Yangtze River Delta is the most developed urbanized area with the highest population density,the most developed economy and the strongest competitiveness in China,however,it is faced with so many problems such as industrial structure convergence,population aging,weak resources and environment et al.In this paper,the assessment indicator system of sustainable development including three sunsystems and 22 indicators was built for Yangtze River Delta,and the sustainability index and the system harmony index were used to analyze the level of sustainable development and the system correspondence in this area.The 16 cities were divided into four development patterns based on three factors,the per capita GDP,the urbanization level and the threeindustry  in the total GDP,and different development patterns had different development features and trajectories from 2000 to 2010.The evolution tree model was adopted to analyze the path of sustainable development of cities which belonged to different development patterns from 2000 to 2010 in this paper.The evaluation and evolution results are as follows.The sustainable level of cities in Yangtze River Delta were close to each other,but the system harmony indexes had large gap.The scores of subsystems had some spatial regulation.The distribution of the economic score and the social score were similar with each other,but the score of resources and environment was totally different from them.There were four development patterns with different characteristics and development path from 2000 to 2010,based on the per capita GDP,the urbanization level and the threeindustry  in the total GDP.The cities belonging to different development patterns had different evolution path of sustainable development.Cities of the pattern Ⅰ such as Shanghai,Nanjing and Hangzhou,which were the core cities of region,had an unstable sustainable development trend.Those system harmony index were not high enough except the continually increasing sustainable level of Hangzhou.Cities of the pattern Ⅱ such as Suzhou,Wuxi and Changzhou,had a good development situation,because the sustainability index and the system harmony index were both in a high level and the total sustainability level was improving.In 2010,the level of pattern Ⅱ with ranked the highest place,except Changzhou whose economic strength was behind of the other cities in this pattern.The change of the cities belonging to the pattern Ⅱ from 2000 to 2010 was so violent that cities in other areas with the similar features should focus much attention on the sustainable development.Cities of pattern Ⅲ and pattern Ⅳ,which located in the center of Jiangsu province and the center of Zhejiang province,had a low level of sustainability because of the laggard economy.The cities in this area had no advantages to accept the economic radiation from the core cities,and the resources in these cities had gap from the developed cities.So the most important thing for the cities of pattern Ⅲ and pattern Ⅳ is to choose the right way to improve the economy with the environment protected.

The urbanrural association refers to under the relative scarcity of resources,what prompted the different ranks of these resources to implement the most effective configuration and circulation in the community form (especially the city and countryside).City and countryside as the two most basic geographical units in regional economic and social development,are in close contact with economic,cultural,political and other aspects since their arising.Urbanrural association is a major problem in Chinas urbanization process.The contradictions between the urban and rural,the gap between urban and rural areas and the “three rural” issues have become an important research direction of disciplines such as geography,sociology and economics.Sixtynine spatial units of Zhejiang Province are the research object in this paper.According to the meaning and characteristics of ruralurban association,the comprehensive evaluating index system of urbanrural association was constructed.Based on principal component analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis methods,urbanrural association of Zhejiang Province from 2001 to 2011 was quantitatively measured,and characteristics of spatial and temporal evolution and spatial association were analyzed.The study results show as follows.(1) Each countys urbanrural score showed varying degrees of growth,meaning that urbanrural economic and social coordination had been continually optimized.(2) Urbanrural association showed spatial differences.Urbanrural association of eastern coastal region was generally higher than the western hilly region,and prefecturelevel city was significantly higher than countylevel city.(3) Ruralurban association exhibited strong characteristics of spatial concentration.The strong association of region located in Hangzhou Bay area of Yangtze River Delta,and weak association of region was concentrated in southwestern Zhejiang hilly area.Finally,urban and rural economic development,road infrastructure improvement,urban and rural elements contact enhancement,urban and rural policy system optimization were put forward as the urban and rural areas association evolution mechanism of main motive force in Zhejiang Province

