This paper took Shanghai for example， based on the remote sensing image of research area， estimated carbon emission and carbon footprint of different land use patterns by using carbon emission model and carbon footprint model. The data of land use in Shanghai area was extracted， and the characteristics of land use were analyzed by using remote sensing image of the area. Based on the default [JP2]values of IPCC Guideline for National GreenhouseGas Emission Inventory and the regional social statistical [JP]yearbooks， the different land use carbon emissions of this area were calculated. On this basis and combined with the utilization of the land in this region，carbon footprints of Shanghai in 1995， 2000 and 2010 were evaluated， and then the corresponding low carbon regulation strategy was proposed. The conclusions can be drawn as follows. The total carbon emissions rose from 33，520，600 tons in 1995 to 43，326，500 tons in 2010， while the per capita carbon footprint decreased from 0.63 hm2/ p in 1995 to 0.5 hm2/p in 2010， because of the population growth. The main carbon source was construction land，the main carbon sink was woodland， and the main carbon footprint were forest carbon footprint and coal energy carbon footprint. The carbon sinks such as forest land and grassland area also increased， but far less than the rate of increase of construction land area， thus the carbon footprint deficit had expanded each year. The results showed a great increase in carbon footprint and it was severe to reduce the carbon footprint. At last， some suggestions were put forward for further effort to reduce carbon footprint， such as improving the energy production and consumption structure， strengthening the regional ecological management， enhancing the carbon efficiency of land， which can effectively reduce the area of carbon footprint. Finally， some shortages of this research as well as suggestions for further studies on more detailed relationships between different land use patterns and carbon footprint were put forward.

Water is scarce in China Rapid economic and societal development， as well as the dense population， cause severe pressure on local water resources This paper aimed to provide a new thought of adjusting the agricultural structure by calculating the virtual water in Chongqing This paper used the CROPWAT model and CLIMWAT database recommended by FAO to investigate the temporal patterns of the virtual water content and total virtual water requirements for rice， wheat， maize， groundnut and vegetables in Chongqing from 2001 to 2010， and gave a suggestion about the adjustment of the crop planting structure in Chongqing The results showed that the groundnut had the highest water demand per kilogram， vegetable had the lowest Rice had the highest total virtual water needs， which was closed to 40×108m3， while the groundnut need the lowest total virtual water During the studied period， water demands per kilogram of vegetable stayed stable The variation trend of most products were coincident， which appeared the trend of decline before or after 2006The gross virtual water of groundnut stayed a low level， whereas the total needs of vegetable increased， while the needs of wheat was dramatic decline In terms of the perunit virtual water content， it is appropriate to plant rice， maize and vegetables in Chongqing However， wheat is not inappropriate to plant in Chongqing The agricultural structure can be changed and increase the virtual water trade to exploit water properly

 By selecting the panel data of 31 provinces from 2001 to 2010， using the entropy method to determine the weight of each indicator， and the methods of variation coefficient， theil index， gravity centre and standard deviational ellipses， GetisOrd G*i， this article described the spatial evolution of total tourism competitiveness and various competitiveness of 31 provinces. The results show that under the current conditions， the tourism marketing competitiveness was the most important factor that affected the tourism competitiveness， followed by tourism resource competitiveness， tourism industrial competitiveness， and tourism insurance competitiveness The tourism competitiveness gap between the mainland provinces had decreased from 2001 to 2010， the differentiation among the three belts had generally decreased The provincial tourism competitiveness generally presented a "northwestsoutheast" pattern， and the gravity centre generally shifted to the southeast Through the analysis of G index， it found that every tourism competitiveness had been improved to some extent， the hotcold spots areas of tourism competitiveness had a widening trend The hotspot areas of tourism competitiveness mainly concentrated in some provinces in South China and the Yangtze River Delta， coldspot areas mainly distributed in some provinces in the North and West of China Studying the temporal and spatial evolution of tourism competitiveness can find the "soft underbelly" of provincial tourism development It has a great significant to improve the provincial tourism development and imbalance regional tourism development gap

