With the extension of tourism activities,fast development in tourism industries brings considerable benefits to regional economic,and it meanwhile brings some negative effects to local physical and social environments. How to evaluate regional sustainable development of tourism is one of significant themes for tourism study. In the past,many concepts and methods have been used to evaluate the environmental consequences of tourism,including tourism environmental bearing capacity(TEBC),environmental impact assessments(EIA),and the limits of acceptable change system(LAC). However,these methods and techniques have many limitations. Ecological footpring analysis is a new method of ecological economics that quantitatively measures ecological consumption by mankind and the extent of sustainable development. Touristic ecological footprint is the applicaton of its theory in tourism research. Touristic ecological footprint(TEF)not only overcomes this weakness,but provides a measure of demands upon the biological productivity of tourism activity. The ecological footprint is the area of productive land and water which support both their consumption and disposal of waste. TEF introduces a concept of area to explain that tourists resource consumption through all tourism activity,and this measure is universal,and can be used for direct comparison. Shanghai tourism objective is to build a worldfamous tourist city during the National Twelfth FiveYear Plan period. Environment and natural resources are the cornerstone of tourism,and also subject to the negative impact of tourism. In this paper,applied the ecological footprint theory and methods,combined with tourist ecological consumption and structure characteristics,with the aid of spatial information technology,the touristism ecological footprint were calculated in Shanghai in 2009. It divided the model of TEF into six submodels of ecological footprint from the frame character of tourism consumption. The results show that the ecological footprint and per capital ecological were 6 633 483.428 hm2 and 466547×10-4 hm2 respectively in 2009. The local ecological carrying capacity and per capita tourism ecological carrying capacity were 1 900 029.08 hm2 and 146908 7×10-4 hm2. And the touristism ecological deficit in 2009 was 319692×10-4 hm2. The largest proportions of ecological footprint were tourism transportation and tourist shopping,accounting for 7179% and 2376% respectively. After that,they were tourist accommodation and tourist catering,accounting for 344% and 014% respectively. The smallest proportions were tourist sightseeing and tourist entertainment. Those showed tourism was a kind of comprehensive life style,which was high demand for natural resources and high consumption. More,the energy consumption of vehicle was the key factor which caused the touristic transportation footprint. Especially through the traffic industry,the ecological footprint of interregional transfer would lead to tourism ecological responsibility interregional transfer and ecological effect of interregional diffusion. This means that the tourism development has the influence of global ecological features and produce important influence to regional and even global sustainable development. Currently tourism is developing in an unsustainable manner,so appropriate initiatives are in need to strike a balance between tourism development and resource conservation. Finally,adjustment of tourism industry internal structure,the development of transportation with environmental protection and energy saving,promotion the lowcarbon tourism development,development of distinctive tourism commodity,advocating tourists with low energy consumption and low pollution based on green travel were put forward to improve tourism shopping consumption,ensure ecological sustainable utilization of resources and maintain rapid economic development of tourism

Based on referring to the concept and framework of capacity coupling in coupled wave theory,and from the four aspects of economic growth,economic structure and economic relationship,economic benefit,and economic sustainable development,as well as from the four aspects of income level,consumption level,education and health level,and dwelling level,this paper constructed the evaluation index system for the coupling coordination correlation between economic development and residents life,and introduced coupling degree function and coupling coordination degree function to research the coupling coordination relationship between the two subsystems,namely economic development and residents life,of the 16 prefecturelevel city units in the Yangtze River Delta during 2003-2010.The results show as follows.(1) The degree of coupling coordination between economic development and the quality of residents life of each city in the Yangtze River Delta region covered six grades from Type I to Type VI,and any city in this region maintained a relatively stable coupling coordination degree in the 8 years.But in terms of spatial distribution,Shanghai had the highest coupling coordination degree,and belonged to type II;secondary to Shanghai were Suzhou and Hangzhou,which belonged to type III;the areas in the south of Jiangsu Province,and Zhoushan and Huzhou of Zhejiang Province had the lowest coupling coordination degree,and belonged to type V.(2) As seen from the sequence of improvement in economic development and quality of residents life,the Yangtze River Delta region was mainly embodied as type B and type C,reflecting that each city paid attention to different directions.Wherein,Shanghai,Suzhou,Nantong,Yangzhou,Zhenjiang,Taizhou and Zhoushan were of type C,and paid attention to the synchronous development of economy and the quality of residents life; Hangzhou and Huzhou were of type B,and paid more attention to enhancing the quality of residents life;Nanjing,Wuxi and Changzhou in the south of Jiangsu Province,and Ningbo,Jiaxing,Shaoxing and Taizhou of Zhejiang Province were stable of type B in recent years,and this reflected that,these cities began to pay attention to enhancing the quality of residents life gradually

