Assessment of ecological quality is central to environmental management but at present little consensus exists on what it constitutes Increasing recognition of the validity of including human values as part of our understanding of ecological quality has arisen with the concept of ecosystem services，ie the benefits people obtain from ecosystems，as a means of valuing ecosystems As the largest and most modern city，Shanghai has experienced extensive urban expansion and urbanization since Chinas economic reform in the late 1970s In the process of urbanization，natural vegetation cover is largely replaced by paved surfaces，and open spaces are maintained for recreational or ornamental purposes，so that the ecosystem dynamics of the remaining green areas of the city are usually quite different from those of the open countryside Changes in vegetation imply changes in the physical properties of land surface，including surface albedo，surface roughness，leafarea index，rooting depth，and availability of soil moisture The resulting ecological consequences of urban sprawl have caused considerable concern among scientists and policy makers To date，however，spatially explicit monitoring of the urbanization together with comprehensive studies of the ecological consequences of human settlements in the entire Shanghai area has not been conducted Based on the climate data from 11 meteorological stations，land use data derived from satellite remote sensing，and damage data from meteorological disaster and vegetation leaf area index data，the assessment index system of urban ecological quality for human settlements was built using analytic hierarchy process and Delphi technique. The assessment and regionalization of ecological quality of human settlements was completed at 250 m spatial grid from humidity index，meteorological disaster index，water body density index，vegetation coverage index and vegetation quality index with the help of remote sensing and geographic information system technique The results indicate that the assessment index system is suitable for the assessment of ecological quality of human settlements in Shanghai，and in recent years，the integrated ecological quality of human settlements is good or fair in most of Shanghai In some parts of Minhang，Baoshan and Jiading and several parts of Qingpu and Pudong，the ecological quality of human settlements is poor This is related with the more areas of industrial or construction land，more meteorological disasters and lower vegetation cover and vegetation quality in these regions In some parts of Northern and Southern Chongming and several parts of Pudong，Nanhui and Fengxian，the ecological quality of human settlements is excellent This is attributed to the higher humidity index，water bodies density index， vegetation coverage index and vegetation quality in these regions As the third largest island in China and the largest alluvial island in the world，Chongming is declared as an ecological island by the Shanghai Government and all development activities that conflict with the protection of the environment will be prohibited，so in most parts of Chongming the ecological quality of human settlements is good or excellent Despite its major economic development，Shanghai has also seen severe ecological problems in recent years Managing the tradeoffs between urbanization and ecological protection will be a major challenge for local policy makers.

 Urban sprawl is a form in the process of rapid urbanization in recent China. The urban expansion has led to urban sprawl. The sprawl phenomenon is closely related to sustainable land development; it affects the social, economic and environmental development. If urban sprawl is controlled reasonably, it can conserve resources and promote the city connotation development. The internal mechanism of sprawl and fractal theory was used to construct sprawl measurement indicator system, GIS means was applied to calculate the index, and spatial and temporal difference was analyzed through the fractal dimension and spatial stability index. This paper took the urban expansion of Maanshan City during 2005－2010 as a study case, and indicated that urban sprawl could be measured through growth configuration, urban growth efficiency and its impacts of urban growth. This study described the urban growth configuration based on fractal theory, and established an urban sprawl evaluation system with AHP on the basis of western experiences and approaches from sprawl mechanism and the traditional perspective of spatial pattern for measuring sprawl in Maanshan City, covering eight factors of irregular of land patches, patch fragmentation, clustering, concentration, elasticity index, economy, commuter and urban life quality, a total of 12 indices in all. Specifically, patch fractal dimension（D）, patch shape index（LS）, stability index（SK）, fragmentation of builtup land （FC）, leapfrog index（LF）, compactness（C）, the rate of change of the central area population density（PD）, consumption of builtup land for construction per new population（PC）,twentythree production inputoutput coefficient（IO）, builtup land and economic growth coefficient（CE）, crowding level（CL）and residential density（RD） were developed for measuring the degree of urban sprawl. ArcGIS 9.3 was selected to analyze landuse data in order to calculate by weight sum of these 12 indices. The results show as follows. （1） The fractal theory was applied to study the quantitative research of sprawl degree. （2） During the study period, the sprawl degree of three districts in the study area was different, but the overall sprawl trend was similar. （3） The sprawl degree, fractal dimension and builtup land fragmentation were being related. It was negatively correlated with spatial stability index. Based on the result, we discussed the regional spatial differences of urban sprawl and some proposals were put forward from many aspects. The study area was further divided into 86 smaller regions, which selected street or village as a unit to calculate builtup land stability coefficient, fragmentation, the compact degree and the shape index of urban space. The builtup land fractal dimension was closer to 1.5. It indicated that the overall stability of the plaque was low, and the expansion ring in the study area was from the city center to the periphery; if it was closer to the city center area, the builtup land fragmentation was smaller, and the concentration of compact was higher;[JP2] if it was away from the city center area, the builtup[JP] land fragmentation was larger, and the concentration of compact was lower. The SK, FC, CI and LS in the spatial distribution were similar to urban sprawl morphological characteristics. The mechanism of urban sprawl in Maanshan City was landoriented. Economic development was one drive to suppress the urban sprawl.