Through the observation of the determination of the basic physicochemical properties and organic carbon content in 0～20cm and 20～40cm soils of different types of plants within four different levels of pollution areas in Baosteel，the characteristics of soil organic carbon content in city industrial environment were evaluated， in order to achieve reasonable green distribution and enhance the effectiveness of green carbon reduction Results showed as follows （1） Soil organic carbon in industrial area had "accumulation effect" （2） Soil organic carbon content of deciduous broadleaved forest in clean area was high， which proposed to plant more willow （3） Soil organic carbon content of coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest in slightly polluted areas was high， soil organic carbon content in coniferous types was significantly higher than that of coniferous forest and evergreen broadleaved forest， which proposed to plant more cedar plus Yulan type or cedar plus camphor （4） Organic carbon content of evergreen broadleaf forest in moderate polluted area or heavily polluted area was high， which proposed to plant more Loropetalum or Ligustrum lucidum， meantime， heavily polluted area should have diversified types of plants 

4 seasons sampling in 2012 were conducted to study the relationship between zooplankton community structures of the Dishui Lake and environmental factors， and to assess its water quality A total of 39 species were identified， including 29 Rotifera， 3 Cladocera and 7 Copepoda Dominant species included 9 Rotifera and 3 Copepoda Annual average density of zooplankton was 1 387 ind/L， ShannonWiener and Margalef diversity indices were 147±044 and 080±043， respectively Correlation analysis of density， species number and environmental factors displayed a significant relationship between zooplankton community and water temperature， chlorophyll a and pH Water quality status of the Dishui Lake in 2012 could be regarded as αmesosaprobic and its nutrition level was at semieutrophic level under application of water quality index， trophic level index（TLI） and diversity indices assessment methods 

In order to understand the structural features of the soil animal community of artificial grass in Chongming Island,Ying Tung Ecological Village Holiday villa,from June,2011 to March,2012, a detailed fourseason investigation was conducted on the soil animal community under the artificial grass in Ying Tung Ecological Village,Chongming Island,by taking the nearby natural bushes.The result shows as follows.（1）The soil animals in the artificial grass of Ying Tung Ecological Village included 4 phyla,10 classes and 15 groups,in which Nematoda,Rotifers,and Planarian were the dominant groups,and the common groups were Oligochaeta,Acarina,Collembola,Diptera larvae,and other 16 types were rare groups.（2）As the soil depth increased,the group and individual numbers of soil animal showed surface convergence phenomenon in the artificial grass of Ying Tung Ecological Village.Simultaneously,the seasonal surface convergence phenomenon showed difference.(3)The DG Index had a better performance in the changes of community composite index than the ShannonWiener Index.The soil animal community was high in autumn,low in summer. Based on the statistical analysis of various indexes,the soil environment was constantly updated,and soil animal community diversity was in the recovery stage

In the present paper,the authors analyzed the tourism climate resources using the conventionally statistical analysis method.The climatological data quoted in the paper came from nine national meteorological observation stations,which gathered data over years.The daily and monthly amenity indexes were calculated in terms of human amenity index.Based on this，the authors evaluated the tourism climate resources in Enshi，and divided tourism attractions according to amenity.It is concluded that Enshi could be categorized into five natural climate areas;namely,low mountain,mediumaltitude mountain,high mountain,windward mountain,and littoral valley.Enshi’s tourism climate resources were characterized by various kinds of weather suitable for tourism,unique natural wonders under the special climate conditions,distinct microclimate in some areas because of vertical region difference,and discrepancy in incidence of tourism meteorological disasters due to particular geomorphic environment.In the light of months suitable for tourism,tourism climate divisions in Enshi were categorized into springandautumn resort,summer resort,and winter resort.Furthermore,each division could be subcategorized in the light of optimal tourism period and duration.Optimal tourism period varied from area to area. In most areas,comfortable spring and autumn were the golden season.〖JP2〗Summer was a good season for travel ubiquitously in Enshi.Only the difference of tourism duration existed in different climate areas.More importantly,summer was a season of frequent disastrous weather.Weather conditions should be taken into consideration in the travel plan.Winter was an offpeak season.Only low mountainous areas and littoral valleys were suitable for travel.In a word,Enshi is a satisfying tour destination for ecotourism with long tourism period and widerange tourism choices.〖JP〗〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