In the 21st century,the urbanization of China,one of the countries in the world which is undergoing the rapid urbanization,is widely regarded as one of the two factors that drive world economic and social development.Consequently,the Chinas urbanization research is now focused by the worlds leading research institutions and researchers.In addition,Chinese government proposed the National Mediumlongterm Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006-2020) in 2005,and the research techniques of the city development were listed into the 11 key areas and priority themes for the first time.The article aims at exploring the urbanization fluctuation rules of spacetime difference in Jiangxi province,which will provide convenient services to the government,demonstrating an important practical significance.In recent years,foreign researches on Chinese urbanization include Chinese dual urbanization,determination of urbanization level,the law of urbanization under the background of the socialist market economic system,and the transition of urban social spatial structure.Chinese scholars also concentrate on comprehensive evaluation of urbanization level,regional difference of urbanization level and its influencing factors.The common methods include clustering analysis,principal component analysis,index system analysis and tins index,etc.In the process of the long history,the regional difference of urbanization level is a result of many factors such as nature,society and economy.The article took the years from 2000-2010 as the study section,and 10 countylevel cities and 70 counties in Jiangxi province as the study area.This study applied research methods such as evaluation index system method and spatial autocorrelation indexes,combined with ArcGIS,GeoDA and Spass160,and comprehensively analyzed the urbanization development and spatial evolution of 80 Cities and Towns in Jiangxi.The results show that：(1) urbanization development in Jiangxi province was in the period of “deeply pushed pattern”;(2) urbanization level of most cities was still low,and presented the evolution trend of polarization and change pattern of “high in south and north,low in middle”;(3) the cities with low urbanization level obviously reflected space convergence trend.High urbanization level in north Jiangxi was polarized,moreover,urbanization level in middle and south Jiangxi trended to be randomly distributed.The research conclusions play an important role in promoting the urbanization process of Jiangxi province

In the approaching Highspeed Rail age,transportation accessibility has the direct impact on the regional development.Taking North Anhui as an example,this paper tries to evaluate accessibility in North Anhui and analyze the differences in spatial patterns with and without highspeed railways.Based on GIS,the evaluation of accessibility is conducted with indicators like isochronous ring,daily accessibility and timeweighted average.And also,the influences of the highspeed railways on cities in North Anhui are taken into consideration.Comparing different transportation conditions in 2009 and 2012,the result shows as follows.Firstly,highspeed railways substantially improved accessibility in North Anhui with isochronous rings expanded and significant optimization of urban daily accessibility realized.The improvements in external accessibility were more prominent than in internal accessibility,meaning the closer relationship with central cities outside North Anhui like Nanjing by shortening commuting time.Secondly,slighter change took place toward the whole accessible spatial pattern with the appearance of highspeed railways,but directional characteristics of traffic mainline became more apparent with highspeed railways built and highspeed railway corridor would be more and more obvious.Thirdly,highspeed railways reduced the equilibrium of accessibility both in North Anhui and within city,leading to the wide gap of accessibility,which means cities nearby benefit more than those far away.Furthermore,cities along the highrailway line possessed an apparent advantage in time.There was considerable variety in quantities to other cities available in one day for cities along the line, while little for others.Highspeed railways brought more opportunities to cities nearby like Bengbu and Chuzhou,but might get cities like Fuyang and Huizhou marginalized,which would lead to disturbance of equilibrium.To conclude,combining with the characters of highspeed railways,fast but fewer stops,it is necessary to upgrade the highspeed railway transportation system,especially on the construction of highspeed intercity railway system. In this way,it can not only enlarge the service range,but also reduce differences in external transportation between cities with highspeed railway passing by and cities without highspeed railways,which benefits both highspeed railways and regional development nearby.It is suggested that cities in North Anhui share the resources of highspeed railways in the area of transportation planning,construction and management.Cities without highspeed railway stations like Huizhou,Fuyang,etc.should optimize their own transportation network and strengthen the relationship with cities like Bengbu,Huainan,etc.in highspeed railway network for better accessibility.And cities with highspeed railway stations like Bengbu should enhance their internal transportation network level and play an important role of highspeed railways in North Anhui.Besides,cities like Huainan,Chuzhou,etc.which is adjacent to big cities,should accelerate highspeed railway docking procedures in order to carry forward the construction of intercity highspeed railways