Global climate change caused by carbon emissions has brought adverse impacts to the human society and economic development,which now becomes a major issue in world political,economic and scientific fields.Reducing carbon emission has become a international topic.China has set the target to reduce emission of greenhouse gases by 40%~45% in 2020 compared with 2005,which makes China face the dilemma between economic developments and carbon emission.It is urgent to establish a standard and unified carbon accounting system to evaluate carbon reduction potentials and to compare carbon emission levels among various cities.This study established a cityscale carbon accounting system based on IPCC list of carbon emission,including 4 departments and 27 kinds of mainly carbon sources.The 4 departments are energy consumption,industrial processes,land use patterns and waste.According to the IPCC list,this paper calculated the carbon emission and carbon emission intensity of Wuhan Urban Circle systematically during 2001-2009.The results show that during 2001-2009 the department that contributed the largest amount of carbon emission was the waste,with 84 892.76 ton of CO2 emission,followed by the energy department,with 36 32513 ton of CO2 emission,and then followed by the industrial department,with 15 11746 ton of CO2 emission.The smallest amount of carbon emission came from the land use department,with 1 44514 ton of CO2 emission.Whats more,the CO2 emission from industrial department grew rapidly.Cities with relatively higher carbon emission were Wuhan,Huangshi,Xiaogan,Huanggang.The annual increasing rate of the total carbon emission,geographical intensity of carbon emission,economic intensity of carbon emission were 186%,022% and -606% respectively.After all the factors which could affect the carbon emission were decomposed by reasonable conversion of Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Model,the results showed that factors of energy efficiency and energy structure could restrain carbon emission,with 22880 million tons and 5173 million tons respectively from the year 2002-2009.In contrast,the economy development and labor scale increased the carbon emission,with 14258 million tons and 5823 million tons in total.Based on the present situation of Wuhan Urban Circle,it is necessary to give different policies regarding the regional characteristics to reduce CO2 emissions.The advices on carbon emissionreduced were put forward as following.(1) For Wuhan Urban Circle,industrial and energy structure should be improved,services and manufactures that consume lower energy should be given the priority to develop. Whats more,advanced technologies as well as machines should be introduced into farmland to reduce its CO2 emission.(2) Technology levels should be promoted to raise the energy efficiency,clean energy should be introduced to decrease the proportion of coal.In order to reduce the CO2 from the waste department,various measures on the dispose of waste should be used to improve the recycling rate of waste.(3) Carbon emission trading should be highly encouraged by the government.(4) Ecological compensation system should be established to increase the farmers enthusiasm of carbon emissionreduced production

The ecological footprint is an ecological economic research method to measure the condition of regional sustainable development quantificationally,and it turns the comparison of ecologic demand and supply into computable land demand and supply that human need to develop their society.By calculating the ecological footprint of the central six provinces from 1990 to 2009,we made a systemic analysis and comparison of the ecological and economic situation,and studied the sustainable development potential of the central region.At the same time we calculated the ecological carrying capacity so as to analyze the ecological deficit condition and the potential of sustainable development of this area.The study showed that the total ecological footprint of the central provinces was growing rapidly.Some individual provinces such as Shanxi Province,and Henan Province not only had a high total ecological footprint,but also had a high growth rate.Simultaneously,the average per capita ecological footprint of Shanxi Province was far higher than that of others.Considering from the structure of ecological demand,the energy ecological footprint of Shanxi Province occupied 85% of the total ecological footprint,being the maximum of all the energy rates,which followed by the energy rate of Henan Province.It is concluded that industrial restructuring and technological improvements are needed to be done urgently to these provinces.The ecological deficit of each province was different,but it was more serious in Shanxi and Henan Province