The population distribution is the manifestation of population change in geographic space In order to insure rational distribution of population and coordinated development of population，resources，environment and society，it is important to identify the laws and determine the factors for population change by studying temporal and spatial evolution process of population distribution Based on data from year of 1982，1990，2000，and 2010，this paper used the methods of administrative divisions，circle direction，space interpolation and hot spot analysis to analyze spatial pattern evolution process of population in Nanjing for the recent 30 years from different levels of areas，counties，towns and grids Then，
six characteristics of population pattern evolution were summarized up.  （1）Population grew steadily，with rapid growth in the central city and slow growth in the suburban.（2）Population density decreased from the centre to the suburb，showing sphere variation feature.（3）The distribution of population was uneven，concentrating on central city，Metro and Development Zone.（4）The first degree of population enhanced，but the distribution pattern tended to be scattered.（5）The population distribution pointed to a centain direction，with the population size in the north being large and the fluctuation being significant.（6）The process of population urbanization accelerated，and suburbanization began to take shape Finally，it illustrated the mechanism of population distribution evolution in Nanjing from the perspectives of ecomonic development，geographical barrier，industrial upgrading and distribution adjustment，construction of metro and development zones，transport accessibility，the level of public services and facilities，work and living opportunity，urban spatial development policies and urban planning Then，the paper used regression model to prove its ideas The conclution is that the rapid developing economy，industrial upgrading，improved public services，more jobs，focusing developing policy in urban space manifested gathering role，and the construction of the Metro and Development Zone，convenient traffic condition，wider living space played diffusion roleOverall，the agglomeration effect was greater than the diffusion effect.

Population culture quality is one of indexes in social attributes of population， the level of intelligence and knowledge， the ability of judging and handling problems in scientific way It is also one of the important indicators to weigh the comprehensive strength of a country or region Increasing of population culture quality must be good to accelerate the harmony developing of society， whats more， it will produce a key influence to promoting economy and society Culture quality is the most important angle in research on spatial structure of population quality and the mach with city scale rather than health quality， mind quality and so on In the choice of research area， the published papers tend to pick country， province or city， research on county is less Even though city scale has cleared link with culture quality， the match with city is studied less This paper took Jiangxi province as the research union， used the data of fifth and sixth nationwide census， utilized some softwares combined with several mathematical methods to measure indicators of culture quality in every place and to investigate its dynamic evolution of spatial pattern from the year of 2000 and 2010 The matcheddegree between people culture quality and its city scale was measured by match analysis method In order to make the result more deeply， this paper analyzed from two aspects: the three regions including north， central and south of Jiangxi， and the prefecturelevel city The diversity of former kind regions especially economy was obvious The north area took the lead in Jiangxi Province， the central was the old district and played an important role in the history， and the south had distinguishing feature in mineral resources The study results were as follows （1）The space was based on wriggle aggregation， and the phenomenon that highquality population gathered in the north of Jiangxi had not changed （2）The condition of culturecity offset was improved from the larger regional disparities to balanced development （3）The north， central and south of Jiangxi belonged to the dominant of culture， culturecity gradually matched in north of Jiangxi， deviation degree and culture dominate increased in central and south of Jiangxi Matching state in the prefecturelevel city was good in all， three types were all distributed in theprefecturelevel city.

Since the development strategy of central China was carried out，three urban agglomerations as Wuhan City Circle，ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan City Cluster and Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone have been formed along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. It is the basic and strategic direction for the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Urban Agglomerations to carry forward the integration process，promote the regional updating of industrial structure and forge the fourth pole of Chinese economic development. Apparently，the accelerating of regional integration of the Yangtze River Middle Reaches Urban Agglomerations is not only beneficial to carry on the competitive industry transferring to promote locative industry development，but also is beneficial to promote the development of the Central Henan Urban Agglomeration and deliver the developing potential energy of eastern areas toward the western areas，thus narrowing the development gap between western areas and eastern ones，which are of great significance. In this paper，we  adopted the threes dimensions of density，distance and segmentation to evaluate the regional integration level and built the evaluation systems in reference to the report of “World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography” by the World Bank in 2010. In addition，we adopted certain data from 2000 to 2010 and made practical investigation in the respective city cluster areas. What is more，we made analysis of the date through taking advantage of the method of AHP and Standard Deviation to measure the specific integration level of Wuhan City Circle，ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan City Cluster and Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone，and finally made a comparison. The results were as follows: （1） The integration level of ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan City Cluster showed best，Wuhan City Circle followed and the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone was the lowest，and the three urban agglomerations integration levels showed a growing trend. （2） The difference in market integration，administrative integration and social integration were obvious of the three urban agglomerations as Wuhan City Circle，ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan City Cluster and Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone，however，the difference were narrowing. （3） Wuhan City Circle integration level were improving steadily under the promotion of strategy of “energysaving，environmentprotective” construction；ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan City Cluster showed unique advantage as the earliest experiment site; Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone showed obvious latermover advantage. Finally，we tried to sweep away the obstacles of regional integration of the urban clusters，and put forwards certain suggestions to build the linkage mechanism of regional development

