prevention and mitigation.  Based on the wind and rain observations from 11 meteorological stations，basic geographic information data，social economic statistic data and historic typhoon loss data，three kinds of disaster，i.e. casualties，inundated cropland area and collapsed or damaged houses were collected，and the damage indices were calculated from 41 typhoons. The correlation coefficients between damage indices and disastercausing factors were calculated，and the stepwise regression method was used to establish loss evaluation model of typhoon disaster for Shanghai. The interannual variation and regional distribution difference of typhoon disaster losses was also assessed in Shanghai during 1949-2009. The results indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation between the damage index of disastrous typhoon and the mean maximum wind speed in 10min at 10m height and total precipitation. The loss evaluation model was effective and modeled results were suitable for losses assessment of typhoon disaster in Shanghai. During 1949-2009，the interannual variation of typhoon disaster losses was not obvious，with higher damage indices during 1961-1970 and 2001-2009，and lower damage indices during 1971-1980 and 1991-2000. Spatially，the typhoon disaster losses were more serious in coastal areas such as Chongming and Nanhui and in lowlying areas such as Qingpu，Jinshan and Songjiang. In urban areas and Minhang，the disaster losses were the least. Thus，regions with higher typhoon disaster losses should be taken as the core areas for disaster prevention and counteraction in Shanghai. With rapid industrialization and urbanization，Shanghai had obvious growth in population and the values of property，and has become more vulnerable to typhoon disaster. But due to the rapid economic development and increased natural disaster prevention and mitigation efforts by the local government in recent years，the typhoon disaster losses changed little or somewhat decreased. So it is necessary to build a comprehensive loss evaluation model of typhoon disaster furtherly with the impacts of natural and social factors considered. 

As an important part of hail disaster risk research，regionalization of hail disaster has a significant effect for formulating regional countermeasure on disaster mitigation and prevention. Assessment of hail disaster risk is the precondition and foundation of the hail disaster risks regionalization. Anhui Province where hail disasters are frequent was taken as an example. In this province hail disasters frequently occur April to September，and are coincident to main growing stages of cotton，which is one of the main economic crops in this province. Although its short duration time，small influence scope and strong abruptness，hail poses a grave threat to cotton farming. This influence mainly manifests in the following five aspects：breaking leaves and stem of cotton，knocking cotton bolls，battering growing point and causing total destruction. Therefore，it is very important to study the influence of hail disaster to cotton and to map the zonation of risk for secure production of cotton. Based on the regional disaster system theory and hail disaster risk assessment database of cotton，risk analysis is taken and atlas of risk assessment was compiled from four dimensions respectively—sensibility of environment，hazard of hail，vulnerability of cotton and risk of hail. Among them，with hail disaster magnitude index （H） and loss rate of cotton （L） ，which are obtained with the method of statistical inference and comprehensive index measure，hail disaster risk of cotton was carried out based on constructed model for calculating annual loss rate of cotton hail：Sa=∑〖DD（〗n〖〗i=1〖DD）〗Si－∏〖DD（〗n〖〗i=1〖DD）〗Si=1－∏〖DD（〗n〖〗i=1〖DD）〗（1－Si）. Then cotton hail risk zoning of Anhui Province was complete with multimethod，such as GIS technology，method of “topdown” and “bottomup”，cluster analysis and reference of remote sensing images. Zoning indexes include assessment result of disasterforming environment sensibility，topography and landform，frequency of hail falling，proportion of cotton planting，regionalization result of single factor，and result of risk assessment. Finally risk regionalization maps of hail disaster for cotton of Anhui Province were mapped with GIS. Anhui Province could be regionalized to 3 regions （HuaiBei plain，Jianghuai region and mountain area of South Anhui），10 subregions and 22 units. The southeast of Huaibei plain，west of Huaibei plain and Yanjiang plain were main planting areas of cotton. Sensibility，hazard and vulnerability were all high in those areas. So those areas were key districts to attention for cotton production and hail disaster management. In this paper three & onedimensional risk regionalization methods，combined with multitechnology and multimethod，were presented. This research could provide scientific bases for hail disaster risk management，disaster prevention and mitigation. It also offers an efficient method for other regions and disasters.