Research on regional marine economy is the combination of regional economic theory with marine economic research as well as the regional economic theory applied to the marine economic research.It is considered as a global and cuttingedge theory and practical issue,meanwhile,developing the marine economy is also a hot issue around the world.With the development of marine economy,the connection between marine and land industry is strengthened.The single marine or basin area development mode has restricted the economic development,and the integrated industry has become a new trend.It can reach the ultimate goal of economic development through the planning,coordination,guidance and other means to improve the connection.Basin area,as a part of continent,is the most close to the ocean.Basin economy is a system of subregional economy based on the natural river system,with the distribution of resources as its core,such as manpower,financial resources and material resources.The linkage development of basin economy and marine economic is the premise to realize the integration of continent and sea.Based on the analysis of background,significance,basis and the effect of basin economy and marine economic linkage development,taking Yangtze River Economic Zones as an example,this paper quantitatively studied the connection degree of basin economy and marine economy by the grey relational analysis method.It pointed out that the marine first industry and the basin area third industry had the highest association,and followed by the basin area second and first correlation.The marine second industry and basin area third correlation roughly equalled.The marine third industry was most closely connected the basin area first industry.At the same time the paper calculated the relevancy between the main marine industry and the basin area three industries.Finally,some suggestions,such as making a unified plan for basin area and sea,implementing the strategy of invigorating the sea through science and education,protecting the marine ecological environment,organizing guarantee and innovating mechanisms,policy supporting,legal system building were put forward to promote the linkage development of basin economy and marine economy.

Cities are important logistics network nodes.Known as the economic development accelerator,logistics industry between cities and regions has become an important support and protection for city development. The level of development of city logistics has become an important symbol of comprehensive strength and modernization process of a city or the economic region.In order to adapt the functional requirements of the city economic activity,city logistics industry is also constantly developing towards the direction of specialization and integration.So city logistics emerge functional differentiation in the space,forming the spatial structure of the logistics industry.The study of the spatial structure of the regional logistics industry contributes to better draw up the logistics industry development plan for policy makers,to promote the integration and linkage and integrated development of the regional logistics industry.A city competitiveness evaluation index system of logistics was built by the method of principal component analysis to evaluate the logistics competitive level of the 28 central cities along the Yangtze River.From three dimensions of space,time and cost,taking comprehensive consideration of the three transportation modes of railways,highways and waterways,the integrated economic distance between cities was calculated.Based on application of the adjusted gravity model,the logistics linkage between the cities along the Yangtze River was measured.The results show that Shanghai,Nanjing,Wuhan,Chongqing acted as the important logistics industry nodes along the Yangtze River,and there is a clear gradient differences in internal structure hierarchy of cities logistics composite competitiveness in the downstream,midstream and upstream of the Yangtze River.Affected by distance attenuation law,the urban agglomeration internal linkage degree was significantly greater than the degree between the urban agglomeration.Downstream,midstream and upstream agglomeration exhibited different logistics spatial structure and significant spatial gradients difference characteristics.It initially formed a relatively complete logistics network structure in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River cities.The logistics network as the center of Wuhan was taking shape in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River cities.The logistics network system of upstream cities had not yet formed.This gradient difference coincided with the different levels of the internal structure of the composite competitiveness of the logistics industry in the downstream,midstream and upstream of Yangtze cities,confirmed the reality of the existence of a gap between the level of cities economic and social development in the downstream,midstream and upstream of Yangtze.Wanjiang urban agglomeration and the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration presented obvious logistics network convergence trend.The development of the logistics industry along the Yangtze River should be based on the reality of imbalance of the regional economic development in the downstream,midstream and upstream of Yangtze cities,and form the whole basin logistics network by polarization of many “node” cities which support the economic development gradient along the river with their neighbouring regions