Land resources are the carrier of all resources and environmental factors，which has played an extremely important role in the socioeconomic operation.Wushan County is mainly mountainous，the land resources are very barren，the arable land which mostly is sloping land has a poor quality，and the soil erosion is much more serious than other areas.Due to the construction of the Three Gorges Project,a large number of immigrants need to build their new home in place.The pressure which is carried by land is surging.All of the above has hindered the sustainable socioeconomic development in Wushan County.In recent years，scholars note that the rational utilization of land resources in Wushan County has a crucial importance on sustainable development and the coordinated development of the humanland relationship in Wushan County.Because of this，the scholars have conducted a preliminary study and have published a number of papers.The number of the research papers which is mainly about ecological footprint of the county scale accounts for 783% of the total number of papers of the ecological footprint.The quantity of the papers is very poor and the number of the results of original research is very small.In the process of quantitative analysis of the land carrying capacity in Wushan County，the paper referred to the results of previous studies，and used ecological footprint model to analyze the land carrying capacity in Wushan County from 2005 to 2010，to provide a basis and reference for the ecological building and sustainable development in Wushan County.In this paper，the land of ecological carrying capacity of Wushan County from 2005 to 2010 was analyzed by using the principles and models of the ecological footprint.According to the principles and models of the ecological footprint，this paper calculated the ecological footprint from 2005 to 2010 in Wushan County，the ecological carrying capacity in 2005 and 2010 in Wushan County，and the ecological footprints of production per ten thousand Yuan in Wushan County.On the basis of the computing results，the paper analyzed the tendency of the ecological footprint and the ecological footprints of production per ten thousand Yuan from 2005 to 2010，and analyzed the ecological deficit and surplus in Wushan County.The results show that Wushan County ecological footprint had an increasing trend，increased from 1 812 374.4 hm2 to 1 203 357 hm2.In recent years，the Wushan County ecological footprint increased significantly faster，but the ecological carrying capacity was not much different between the year of 2005 and 2010.Between six years,the ecological footprint of Wushan County significantly exceeded the land of ecological carrying capacity，so that the ecological deficit came out.The per capita ecological deficit grew from 1.336 2 hm2 to 2.194 2 hm2.The consumption of natural resources was far more beyond the resources that the region could supply;as a result，it hindered the sustainable development of Wushan County.The ecological footprint of production per ten thousand Yuan was in the downward trend in volatility in Wushan County.From 2005 to 2010，it decreased by 201 hm2，presenting a declining trend.The resource utilization had a gradual increase in efficiency.The output rate of the biologically productive area was increasing.The mode of economic development was developing from extensive，energyintensive type to an intensive，energyefficient type.On this basis，time sequence of ecological footprint model from 2005-2010 was established as dependent variable in this study，and according to the change mechanism of regional social and economic development and the ecological footprint，eight social economic development related index was chosen as the independent variable，then the linear regression model was established.Model test result was satisfied，and through correlation analysis，principal component analysis and other methods revealed the strong drive effect from social and economic development index to the per capita ecological footprint

The Dynamic Factor Analysis(DFA)，integrated the crosssection analysis results through Principal Component Analysis(PCA) and time series analysis results through linear regression model，is a multivariate statistical analysis method，which has the characteristics of objectivity and comprehensiveness and others.So far this method appears in few researches at home and abroad.Using the STATA statistical analysis tools，this paper applied DFA to analyze the tourism competitiveness in Sichuan province by integrating the vertical and horizontal comparison.This paper focused on understanding the development and changes of tourism industry in Sichuan and its position in the country，thus to provide a reference for its future strategy of tourism industry development.The results show that socioeconomic environment factor was the most important factor to affect the tourism competitiveness of Sichuan.In addition，factors of tourism reception capacity and market，tourism resources，professional staff and ecoenvironment had varying degrees of impact on tourism competitiveness.The average composite score of tourism competitiveness in Sichuan was 1394，which was topranking in the 31 regions from lateral perspective，indicating a strong comprehensive strength.Meanwhile，tourism competitiveness had changed significantly in Sichuan during 2006-2010 from the vertical perspective，and showed a very unstable state from 2008 in particular.Specifically，the development of tourism was in a steady upward trend from 2006 to 2007，but immediately it dropped to the lowest in 2008，then rose quickly in 2009 and had a downward trend in 2010 again，which was however lower than the level in 2006.This is mainly due to the impact of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008.The paper further proposed that Sichuan Province should focus on five aspects mentioned above to enhance tourism competitiveness，namely，the socioeconomic environment，tourism reception capacity and market，tourism resources，professional staff and ecoenvironment.Overall，DFA is suitable for the evaluation of tourism competitiveness in Sichuan，and the result is in line with the reality.Compared with other methods，this method has certain advantages，that is，the changes in regional tourism competitiveness over time can be reflected，which makes up for the lack of those static evaluation methods and should be widely applied