Spatial structure of tourism scenic is the significant part of tourism spatial structure.In recent years,spatial structure of tourism scenic has become an important research object of tourism spatial structure,and studying spatial structure of tourism scenic plays a major role in optimizing layout of tourism spatial structure and regional tourism development.Related research of spatial structure optimization of tourism scenic is relatively less,especially in fractal research of spatial structure of tourism scenic in urban circle.Taking spatial structure of tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Aerea as an example,based on analysis of tourism spatial structure in Wuhan Metropolitan Aerea,strategies and suggestion had been proposed.Tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Area had the character of distributing along river,traffic line and city,and had the obvious distribution pattern of agglomeration state.Applying fractal theory to further analyze spatial structure of tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Aerea,the following conclusions are found.Spatial structure of tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Area had obvious scalefree region and was fractal.Tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Area had apparent centrifugation,bulgy multifractal structure and fractal spatial structure in its process of selforganization evolution.With main cities Wuhan,Xianning,Huanggang,Macheng as nodes,its energy transfer and expansion were through intrasystemic linear elements,such as the Yangtze River,Beijingguangzhou highspeed railway,Jinggangao Expressway,ShanghaiChengdu Expressway.Spatial distribution of tourism scenic had strong characteristic of axis distribution,strong spatial interaction and good accessibility.Based on status analysis and fractal characterization of spatial structure of tourism scenic,“K” shape spatial development structure was the best development model of spatial structure of tourist scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Area.Constructing “K” shape spatial development structure would be helpful to integration effect of tourism scenic in Wuhan Metropolitan Area,and play a significant role in improving tourism spatial integration and competitiveness in Wuhan Metropolitan Area

During 2003-2011,total three investigating sections including waters of Nanmeng port to Xinhe port with central position in 121°26′06″E longitude and 31°33′41″N latitude,waters of North channel entrance with central position in 122°00′42″E longitude and 31°21′54″N latitude and waters of northern Jiuduansha with central position in 122°00′42″E longitude and 31°21′54″N latitude were set in southern branch waters of Yangtze River estuary.In these sections,four to six ships were arranged every year to research fishery resource of Coilia mystus in fishing season.Based on the investigations,the studies were carried out for biological characteristics,fishing features and annual yield of Coilia mystus,and comparative study with the similar research during 1997-2002 was also performed.The results showed that absolute fecundity in fishing seasons from 2003 to 2011 ranged from 3 404 to 26 850 individuals,and the average amount was 11 554 individuals; the relative fecundity ranged from 347 ind./g to 1 582 ind./g, and the average amount came to 783 ind./g;the diameter of mature eggs fluctuated between 053 mm and 106 mm,with the average value reaching 078 mm.In aforesaid period,total length of sampling groups ranged from 139 mm to 155 mm,and the mean data was 146 mm;standard length ranged from 123 mm to 137 mm,and the mean value was 129 mm;body weight ranged from 120 g to 158 g,and the mean data was 136 g;the coefficient of fullness ranged from 0387 to 0466,and the mean data was 0442.From 2003 to 2011,full length of 3691% random collecting samples were less than 140 mm,and 5709% individuals ranged from 140 to 180 mm.In the same period,body weight of 3957% samples were less than 12 g,while 4534% individuals were 12-20 g.At the beginning of the fishing season,water temperature usually fluctuated from 17℃ to 20℃.The peak fishing season period mainly occurred in later May until the middle of June,and the catch proportion in May of total catch in fishing seasons fluctuated from 30.59% to 83.76%, with the average number reaching 6117%. Fishing ships ranged from 63 to 278 with the average of 141 were used during the investigation and the catch per unit effort ranged from 3679 kg to 5 0235 kg with the average of 2 4412 kg.Total catch in Yangtze River estuary ranged from 232 t to 1 2569 t.The result showed that the downward trend of biological characteristics and annual yield could be easily found after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam.Compared with the historical data,it could be easily concluded that the Coilia mystus fishery resource is coming to be exhausted,and its fishing value is coming to be lost.Under the unfavorable background,only if the subjective factors with negative influence were improved as soon as possible,resource of Coilia mystus could gain adequate space and time.In the end,protecting proposals were also given,such as making policy of fishing forbidden and establishing protection zones