Global awareness on energy security and climate change has created much interest in assessing economywide energy efficiency.A number of previous studies have contributed to evaluate energy efficiency using different analytical techniques，among which data envelopment analysis (DEA) has recently received increasing attention.Most of DEArelated energy efficiency studies do not consider undesirable outputs,which may lead to biased energy efficiency values.In order to calculate the value of the energy efficiency accurately,non radial SBM(Slackbased measure) directional distance function was used to evaluate the energy efficiency of 29 provinces (except Tibet) in China from 1996 to 2010 under the constraint of environment. In this research,energy,labor,and capital were chosen as the three inputs,while GDP as the good output,SO2 emission as a substitute variable for environmental effects of energy utilization.The analysis indicated that the efficiency of energy utilization improved from 0647 in the ninth fiveyear plan period to 0774 in the eleventh fiveyear plan period,while there was room for China to improve its energy efficiency.The low efficiency of energy utilization and the high emission of pollutants were the main contributors to low energy efficiency in China.Regional difference was also existed among different regions:the east area ranked the first with the highest efficiency value,the northeast and central area followed,and the west area had the lowest efficiency value.Furthermore,the main contributors to the low efficiency varied greatly from each other.The low efficiency of energy utilization was the main bottleneck factor that restricted the promotion of energy efficiency in the northeast and central regions,and the low economic output was the main reason that restricted the improvement of energy efficiency in the west region,without the consideration of pollution emission.Based on our findings,some policy implications on the improvement of energy efficiency for each region in China were disscused.

As the important research object of tourism spatial structure，the research of spatial structure of scenic spots has become one of the hottest topics in the study of tourism geography The research of spatial structure of scenic spots is helpful to the optimization of tourism spatial structure，and to promoting regional tourism development Spatial difference of scenic spots often shows different spatial function form in different period and stages，and spatial polarization and spatial diffusion are the basic forms of interaction of scenic spots According to the spatial action forms and rules of scenic spots， in different development stages，taking corresponding tourism development policy could scientifically and reasonably guide and plan tourism spatial structure，and play the integration effect of regional scenic spots during the process of tourism development Wuhan Metropolitan Area has rich tourism resources and high tourism development level， but the spatial differences of regional tourism development level is large and regional tourism development is not balanced Applying Lorenz Curve， centralization index and spatial autocorrelation method， the year 2001，2006 and 2010 as the researching time section， combining GeoDA and ArcGIS spatial analysis tools，  the spatialtemporal differences of scenic spots in Wuhan Metropolitan Area were analyzed The research shows as follows Firstly， scenic spots in Wuhan Metropolitan Area had significant spatial difference Scenic spots were mainly distributed in Wuhan， Xianning Huanggang，etc， and the spatial centralization level assumed the decreasing trend Secondly， spatial autocorrelation of scenic spots was enhancing trend in general， and the dualization spatial distribution pattern showed continuously strengthened Thirdly， the hot spot area of scenic spots showed some spacetime inheritance， had obvious geographical neighbors effect Hot spot area of scenic spots were Wuhan， Xiaogan， Ezhou， etc， with the trend of the east moving Tianmen， Xiantao and Qianjiang had always been development cold spot area of scenic spots Finally， population distribution， economic development level， tourist traffic were regarded as the main influencing factors of space difference of scenic spots in Wuhan Metropolitan AreaApplying GeoDA and ArcGIS spatial analysis tools， this paper revealed the spatiotemporal difference and similarity  of scenic spots in Wuhan Metropolitan Area， and showed the interaction and its evolution， to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing tourism spatial structure of Wuhan Metropolitan Area， coordinating the regional tourism development and making scientific tourism development policy