Accumulations of Zn,Cu,Pb and Cd by 20 kinds of greenland plants were studied in typical industrial areas of Shanghai by field investigation in the view of current lack of research on plant accumulation of heavy metals.It was found that the soil of the area studied was seriously contaminated by heavy metals,the average concentration of Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd was about 12,5,20and 62 times of the value of environmental background in Shanghai,respectively.The results also indicated that the greeland plants growing there had different ability in metal accumulation.Rhododeoron simsii showed the highest ability in Zn accumulation,with Zn concentrations in leaves and stems being 576 and 9 375 mg/kg,respectively.Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) had high ability in Cu and Cd accumulation.These kinds of plants can be used as the choices of industrial areas plant rehabilitation of heavy metal pollution,and have the great value of further study

The study of characteristics of physiology and ecology and adaptability of environment has always been hot issues for many years in the domain of wetland ecology science.Due to the unique characteristics of hydrology and the gleization of soil environment,the adaptation mechanisms of wetland plant roots to surrounding environment have aroused public attentions.This paper focused on the significance of the wetland plant roots.The growth dynamics of the wetland plant roots were summarized based on the preview studies in recent years.The influenced relations and the action mechanisms of the wetland environment on the wetland plant roots were comprehensively discussed in the paper.We also investigated the influences of the impact factors in the wetland environment on the growth and physiological development of the wetland plant roots.The impact factors included hydrological process,soil moisture,soil nutrients and so on,all of which had important effects on the wetland plant roots.The roots played an important part in the wetland plant population and community.They were like a kind of transmission links that linked the material circulation and energy flow of the wetland environment and the plants.The wetland plant roots were considered as the dynamic interface between the soils and plants.The development of the roots and the surrounding wetland environment influenced each other.In the development process of the plant community,the growth and distribution and functional characteristics of the roots would be correspondingly changed as the environmental impact factors changed.The formation of the physiological and ecological adaptability of the wetland plant roots was an important manifestation of the survival ability to adapt the changes of the wetland soil environment.Strengthening the studies of the adaptive process and mechanism of the wetland soil environment on the roots could assist in grasping the dynamics change of the rhizosphere microecosystem and understanding the ecology succession and evolution of the wetland plant community

In order to explore the effect of hydrological regimes on algae bloom and succession,3 species from different phylum,Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyta),Chlorella vulga (Chlorophyta) and Stephanodiscus hantzschii (Bacillariophyta),were used in present study to compare the effects of turbulent conditions (0 and 38 m/s) on the phosphorus (P) uptake kinetics in different bloomforming algae.The growth rates of three algae were predicted under standing and turbulent conditions according to their P uptake kinetic parameters.Our result showed that hydrodynamic can significantly affect the growth of algae by changing the P uptake rates and hydrodynamic impacted different algae differently.Compared to standing condition,the P uptake rates and P affinity of M.aeruginosa and S.hantzschii under turbulence declined markedly（p<005）,however,the P uptake rates and P affinity of C.vulga increased significantly（p<005).Based on Monod model,the turbulence could inhibit the growth of M.aeruginosa and S.hantzschii in different degrees but boost the growth of C.vulga.Our results reveal that the difference characteristic of phosphorus uptake kinetics in three bloomforming algae under turbulent and standing conditions might result in distribution and succession of algae in rivers.With the increase of P concentration and decrease of flowing rate in rivers,the risk of blooms from diatoms to cyanobacteria will be increased.〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗

With the PressureStateResponse (PSR) model developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),this paper assessed the ecosystem health condition from 2005 to 2009 in the Ruxi River basin of Zhongxian County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Based on the researches about watershed ecosystem health assessment in both domestic and foreign countries,an integrative assessment model of ecosystem health in the Ruxi River basin was built.Three layers (object,item and index layers) were set up in the ecosystem health assessment index system.The weights of the nine indicators were estimated by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),and integrative index model of watershed ecosystem health was used to determine the ecosystem health comprehensive index (E).The results showed that the mean value of E from 2005 to 2009 in the Ruxi River basin was 0509 7,showing a state of middle health in these areas overall. During these years, there was a fluctuated trend in terms of the ecosystem health in this basin.In particular,the basin ecosystem was healthy in 2007 when the E value was the highest among the five years,while the ecosystem was morbid in 2006.Moreover,the ecosystem health of Ruxi River basin in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was greatly influenced by net primary productivity (NPP),population density,and surface water comprehensive pollution index.Basically,from 2005 to 2009,the social,economic and natural environment〖JP2〗 of Ruxi River basin in Zhongxian County was in good condition,and the ecosystem was somewhat healthy and sustainable.However,a combination of ecological effects with social and economic effects on the watershed should be considered to maintain the ecosystem health in Ruxi River basin of Zhongxian County

The nonpoint source pollution has been growing to large proportion in the Taihu Lake Basin in water net plain.It was difficult to study the law of nitrogen and phosphorus loss due to their complicated characteristic.The calibrated and verificated AnnAGNPS model was applied to simulate the load of nitrogen and phosphorus from nonpoint source pollution monthly and yearly in the Taihu Lake Basin in polder area of water net plain.And then  their temporal and spatial distribution were analyzed,critical source areas were identified and the effects of best management practices to control the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution based on sensitivity analysis were evaluated.The results showed that the nitrogen and phosphorus load were 6299 t/a and 581 t/a,respectively,both with loss peaks in the summer.The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus mostly happened on slopping field and banks of river.Besides,highly fertilized areas had high nitrogen loss.Thus,it was reasonable to select the appropriate best management practices according to practical condition

As a timevarying signal,the inflow of the Three Gorges Reservoir is nonlinear and nonstationary,which contains the frequency information that not only can reflect the cycle characteristics of above the annual variation scale in the Yangtze River basin,but also is different in every flood season and dry season.In this paper,the HHT method was used to process and analyze the inflow data in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.By using the EMD method,the signal was decomposed and the analysis results could clearly distinguish the intrinsic mode function components,the frequency of which was different and range from high value to low value.Though Hilbert transfer for the intrinsic mode function components,the timefrequency characteristics showed that the frequency amplitude had a little change in the twenty days to one year cycle range.But the frequency depicted the slight increasing tendency since the impoundment in 2003,and the delimitation of frequency variation was not obvious between the flood and the dry season.Furthermore,annual cycle of periodic change information was stable,and the residual signal represented the inflow of the overall trend,which reflected the trend of decrease in the whole reservoir area since 1998

Collected 239 meteorology stations in Central China from 1961 to 2010,the characteristics of the precipitation in Central China were investigated based on 233 stations which passed the homogenization test as analysis object.The results showed that the precipitation trend was almost not obvious,but notable in decadal change.The precipitation in 1960s was close to normal value, higher in 1990s and less from 1970s to 1980s and in early 21st century.The zonal distribution,which was gradually decreasing from southern to northern,was much more significant,yet not uniform in spatial distribution.The decreasing trend of rain days was eminent at 3.4 days per 10 years.The regional rainfalls increased much obviously after 1989 and reduced after 2006,which possessed an oscillation period of 2 years.The rain days reduced significantly after1986.The precipitation trends during spring and autumn were completely reducing,which retained respectively the change rate of -54 and -122 mm per 10 years.Yet the summer and winter rainfall totally increased with the rate of 156 and 63 mm per 10 years.And the change rates of rain days during four seasons were separately -14 ,02,-21 and -01 days per decade