With the population increasing and rapid urbanization development,the economy and urbanization process continued to accelerate in Taihu Lake Basin.The cropland resources were fast dwindling and the supply and demand conflict of food was intensifying,while the demand for food is increasing rapidly.Based on the analysis and forecasting of minimum cropland acreage per capita and cropland pressure index model,the paper quantitatively analyzed the dynamic changes in cropland acreage and grain production respectively of Taihu Lake Basin.It was found that the population presented swift growth and cropland area kept on decreasing with the growth of GDP per capita since 1985. Simultaneously,the grain production showed instability and a tendency to decline.In general,the minimum cropland acreage per capita and cropland pressure index were obvious temporalfluctuation between 1985 and 1997,but displayed an increasing trend from 1997 to 2003 and a reduction after 2003.The analysis of different regions reveals the reality that the cropland pressure was obvious in the whole study area.The minimum cropland acreage per capita would be a continuous decrease with increasing in the arable land productivity in the next 10 years.Because of the rapid reduction in the cropland acreage per capita,the cropland pressure index will increase significantly.Two selfsufficiency rate scenario shows that the decreasing of the food selfsufficiency rate to some extent can alleviate cropland pressure at the regional scale. However,there will be a supply gap of grain for eating in the further. In view of the results of analysis and prediction,countermeasures for reduction of cropland pressure and guarantee the balance of food supply were proposed

Land is an irreplaceable material basis and space vector for human survival and society development,which lays a solid foundation for the socioeconomic activities.All the human activities will inevitably reflect in the structure of land use,and at the same time the change of land use structure will,in turn，affect the development of natural conditions as well as its social and economy development.Recently,with the development of society and increase of population,the contraction between human and land is standing out gradually.The inappropriate use of land use has an increasingly negative impact on carbon cycle of landscape ecosystem,and it is also the main human activity,only second to the burn of fossil fuel,that leads to the sharp increase of carbon dioxide in the air,accounting for the global change and imbalance of carbon cycle.Therefore,from the aspect of ecological security,how to gain a greater comprehensive output and accomplish the maximization of economy benefits，social benefits as well as ecology benefits through a proper land use，structure is an important way to solve,at least mitigate,the great contraction among land use，economy development and ecology environment.The construction of optimized land use pattern that meets the ecological benefits is an effective way to protect the limited land resources and coordinate the contradiction between the socioeconomic development and ecoenvironment.Based on the land use and socioeconomic data of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration from 2002 to 2009,this study introduces two ecological indicators,i.e.soil organic carbon stocks and land use green equivalent,as the measurement of its ecological benefits under the current land use structure.And the model of TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) is employed to evaluate the ecological rationality in each year.Then a multiobjective programming model of target year combining the maximization of economic and ecological benefits is built,and the Matlab optimization toolbox is utilized to compute the results,based on which an optimized quantitative land use structure that suits the development demands is constructed,presenting a quantitative pattern of “four increases(cultivated land,forest land,town industrial and mining land,transportation land),three minuses(other agricultural land,rural land and unused land) and three stability(garden land,grassland and other construction land)”.And through the evaluation of the ecological rationality by the TOPSIS model,the ecological benefits of target year reveals to be in a positive direction,realizing the maximization of comprehensive benefits and the balance of each land use type on the basis of the original advantage of each type.Finally,some tentative suggestions on sustainable land use are put forward,which would have some guiding significance and practical meanings on the virtuous circle of land use system and the creation of “Resourcesaving and environmentfriendly society”.Further studies in spatial pattern which takes micro factors such as field cultivation measures and regional disparity into consideration will be explored to better guide the management and function of land use policy