Exploring the interactions between urban land intensive utilization and urbanization has theoretical and practical significance for scientific formulation guidelines and policies for urban land utilization，accelerating land utilization manner change，and promoting social health and sustainable development.Based on defining the connotation of urban land intensive utilization and urbanization，the paper constructed evaluation index system for urban land intensive utilization and urbanization，then measured the level of urban land intensive utilization and urbanization in Jiangsu province from 1985 to 2008 by improved entropy method and efficacy function method The interactions between urban land intensive utilization and urbanization were explored by econometrics analysis method，such as cointegration test，vector error correction model，impulse response function，variance decomposition and so on.The results showed that the level of urban land intensive utilization gradually increased in Jiangsu Province since 1985，while the level of urbanization gradually increased，especially after 1998，and the comprehensive index for urbanization increased rapidly，showing an accelerated growth trend.Both of urbanization and urban land intensive utilization were integrated of order one.There was equilibrium relationship between urban land intensive utilization and urbanization.The improvement of urbanization would worsen the urban land intensive utilization in the short run.However，the increase of urbanization was propitious to urban land intensive utilization in the long run，and the role of response was more prominent and stable.The response of urban land intensive utilization to urbanization impulse was remarkable, and the urbanization impulse could explain the change of urban land intensive utilization to a certain extent of 58.44%; the response of urbanization to urban land intensive utilization was weak and the urban land intensive utilization impulse could explain the change of urbanization to lower level.Therefore，it was necessary to take longterm measures such as further transformation of economic development mode，promoting the strategic adjustment of economic structure，optimizing the layout of industrial upgrading，orderly promoting urbanization，strengthening supervision and management for land utilization，improving the level of land intensive utilization，and constantly enhancing the support capabilities of land resources for economic and social development

As one of the main urban area of Chongqing, land use pattern of Shapingba district is strongly changed from the east to the west with the rapid development of social economy in recent years. The aim of this paper is to study the evolution process of farmland landscape in urban and suburban area, summarize the farmland landscape evolution model, and then provide reference measures for the rational utilization of agricultural resources of the study areas in future.Here Shapingba District is took as the study area，and it can be divided into four regions according to its morphologic characteristics：eastern hills as A area, karst low mountains as B area, central shallow hill as C area, west karst low mountains as D area.Taking MSS images in 1978 and the TM images of 1988, 1995, 2001,2007,2010 as the basic data source, we obtained land cover spatial data sets in six phase by interpreting MSS images of the 1978 and five phase TM images of 1988, 1995, 2001,2007,2010 in the Shapingba District.By calculating landscape structure index change, spatial variation amplitudes,we analyzed the spatial pattern evolution of farmland landscape, the amplitude evolution of spatial distribution and functional changes of farmland landscape caused by planting structure in the study area.The results showed that the average patch area of farmland in A,B,C,D area decreased at a large extent during 1979-2010, relavant patch numbers increased significantly, patch density was on gradually increasing trend, the diversity index and evenness index of the other three districts were gradually increasing except zone A which was gradually reducing, and the overall fragmentation degree of farmland landscape enhanced.We took year 2001 as boundary，during 1979-2001, the district arable land was relatively stable in addition to the Zone A which decreased rapidly; and then during 2001-2010 the evolution of arable land in A, C two areas belonged to a rapidly subsided type, the B, D areas belonged to a gradually subside type.From year 2003 to 2007, the growing crop types and functional orientation of every area changed obvious in the study area, at the same time, the study area was in the process of the transition from traditional urban agriculture to modern urban agriculture.From the core area of eastern main city to the western area in Jinyun Mountain, farmland landscape of the study area appeared a special mode of jump mutationevolving.Area A had almost no cultivated land existing; developing tourism was the main task in area B （we can take the farmland landscape into tourism）; the farmland landscape in area C was broad, with urbanization and industrial park promoting, at the same time agricultural landscape should also be reasonable reserved; ecological environment in area D preservation was better （we can increase investment of science and technology and develop the characteristic type of compound ecological efficient suburban agriculture