Precipitation data of 30 meteorologic stations such as Kunming, Chuxiong, Dali, Mengzi, Malong, et al.in central Yunnan plateau from 1950s to 2010, various time scale including annual maximum 1 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and maximum monthly, summer, yearly, were collected.MannKendall test and Morlet wave methods were taken to research changing rules.The results show that in the whole region, annual maximum rainfall of 1 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours generally increased.Whereas, maximum monthly, summer and yearly precipitation series presented increased or decreased at those stations.But precipitation were increased and the disparity between rainy and drought season gradually shortened in traditional droughty areas of the plateau such as Binchuanxiangyun, Yuanmou, and Mengzijianshui, etc.Specially, Malong was increased at annual maximum short time rainfall while decreased at middle and long time dimension.The period of maximum rainfall series of 1 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours was 4 (or 7), 23 years, respectively.〖JP2〗In maximum monthly, summer, yearly time dimension, the period was focused on 6 and 21 years, respectively.It indicates that the unreversed trend of global climate change results in the frequency of rainstorm in central Yunnan plateau increasing gradually, and its extent spreads larger gradually.〖

The construction of large hydropower projects changes completely land use which result in the change of landscape composition, structure and processes at the disturbance region. We analyzed the characteristics of landscape change at the disturbance region resulted from large hydropower projects according to its disturbing characteristics in this paper, represented the objective, principles, process, methods and key projects for landscape restoration based on the needs of project construction and landscape ecology principals. Problems in the landscape construction at the disturbance region of large hydropower projects were finally discussed, and some suggestion were put forward to improve landscape construction and rehabilitation.〖

Flood and drought often happen in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin How to reduce the negative impact is a crucial issue.In this paper, the drought and flood events happened at Huailin town of Chaohu city from autumn 2010 to summer 2011.Impacts of the drought and flood events on agricultural production, human life and ecological condition of vegetation were investigated.The results show as follows.Impacts on agricultural production, human life and ecological condition of vegetation at Huailin town were not serious as compared to other areas in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin.The successful management, perfect water conservancy measures, accurate weather forecast and information release, droughtresistant technical and economic support were the knack for disaster reduction.These experiences imply that the drought and flood disasters reduction at the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin is a systematic engineering, which needs drought and flood reducing infrastructure as well as management strategies.

Based on the data of the daily mean temperature and minimum temperature of 77 meteorological stations in Anhui province during 1960-2012, the spatiotemporal distribution and interannual variation of cold wave in Anhui province were analyzed with linear trend, the climate trend rate and wavelet analysis method.Also in three different baseline periods，the variation of average beginning and ending date of cold wave were analyzed.These studies complemented and perfected the climatic characteristics of cold wave in Anhui，and could improve the service capacity of meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation.The results showed that there were obvious differences on spatial distribution of cold wave frequency.More cold waves occurred in north mountain areas in recent 52 years in Anhui province.There were three significant periods: 22 years about, 10 to 12 years and six years or so.The average beginning date of the cold wave in each station in Anhui postponed from north to south，and the situation of the average ending date was similar.Cold wave occurred mainly in wintertime from February to March and November to December.The interannual variation of cold wave was great，and tended to decrease in the annual frequency.The average beginning date of cold wave tended to postpone，while its end date advanced.The global warming may be the possible reason for the climate change of cold wave in Anhui

Wind disaster is one of the meteorological disasters of Hubei Province, causing huge damages not only in building construction, electric power devices, and communication facilities, but also in agricultural production.Based on the historical data of the wind disasters in Hubei Province during the period of 1963-2011, this study analyzed the recurrence features of wind disasters occurred in Hubei provincial region.The results demonstrated that the wind disasters distributed significantly geography dependent.The provincial wind disasters showed four zones.The highestrisk region suffering from wind disasters was located at XingshanBaokang, Xuanen, WufengYichang, JingzhouGongan, in which Xingshan and Changyang suffered the most wind disasters.On the contrary, Northwest Hubei suffered the fewestrisk wind disasters.Moreover, these disasters appeared seasoning dependent.93% the disasters occurred in spring and summer, much more than that happened in autumn and winter.Decadal analysis of the data during 1963-2011 showed an increasing tendency of the disaster occurrence with time.The peak interval of the disaster was about 25 years, and the peak period was about 3 years.〖