Growth and population dynamics of elongate loach （Leptobotia elongata Bleeker） were investigated by using FiSAT II software of FAO on length based data， 1528 specimens of elongate loach were collected from Panzhihua，Yongshan，Shuifu，Juexi，Nanxi，Neijiang，Chishui，Jiangjin，Chengjiang and Wanzhou in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River between September 2010 and August 2012The relationship between the body length（mm） and body weight（g） was expressed as W=1×10－5L3024The growth parameters estimated by length frequency analysis were：〖JP〗asymptotic length （L∞=65610 mm）， growth constant （k=015 year－1） and age at length 0 （t0=－0048 year－1） The natural mortality （M） of elongate loach was 033 year－1 by using Paulys M empirical equation， where the mean habitat temperature was 184 ℃ The total mortality （Z） was 085 year－1 and the fishing mortality （F） was 053 year－1 The exploitation rate （E） was found to be 062 During 2010-2011， the average stock of elongate loach from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was 1321 tonnes， with a number of 162 862 individuals The MSY was estimated to be 517 t for elongate loach The analysis of related parameters and relative yieldperrecruit suggest that elongate loach in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is overexploited Corresponding conservative fishery strategies should be carried out to protect the elongate loach in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

The biomass and its allocation of Artocarpus nanchuanensis seedlings in different age classes were measured and analyzed,and the biomass allometric equations were established.The results showed as follows.With the increase of seedling ages，the biomass and its components of the undergrowth single Artocarpus nanchuanensis increased. The difference of branch biomass was the biggest，and the disparity achieved 4789 times.The aboveground biomass generally allocated in the order of stem biomass>leaf biomass>branch biomass.The stump and coarse roots in different ages seedling dominated the underground biomass,and the average biomass distribution rate of various sizes of roots had the sequence of stump root biomass>coarse root biomass>minor root biomass.As a main part of biomass,the proportion of aboveground biomass in total biomass decreased with the increase of seedling age and finally tended to stabilize.The single biomass and the biomass in different organs were more relevant to basal diameter (D)  than the height (H) and HD2,and a power function model was the better one.The allometric equation of minor root biomass was the worst one,the rest were better,and the correlation coefficient ranged from 0873 to 0989.It indicates that the biomass allometric equations has been established is feasible

Wild Cymbidium tortisepalum var.longibracteatum (Orchidaceae) plants in Sichuan Province of China have become endangered due to overharvesting in recent years.In order to provide theoretical and technical basis on wild C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum biodiversity conservation and reintroduction in a larger scale,a systematic investigation on the main habitats of populations was conducted based on representative plot survey in Parallel Ridgevalley Region of the Eastern Sichuan in 2010.The results showed that the wild C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum distributed mainly under the mixed forest of Pinoideae and Fagaceae，Mixed Fagaceae forest and [JP2]Pinus forest where the altitude was about 680－1 900 m，[JP] and its main associated plants were composed of 34 species belonging to 15 families，28 genera in tree layer,18 species belonging to 12 families，15 genera in shrub layer and 17 species belonging to 12 families,14 genera in field layer.Among associated plants,the shade density of tree layer was from 0.2 to 0.4,and the dominant species were Pinus massoniana, Fagus longipetiolata,Pinus henryi,Pinus tabuliformis, Fagus pashanica,Lithocarpus cleistocarpus and Quercus acutissima etc.The coverage of shrub layer was from 30% to 50%,and the dominant species were Rhododendron,Coriaria sinica,Camellia japomica,Rubus orchorifolius and Pyracantha fortuneana etc.The coverage of field layer was about 40% to 80%，and its dominant species were Bryophyta，lichen,Pteridophyta.Among these plants,Pinus massoniana,Rhododendron,Bryophyta and Pteridophyta can be used as indicative plants for its high important value.Species diversity of plant community in different populations was investigated.Plants in the populations associated with suitable habitats of C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum were prosperity and lush.Species abundance index of D was between 1.915 to 3.572 in 10 populations.Compared with others,the population of 1st,3rd and 6th had relatively low index of H′(Shannonwiener index) and E (Pielou index),and had high ecological density of C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum,which indicated that individuals of Pinaceae and Fagaceae were more than some other species and prominent in those populations.The individual quantity of every population of wild C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum were only from 11 to 60 individual plants per ha，which revealed that this species in Parallel Ridgevalley Region in the Eastern Sichuan had become endangered due to overharvesting.Although C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum is rather rare,the habitat of wild C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum were still protected well.These results,combined with other information about C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum,may provide an important basis for proposing conservation strategies.In situ conservation will be suitable for in Parallel Ridgevalley Region of the Eastern Sichuan,especially in Tongjiang(the 1st population and 3rd population)and Nanjiang(the 6th population),while the researches about seed physiology and symbiotic germination to raise germination rate of C.tortisepalum var.longibracteatum in wild environment and the application of reintroduction in the conservation of endangered orchid should be taken into consideration to expand the population to save the endangered status