China is in the nexus of the 12th FiveYear Plan at present.The continuous growth of the total population,the rapid increase of urbanization rate and the consumption level of urban and rural residents cause the demand of the whole society for agricultural products increasing. However, the fact is the shortage of arable land resources, soil contamination,and the ecological degradation,and this will be a serious threat to economic and social sustainable development in China.Land consolidation as a way to promote the scientific and effective allocation of arable land resources,to improve land utilization,to coordinate the relationship between people and land and to ensure the dynamic balance of the total arable land has become the inevitable choice to alleviate the problem.Land consolidation project has conducted more than ten years from the late 1990s in our country.The problems of how effective the land consolidation is,where need to be improved and what kind of direction of the future land consolidation should be will have a direct impact on the development of land consolidation in China.The post benefit evaluation of land consolidation project implementation is an important topic in land consolidation,and a scientific research on the post benefit evaluation of land consolidation project implementation is of great significance for normalizing and guiding land consolidation practice and for realizing scientific decision of land consolidation.Taking land consolidation project in Changyang Tujia Autonomous country,Hubei province as a case,with the related theories as a guide and the basic data of the project area,the evaluation index system that consists of 15 index was established,the landscape benefit was taken as an independent hand to evaluation in order to make some beneficial exploration for the improvement of land consolidation benefit evaluation.Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to calculate the weight of every index and the multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to establish the evaluation model,the economic benefits,social benefits,ecological benefits,landscape benefit and comprehensive benefit before and after the project were evaluated.The research results show as follows.After the implementation of the land consolidation project,the project area economic benefit evaluation grade improved from grade C to grade B+,and the score from 3342 points to 8419 points;social benefit evaluation grade improved from grade C to grade B+,and the score from 3352 points to 8208 points;ecological benefit evaluation grade improved from grade C to grade B+,and the score from 3446 points to 8050 points;landscape benefit evaluation grade improved from grade C to grade A,and the score from 3273 points to 8903 points;comprehensive benefit evaluation grade improved from grade C to grade B+,and the score from 3370 points to 8340 points.Therefore,all the benefits had an obvious improvement,but there was still a large room for improvement to social and ecological benefit.In addition,the landscape benefit had great potential,and it should get more attention in the future project and be regarded as one of the important content of the post benefit evaluation of land consolidation project implementation

Based on the Landsat TM /ETM images and field survey data，the distribution, quality, spatial pattern and dynamic change principle of Tricholoma matsutake habitat in Ganzi region from the year 1994 to 2004 were studied with the aids of 3“S” techniques．This paper intends to provide scientific base for making decision for the protection and restoration of Tricholoma matsutake habitat.The results were as follows.(1)Three types of Tricholoma matsutake habitats were divided by means of the lifetype of community constructing species,sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaved forest,needlebroad leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest.(2)Enhancement of human disturbance activity leaded to the habitat landscape fragmentation and the ecotone area had an increasing tendency from the year 1994 to 2004,mainly including the increase of the total patch Edge Density,Landscape Shape Index,Interspersion Juxtaposition Index,Patch Richness and Shannon′s Diversity Index,and the decline of Largest Patch Index and Contagion Index.(3)Remote Sensing data showed that the forest area,which was closely associated with Tricholoma matsutake habitat,was up to 1 728 96309 hm2 in 2004,increased by 4329% compared with the habitat area in 1994.The habitat area of the Quercus aquifolioides and Picea likiangensis forest and Pinus densata and Quercus pannosa forest newly formed was 409 95468 hm2 and 24 61428 hm2 respectively during past decade years.Increasing in area,types and numbers of the habitat patches leaded to the delaying of the fragmentation process.(4)The Abies squamata forest,Pinus densata forest,Quercus aquifolioides and Picea likiangensis forest and Quercus semecarpifolia and Abies squamata forest were the dominant patch types.To boost the environmental quality of the Tricholoma matsutake habitat,it is necessary to adjust the dense,structure and composition proportion of Abies,Picea,Pinus,and Quercus species in the tree layer of coniferous forest and mixed wood as well as to improve the light conditions under forest to ensure the development of Quercus species

The effects of gonad development and age on the serum antioxidant enzyme activities of captive F1 Chinese sturgeon,Acipenser sinensis,were studied.When females in the period of slow gonadal development and males in the period of fast gonadal development were compared,testosterone (T) and the ratio of estrogen (E2)〖DK〗∶testosterone levels were significantly different.Compared to males,the females had a significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P<005),but higher activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and SOD/MDA,although these differences were not significant (P＞0.05).For MDA and SOD/MDA in the serum of males and females,high values were found for the correlation coefficients (r=-0915,r=-0818,P<001,respectively).Serum E2/T levels correlated with MDA,SOD/MDA (r=-0635,r=0709,P<005,respectively),while not correlated with SOD or GPX.No significant differences in the activity of serum SOD or MDA were observed in all four different ages(4,8,11 and 12 years old) during the period of slow gonad development.The lowest level of GPX activity was found in the 12-year old age group (P<005),whereas the highest level of the SOD/MDA ratio was observed in this group (P<005).The correlation between the age and the activity of GPX,MDA was negative (r=-0547,P<001,r=-0519,P<005,respectively),while the correlation between the age and the level of the SOD/MDA ratio was positive (r=0569,P<001).These results suggest that the level of oxidant stress in male sturgeons during the period of fast gonad development is higher than those of females during the period of slow gonad development.The antioxidant defense mechanisms of sturgeons gradually increase with increasing age.Therefore,the gonad development and age of the fish should be considered when indexes of antioxidant enzyme activities are used to assess status of fish health.Understanding the biological signaling that underlies these changes will make the use of these parameters even more accurate.