 In recent years， there is an increasing temporal and spatial distribution change of  water  in most river basins due mainly to human activities and climate change These changes have resulted in a series of physical and chemical effects Therefore， runoff variation under the influence of climate change and human activities has become a hot topic at home and abroad As the biggest and most important reservoir in the upper Hanjiang Rivier， Ankang Reservoir is the water source of the Middle Route of the SouthtoNorth Water Diversion ProjectThe study on the runoff variation under the effect of its impoundment will have a great meaning for protecting water resources in the Hangjiang River In this paper，based on the hydrological data from 1970 to 2010， the multitemporal scale variation （interannual and annual changes） in runoff of the downstream of Ankang Reservoir was analyzed Mannkendall trend analysis was adopted to identify the trend of runoff and abrupt change Then the impoundment time of Ankang Reservoir was used for the boundary of analysis In order to explore the influence degree of the operation of Ankang Reservoir on its runoff of downstream， double mass curve for annual rainfall stream flow was used to eliminate the influence of precipitation and a part of human disturbance from upstream Under application of this method， results would provide an important theoretical and quantitative reference in understanding the influence of the instruction of hydraulic engineering and the sustainable use of regional water resources The research showed that the annual runoff of the Ankang station was mainly contributed by those occurring from July to October with a proportion of 6126%And in general speaking， the streamflow had a decreasing trend during the last 4 decades According to the MannKendall trend test，sudden changes from high flow to low water in annual runoff of the Ankang station was found in 1990 which was exactly the year of the impoundment of Ankang Reservoir Contrasting the runoff data before and after the operation of Ankang Reservoir，we could see that the fluctuation of its interannual and annual changes both became smaller However， the results of double mass analysis showed that the runoff decrease in Ankang station could mainly be attributed to the impoundment and operation of Ankang Reservoir，and its contribution was as high as 838%Although in this paper，we did not take the effects of human economic activities and the evaporation into account， the result could still state the fact that the water conservancy project would bring a great impact on the runoff of downstream，and should not to be ignored

This study is to examine the feasibility of using Chinese HJCCD remote sensing data to estimate cotton and midseason rice planting area in southern Jianghan Plain， Hubei Province Filed investigation has been done for the study Spectral property and NDVI index during the growing period analyzed on the six available HJCCD images in 2011 Threshold configurations were set to build decision trees for cotton and midseason rice planting area estimation Finally， planting area of cotton and midseason rice were extracted with decision trees method The precision testing result show that area accuracy and sample point accuracy were not less than 90% and Kappa coefficient was 0983 5 Therefore， it is concluded that cotton and midseason rice planting area could be estimated precisely as long as you can get the key HJ Satellite CCD Data during cloudless days in late May， early June， early July， late July or early August or middle of August and early October It should be able to provide scientific basis for planting structure adjustment and evaluation work of agrometeorological disaster

An investigation of fish resources was conducted for four months in 2011, including May to July and October in Yibin reaches of the Yangtze River.A total of 62 fish species, representing 4 orders, 10 families, and 40 genera, were collected, in which 19 species were endemic to the upper Yangtze River. The indices of relative importance result showed that 9 species were dominant in the fish assemblage, namely Coreiusguichenoti,Pseudobagrusvachelli,Carassiusauratus,Leptobotia elongate, Botiasupercilliaris,Silurusmeridionalis,Coreiusheterodon,HypophthalmichthysmolitrixandSilurusasotus. Considering ecological type, 41 speciesweredemersal fishes, accounting for about 82.26% of all the species,38 specieswereomnivorous fishes, accounting for about 62.90%, 20 specieswerefishes with spawning drift eggs, accounting for about 32.26%, and 17 specieswerefishes living in the torrent water, accounting for about 30.65%. Compared with data of 1997-2005, the percentage (82.26% and 62.90%) of the number of former twospecies above mentionedshowed anincreasing trend relatively, but the other two showed decreasing trend. The phenomenon resulted from changing of ecological environment madequantityof predator on upper trophic level descend. Because most of the demersal fishes were omnivorous fishes whose feeding niche was large and diet was various, they adapted well to new environments which at last led to percentage of the number of species increase. In other words, carnivorous or herbivorous fishes owned simple dietary recipe resulting in easily-damaged population structure, which finally led to decreasing population. A conclusion can be reached that the number of species of fishes with spawning drift eggs and fishes living in the torrent water in Yibin reaches of the Yangtze River would continuegoing down. Compared with past data, averagelength and weight of the main commercial fishes decreasedsharply and yields per fishing boat declined as well.This investigation is the last analysis of the population of structure in Yibin reaches before impoundment of Xiangjiaba, and the results can be referenced to analyze the potential influence of Xiangjiaba Reservoir on the fish resources of the upper Yangtze River and finally provide scientific basis for protecting and managing the fish resources of the Yangtze River