The Yangtze River originates from Geladandong snow mountain located at the north of Tanggula mountains It is 1 217 km long in Qinghai province. In order to know more about community structure of phytoplankton from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River and to provide important basic data and scientific basis for water ecological environment evaluation and reasonable development and utilization of water resources from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River. The phytoplankton community from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River was investigated in spring(April) and autumn(October),2012 The community structure and environmental conditions were analyzed according to species composition,quantity,biomass and ShannonWiener diversity and the Pielou diversity and Marggalef diversity.The results showed that most of the phytoplankton was rivertype It was adapt to the piateau climate and watery environment.There were 3 phyla including 62 species of phytoplankton from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River in spring and autumn.Bacillariophyta were represented by the highest number of taxa(42，678%), follwed by Chlorophyta(11，177%)，Cyanophyta(9，145%) .14 dominant species were Diatoma vulgare，Diatoma elongatum，Synedra acus，Achnanthes sp.，Navicula sp.，Cymbella sp.，Fragilaria sp.，Melosira sp.，Gomphonem sp.，Hantzchia sp.，Cyclotella sp.，Oscillatoria tenuis，Phormidium sp.and Chlorella sp.,among which 12 species were Bacillariophyta. As the seasons changed,the variation of phytoplankton was not obvious. Bacillariophyta were dominant population in spring(April) and autumn(October).The phytoplankton density from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River in spring(April) and autumn(October) ranged from 1263×104cells/L to 4541×104cells/L, with the averge of 3487×104 cells/L，and the phytoplankton biomass ranged from 0050 8 mg/L to 0298 9 mg/L, with the averge of 0138 8 mg/L.The mean density and the mean biomass of Bacillariophyta was 87.86% and 96.68%，respectively. The phytoplankton standing crops showed higher in spring (April) than in autum (October)， and higher in tributaies streams than in main streams.The mean ShannonWiener diversity was 2.51，the mean Pielou diversity was 070，and the mean Marggalef diversity was 089. The ShannonWiener diversity, the Pielou diversity and Marggalef diversity was higher in autumn(October) than spring(April).Compared with the research of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river, proportion of Bacillariophyta from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River was higher than the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River At the same time,that result showed that the quality of water at Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze River was better than the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Combined with the indicators of phytoplankton, these structure characteristics indicated that phytoplankton from Qumalai to Yushu section in the upstream reach of the Yangtze river was more stable,species distribution was more evenly，trophic state of this river was oligotraphentic,and the aquatic environment was good

The forest is one of the important carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems,it plays an irreplaceable role in reducing the accumulation of greenhouse gases and slowing global warming.So accurately estimating and analysing vasious carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystem ,carbon density,realistic assessment of the different types of vegetation and soil carbon storage capacity played the important role played in treasonable evaluation of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon cycle.Forest carbon sequestration is the key parameters to researching the relationship between forests and atmospheric carbon exchange and estimateing the forest absorption or the emission of carboncontaining gas.We can study them through traditional harvest method,the method of sample investigation,the method of tree rings,the method of estimation by Remote Sensing,the method of flux measurement and model simulation.The biomass of forest communities is the best indicator of the productivity of the forest.The biomass of forest communities which is also the most direct expression of the level of ecosystems.Forest ecosystem structure and function is also a comprehensive reflection of the quality of the environmental quality of the forest ecosystem.Forest carbon storage is the basic parameters of studying the exchange of carbon between the forest and the atmosphere.Based on ecological function and forest resources inventory data in Qinghai province and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF) method we estimated carbon storage and carbon density of forest vegetation in Qinghai Province,China.We found the results showed that the carbon storage of arbor forest in Qinghai Province is 11 182 642.22 t,the date accounting for 1.98% of the same period of the country's total carbon storage.Accounting to our analysis,the middleaged forest type is a larger proportion of carbon storage which have not yet reached the maximum,and if people utilize a better management it will have its development space in forest ecosystem of Qinghai Province.The first four natural forest types in carbon storage of Qinghai Province in the past 20 years are: Chamaecyparis funebris Betula spp Populus Picea asperata,which shows that these types of natural forests in Qinghai forest vegetation occupies an important position.The estimation method of The carbon storage in this paper still have problems that we should consider different forest types and use different methods of calculation