Changjiang Estuary is abundant in natual resource and has an obvious locational advantage,which make Changjiang Estuary an economic development frontier of Changjiang basin and even of the whole nation.The development of the city needs a lot of high quality raw water.Nowadays,70% of the water supply in Shanghai is from Changjiang Estuary.Changjiang Estuary is leading waterway of Changjiang basin,which is developed in shipping and convenient in transportation.With the increase of ships and boats in the sea area,it also results in an increase of collision incident and oil spill.Once the oil spill occurs,it will seriously affect the environment of Changjiang Estuary,the ecological environment and biodiversity of the sea area,as well as the water supply safety of Shanghai.So it is quite important to react at the very moment and take action properly as soon as the the oil spill occurs.First of all,based on the flexible mesh,a vertical 2D numerical model for average tidal flow of Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay was proposed in the paper.With a huge amount of validation of hydrodynamic force in Changjiang Estuary,the model was also vertified by the lastest observation data mainly conducted in the South Branch area.The data mainly included flow velocity,flow direction and water level.Secondly,the Spill Analysis（SA）Model of MIKE21 was provided with basic hydrodynamic data after the reliability of tidal flow model proved.Based on an oil spill particle trajectory with the system of EulerianLagrangian,a prediction model was established,which took the oil spill behavior including spread,transport and weathering as well as the endresult of oil spill in Changjiang Estuary into consideration.Finally,the model was used to simulate and predict the change of oil slick thickness and its spread path near the water intakings after the oil spill accidents of both the summer and winter spring tide in Changjiang estuary.The results shows that, affected by the alternative flood tide and ebb tide in Changjiang estuary,the oil slick moved downstream along the deep channel in terms of drift oscillation.In vetical,the thickness of oil slick became thin,also the oil slick was stretched gradually and formed a narrow oil belt,which resulted in an expansion of cover area of the oil slick.The spread path of oil slick was influenced mostly by the flood and ebb tide,on the other hand,wind force as well as the topography of Changjiang Estuary also played roles in the spread path.The summer oil spill had different influence on all the three reservoirs,while the oil spill in winter only posed a threat to the water intaking of Changjiang Estuary reservoir,and had no influence on the other two reserviors.The oil slick evaporation in summer was larger than that in winter,and evaporation of oil slick mainly happened in the first 16 hours after the oil spilling.The evaporation rate of oil slick was 34% in summer,larger than 31% in winter

In order to study nitrogen removal in vertical infiltration of runoff by artificial green belt near urban riparian,a micro catchment area was constructed at Changfeng green belt of Suzhou River riparian. Meanwhile permeability of Changfeng green belt was measured by double ring method and soil samples were collected for analysis of physicochemical properties. In situ pore water samplers were used to collect samples of vertical infiltration at different depth in the micro catchment area,which were distributed from surface runoff flowing 1 m,11 m,18 m,21 m at depth of 30 cm,60 cm and 90 cm. 3 pore water samplers were buried at each depth. The water in Suzhou River containing higher nitrogen concentrations than the corresponding type Ⅴ standard values of the GB 3838-2002 National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water was fit to simulate runoff. Therefore,5 rainfall runoff stimulation experiments were carried out at Changfeng artificial green belt using water of Suzhou River at October,November of 2010 and April,June,August of 2011. Spatial variation of nitrogen in vertical infiltration and removal rate by artificial green belt were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the permeability of Changfeng green belt was 0.9 mm/min,which was medium in urban green belt of Shanghai. The physicochemical properties of the soil samples showed a distinct spatial difference. So Changfeng green belt was a typical municipal green belt. There was significant removal for nitrogen in vertical infiltration of runoff by artificial green belt of riparian,particularly in the layer at 0-30 cm in each experiment. Removal rates of TN and NH4+ by soil in layer at 0-30 cm were above 39.9% and 39.8% respectively. But the accumulative removal rates at 0-60 cm decreased due to the increase of nitrogen concentrations in vertical infiltration at the depth of 30-60 cm. The nitrogen concentrations in layer of 60-90 cm descended which caused the accumulative removal rates at 0-90 cm higher than those at 0-60 cm. Compared with the stimulated rainfall runoff,i.e.,the water of Suzhou Creek,the infiltrated water samples collected at different depth had a different nitrogen composition. The percentage composition of NO3-+NO2- in TN increased in the vertical infiltration,but the NH4+ was quite the contrary. There was conspicuous spatial variation of nitrogen in vertical infiltration at different sites in catchment area. With the increase of flow distance of surface runoff,concentration of nitrogen in vertical infiltration in layer at 0-30 cm would firstly increase and then decrease. Nitrogen removal rate of green belt would decrease with the waterlogging time increasing. The nitrogen removal rates varied with month. There were higher removal rates in April and October because there were suitable climate and edaphic condition. Removal rates of TN,NH4+ and NO3-+NO2- by soil in layer at 0-30 cm exceeded 63.5%,89.1% and 41.6% respectively in April and October. In general,urban riparian zone,which was made up of artificial green belt,could remove much nitrogen and be an important parclose for nitrogen discharged into groundwater and urban rivers by vertical infiltration of runoff

Nonpoint source pollutants are mainly transported during flood events.The Fengle River,one of the main tributaries of the Chao Lake in the middleeast part of China,was chosen to study nonpoint source nutrient export characteristics in a largesized agricultural catchment.Two summer events (Event06,in the beginning of June and Event08,at the end of August,2010) were intensively sampled at Taoxi section of the river and analyzed for Total Nitrogen (TN),Ammonia,Nitrate,Total Phosphorus (TP) and Dissolved Phosphorus.Hourly discharge and rainfall data were also available at the same section.The drainage area of this section is 1500 km2 with elevatio between 6463m and main stream length is about 50km.Land use includes agriculture (about 45%),forest (39%),town and roads (10%) and water area (ponds and river,6%).No large cities or industry factories are located in this drainage catchment.Both events demonstrated single peak hydrograph.But Event06,which was caused by one storm,was relatively more intensive than Event08 which was caused by 3 separated storms.The base,peak and average discharge were 226,2163 and 1313m3/s for Event06 and 654,1564 and 1094m3/s for Event08,respectively.The minimum,maximum and average concentration values of each indicator of Event06 were much higher than those of Event08,which was mainly due to the fertilization at the end of May or in beginning of June just before the transplanting of rice seedling.Another reason might be that Event06 was more intensive and thus demonstrated stronger erosion and transportation capacity than Event08.The average concentrations of TN and TP were 405 and 011 mg/L for Event06 and 162 and 008 mg/L for Event08,respectively.Nitrogen was mainly exported in dissolved inorganic forms,ie.ammonium and nitrate,which were at similar level.Particulate phosphorus export was relatively more important than dissolved form.The transportation of particulate forms of both nitrogen and phosphorus was more important in the beginning and middle phase of rising limb than the rest flood phases.During the flood events,both concentrations and instantaneous loads of most of the determinants (with an exception of nitrate in one of the events) fluctuated but generally increased in the rising limb,attained the peak values before peak discharge and then declined.The relationships between concentrations of TN and TP and discharge over both events resulted in typical clockwise hysteresis,demonstrating the important washing off and transport capacity of flood water flow in the rising phase.Although obvious ‘first flush’ effect was not obtained through the cumulative mass and cumulative discharge analysis based on the two monitored events mainly due to the relatively large catchment area and gentle topography in most part of the catchment,the importance of nutrient export during flood event had been emphasized.The detailed pollutant accumulation processes in the river reaches and/or the area near the river reach and their transportation should be influenced by successive flood events,which need further study through detailed field and modeling work

It is an efficient method of water environment survey to using remote sensing data for large area water quality monitoring.The Poyang Lake was selected as the research area in this research. The chlorophylla content which gives an important index to eutrophic state of water was chosen as the study object. The water reflectance spectra were acquired with an ASD FieldSpec HH (3501050nm) and the MODIS data collected during the same period. Based on MODIS data, the range of the Poyang Lake was extracted by a approach named Floating Algae Index (FAI).After the measured spectra were preprocessed with deleted abnormal data,normalization and Spectral derivative,the relation between the spectral reflectance of the Poyang Lake and the corresponding moment of the chlorophylla concentration were analyzed in spectral index method which was structured by band difference,ratio and the normalized [JP2]difference.The sensitive band scope
was harvested,including the band intervals of 673-680 nm and 650-665 nm,680-710 nm and 650-670nm,662-671 nm and 700-720 nm. Then the optimum bands combination [JP]was chosen. At last the inversion model of MODIS data for chlorophylla concentration of the Poyang Lake was achieved,and the correction coefficient was 0.67. Applying the model,the chlorophylla concentration distribution map of the Poyang Lake in the autumn of 2011 was given. The result showed that the chlorophylla concentration of the Poyang Lake was not high,and in spatial distribution the chlorophylla concentration was higher at the border of water and land than at the center of lake. The analysis supports that the spectrum of the Poyang Lake has been known by quantitative analysis of the measured spectra,and the long wave drift of spectral reflectance phenomena is revealed. A method of remote sensing to monitor chlorophylla concentration the for Poyang Lake which is of low eutrophication and unevenly distributed is established. Meanwhile it provides a forceful scientific guidance for water environment management of the Poyang Lake