We used the Poyang lake catchment as study area in this paper.The distributed hydrological model WATLAC was used to explore the catchment hydrological effects in response to climate changes.We used the observed river discharges of five subcatchments to calibrate and validate the hydrological model in simulation period from 2000 to 2008.Results showed that the simulation effects were good.Thereafter,the river discharge,soil evaporation and base flow were used as objective variables of sensitivity analysis to investigate the hydrological response to proposed climate change scenarios.Results showed that the catchment discharge and base flow were sensitive to precipitation changes.The soil evaporation was relatively sensitive to temperature changes.Under the condition of specified precipitation scenarios,these hydrological variables had linear relationship with the temperature changes.Under the condition of specified temperature scenarios,the relationship between the hydrological variables and the precipitation changes was nonlinear.The significant influences of temperature change on the hydrological variables were mainly associated with the increased precipitation.Under the same temperature change scenarios,the increased precipitation had more significant influence on discharge compared with the decreased precipitation.Whereas the decreased precipitation had more significant influence on soil evaporation and base flow than the increased precipitation,which indicated that the precipitation changes played an important role in causing different effects of hydrological variables.We have successfully applied a large scale distributed hydrological model in the Poyang lake catchment.This model was used to study the hydrological effects in response to possible climate changes.More importantly,this study provided a solid scientific basis for regional water resources management and flood regulation

Based on the daily precipitation data in the flood seasons (from April to June) During 1960-2011 from 83 stations in Jiangxi Province，the extreme precipitation threshold values for all stations were determined firstly.Taking 95 percentiles as threshold value of precipitation events，the extreme precipitation event frequency in flood season was counted and their temporal and spatial characteristics were analyzed by use of five main methods including EOF，REOF，trend analysis，moving ttest analysis and Maximum Entropy Spectral analysis.The results showed that geographical distribution of extreme precipitation threshold was characterized by increasing from west to east and from south to north in Jiangxi province.The frequency of extreme precipitation event was 3-5 times，and most regions was about 4 time.The areas in which the extreme precipitation events often occurred were mainly concentrated along the ZhejiangJiangxi railway.The average frequency of extreme precipitation in flood season of Jiangxi appeared to be a growth trend，and it also showed a large interannual difference.The extremely precipitation events frequency anomaly in flood season over Jiangxi was positive in early 1960s，from late 1960s to mid1970s，in middle and late 1990s，and was negative in mid1960s，from late 1970s to early 1980s，from midlate 1980s to early 1990s.EOF analysis showed that the ratio of the front 5 eigenvectors with the contributing rate of cumulative sums of squared was 63.8%，which passed the significant level test according to the NORTH method.Consistent anomaly distribution was the main spatial mode of extreme precipitation event frequency in Jiangxi Province，and the variance contribution rate of the first mode was 34.5%.The spatial distribution of extreme precipitation event frequency was complex with anomaly difference between the north and the midsouth of Jiangxi.REOF analysis manifested that extreme precipitation fields in Jiangxi could be divided into five main regions.In all of the representative stations，region Ⅰ did not have a very significant growth or decline change，but it came through fewmorefew change; region Ⅱ，region Ⅲ and region Ⅴ had a rather weak growth trend; region Ⅳ had a rather weak decline trend in the recent 52 years.The moving ttest analysis showed that two of the five subregions appeared significant abrupt changes in extreme precipitation frequency.There were abrupt changes in Yushan in 1976 and 1986，and Yongfeng in 1974 and 1984 for the extreme precipitation event frequency.The other three representative stations did not have significant abrupt changes in extreme precipitation frequency.The Maximum Entropy Spectral analysis showed that 65 and 26 years period was significant in region I; 2—4 years period was significant in region Ⅱ; the major notable cycle was basically the same in regions Ⅲ and Ⅳ，including main periods of 3—4 years; 3.2 years period of interannual variation and 13 years period of interdecadal variation were significant in region V.The preceding SST over equator east Pacific Ocean had significant impact on extreme precipitation events in flood season of Jiangxi.The extreme precipitation event frequency in flood season had obviously isotopic distribution with the preceding MayJune and winter SST over equator east Pacific Ocean