Monitoring and forecasting of the distribution and temporal change of SCC (suspended sediment concentration)is very important both for river water conservancy project and river ecology and environment protection. Retrieving SCC by remote sensing can compensate for the deficiency of the traditional timeconsume sampling method which acquires discrete data at high cost,and it provides information of SCC nearly in realtime at largescale. So far,the Three Gorges Project has been used nearly ten years,meanwhile the impoundment of the reservoir will fundamentally change SCC of the suspended of the Yangtze River water in time and space,its influence is a matter of concern. This study took the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the study area.It aimed to develope the Moderateresolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagebased SSC retrieval model for Middle River, use the model to predict the SSC of Middle Yangtze River during the flood period from 2002 to 2009,and analyze its spatial and temporal change characteristics. The results revealed that: the red band of MODIS Terra was significantly related to the SCC,and it may be applied to retrieve the SSC of Middle Yangtze River during the flood period. This study selected three images.After inversion,three sediment concentration profiles from 2002 to 2009 were obtained,in order to contrast SCC of the Yangtze River in wet season before and after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project. During 2002-2009 years,the SCC from the Yangtze River downstream of the dam was reduced significant. In addition,the sediment from the Yangtze River into the Dongting Lake was also reduced significantly.SCC mainly concentrated in the 300-400 mg/L from Yichang to Chenglingji in the period of wet season in 2002,and it reduced to 150-200 mg/L or so in 2009.During 2002-2009 period,24.2% of the total area of the concentration reduced by 100-150 mg/L,48.4% of the total area of the concentration reduced by 150-200 mg/L.The Dongting Lake inflow was one of the most important sources of suspended sediment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River under Chenglingji. It contained more suspended solids than that of the Yangtze River as we can see from the forecast results. It formed dozens of kilometers mixed area in the Yangtze River when the Dongting Lake inflow got into the Yangtze in Chenglingji and mixed with the river.This study proved that MODIS data was feasible for inland water suspended matters monitoring.The linear model was simple and feasible.The correlation coefficient R2 of the model was 0.877,and the rootmeansquare error was 40.57mg/L. Thus, it can be promoted as a suspended matters romote sensing retrieval method. The model is areaspecific and it needs further tested to identify whether it can be applied to other areas. These results would serve as a reference for studies of the evolution and regulation of rivers and lakes in the lower Yangtze reaches

China is located in the largest land on the world the Eurasia,and close to the largest sea the Pacific Ocean. This strong contrast distribution of sea and land produces great thermal differences,strongly destroys the lower troposphere planetary wind zone distribution,and forms a strong monsoon circulation. Therefore,in China,the precipitation in the most area is controlled by monsoon somewhat. Predecessors research shows that the strength of monsoon gets the strong influence of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) events.ENSO phenomenon is the anomaly change of ocean temperature,and this kind of change can strengthen or weaken the thermal differences between sea and land,cause monsoon circulation strengthen or weaken. With the strength of the monsoon changing,the strength and the move for the Western Pacific Subtropical High have also been affected and further lead to rainband position and precipitation changes. Therefore,to most parts of China,ENSO incident has significant influence to the precipitation,and it reveals regional differences in the aspect of the influence way,the strength and sustained time. This pape analyzed the relationship between precipitation change and floods with ENSO events by X2test and compare analysis from 1951 to 2010 in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River. The results show that the annual precipitation manifested a decreasing trend in the El Nino events years; in the La Nina years,compared with the years that no La Nina events occurred,precipitation slightly increased,but did not reach significant change level. Flood had close relation with ENSO events in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River. At the end of last year or in the beginning of this year,or the years that strong El Nino and strong La Nina mutual conversed,large flood occurred easily,the correlation was more than significant level. At the end of last year or in the beginning of this year,as well as El Nino converse to La Nina in this year,the probability that occurred flood was the biggest. The correlation was more than a significant level,flood peak was big,and disaster was also heavy. It might cause the huge floods occurred, in which the maximum of peak discharge exceeded 20 000 m3/s or even more than 30 000 m3/s（at Ankang station）.In the years that no El Nino also no La Nina events happened,the probability of occurred large flood was lower relatively；in the years that had occurred the events of El Nino or La Nina,the frequency of big flood was also not high. Relative to El Nino event years,La Nina event years,especially in the years that La Nina Event occurred successively,the possibility of flood was larger. These results are of great importance in agricultural production，water resources development and flood mitigation over the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River