This paper employed a choice model to estimate the nonmarket value of improvements in the water quality of the Dianchi lake.A choice experiment study was administered to 310 randomly selected Kunming households and the data were analyzed using multinomial logit model.The results reveal that the probability of respondents’ option for water quality improvement had significant positive correlations with household income,targeted water quality level,and a recognized value of ecological improvement,and had significant negative correlations with water surcharge,the case of whether there were children in the surveyed household,and the years that the corresponds had lived in the current houses.The average willingness to pay per household for the improvement of water quality from the status quo to Level IV and III were estimated to be 42 and 91 Yuan per month,or 504 and 1092 Yuan per year,respectively.The average annual values for the two improvements in water quality were 692 million and 1499 million,accounting for 011% and 023% of average annual household income,respectively.The results could provide information for economic feasibility study of water quality improvement projects and for making decision for ecological damage compensation.It reveals that discrete choice model is a good tool for estimating the nonmarket value of water quality improvement as it can model complex tradeoffs.Further study can be carried out to explore the effects and implicit values of attributes other than water quality and surcharge

In recent years,the frequent occurrence of sudden water pollution accident poses a great threat to the safety of the water source area,therefore it is more and more important to make early warning and simulation and rapid response to the accident.Against the characteristic of sudden water pollution,based on the visualization capability of GIS,it made the spatial discretization by orthogonal curved mesh,and integrated GIS and the horizontal twodimensional instantaneous discharge water quality model,to achieve dynamic simulation and water source area pollutant concentration excessive warning of sudden water pollution accident.The results showed that it forecasted the spatiotemporal migration status of the pollution zone formed by the sudden accident emission in the Changjiang River effectively,and provided a powerful support for environmental protection and treatment of sudden water pollution accident in Wuhan section of the Changjiang River

Since the reform and openingup in 1978,institutional innovation and technological progress have promoted the development of agricultural economy.However,due to the “threehigh (high energy consumption,high investment,and high waste)” mode of agricultural production,great achievements in agricultural development were largely at the expense of the ecological environment.Agricultural development and environmental protection have become an increasingly prominent conflict.Therefore,it is an important and urgent task to solve the contradiction among agricultural development,resource utilization and ecological environment protection.Following Islam,this paper developed a theoretical model to decompose the relationship between economic development and agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Using provincial level panel data from year 1990 to 2010,this paper investigated the driving mechanisms of the evolution of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in order to provide the theoretical basis for the control and management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution.The main conclusions are as follows.(1) The evolution of agricultural nonpoint source pollution was simultaneously influenced by the scale effect,the structure effect and the abatement effect.The scale effect was the effect of the scale of agricultural economic activity on agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Economic production consumed natural resources and produced waste,and therefore had a negative impact on the environment.The structure effect reflected the effect of the share of different industrial output on agricultural nonpoint source pollution.In different industries,factor inputs and production processes were different.Therefore,different industrial output had different impact on the environment.The abatement effect reflected the effect of the demand for environmental quality and the increase of environmental investment due to the increase of the level of economic development,technological progress,and the reform of agricultural environmental management system on agricultural nonpoint source pollution.(2) Empirical results show that the scale effect positively affected agricultural nonpoint source pollution,indicating that the expansion of the scale of agricultural production and rural population increased agricultural nonpoint source pollution.The two important aspects of the structure effect,i.e.the rise of the proportion of cash crop as well as the production value of livestock and poultry,increased agricultural nonpoint source pollution as well.The abatement effect due to technological progress and economic development started to play a role in effectively reducing agricultural nonpoint source pollution.This made the coordinated development between agricultural production and ecological environment possible