In order to reveal the characteristics of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation of Tengchong region,based on the 339 precipitation samples in Tengchong region from Jan.2009 to Dec.2011, the compositions and influencing facters of hydrogen and oxygen isotope in precipitation were analyzed. The results indicated that the rainfall of δ18O ranged from -2678‰ to 405‰,and the rainfall of δD ranges from -20095‰ to 3689‰ in Tengchong,these date were comparable to the world range and the Chinese range.Under the synoptic timescales,the results showed that there was negative correlation of δ18O  in precipitation with the precipitation amount and temperature,thus,it indicatated that the variations of δ18O in precipitation had significant precipitation amount effects and antitemperature effects. However,during the monsoon,if the adjacent two days both had rainfall in Tengchong region, the vatiations of δ18O in precipitation would not necessarily adhere to the precipitation amount effects.In addition,based on the reanalysis date of the total column water vapour from the European Centre for MediumRange Weather Forecasts,it was found that the variations between the δ18O and the TCWV existed significant inverse phase. The reason was that they affected by the same circulation condition and vapour condition.The meteoric water line was fitted as δD=818δ18O+1172 in Tengchong,which the slope and intercept were bigger than the Globe Meteoric Water Line and Chinese Meteoric Water Line. It revealed that the climatic characteristics was humid and rainy in Tengchong region.At the same time,with the precipitation amount decreased,the slope and intercept values varied from 848 to 797 and 1628 to 935,respectively.d in precipitation had distinct seasonality.In the rainy season of Tengchong, in the vapour of generating precipitation with high humidity,low stable isotopic ratios was result from the rainout of vapour on the transport way,and small d in precipitation was primarily from low latitude oceans. However,in the dry season,in the vapour of generating precipitation with low humidity,great stable isotopic ratios and high d in precipitation were primarily from the westerly transportation and the replenishment of reevapourated vapour in inland.The study would provide sufficient evidence to understand the water cycle characteristics,the water vapour sources and the changes of the environment evolution and it would also promote the society,the economy and the environment sustainable coordinated development

The construction of Three Gorge Dam (TGD) in the end of upper reach of the Yangtze River result in a great beltshape of Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) in China. Based on the daily meteorological data from 1961 to 2010,the linear climate trends of temperature,precipitation over the TGR were analyzed. The climate variability of the Yangtze River was also investigated to be compared with that of TGR area.The results showed that the temperature was increasing over TGR area,and the precipitation showed obvious decadal variability with a clear decline in rainfall amount after 2001.All the trend and variability of TGR area were in phase with those of the Yangtze River basin,indicating that the climate change of TGR area was under climate background of a wider area.Generally speaking,after the reservoir constructed and impounded,the water area enlarged greatly,and the possible influence on regional climate might stretch from a few miles to hundreds of mile depending on the form of the reservoir and local topography.The Three Gorge Reservoir is a long and narrow reservoir,thus the climate effect is supposed as not obvious as a round one.By the observational data analysis of contrast of temperature changes of areas which were near and far away from the TGR,the temperatures of areas near the reservoir got warmer in winter but got cooling in summer.Analysis with the use of a regional climate model simulation showed that,the reservoir only had a significant effect on the temperature above the water,but the effect on temperature of lands which were close to water decreased dramatically.However,there was no obvious change after TGR impoundment and the impact of TGR on precipitation was not as clear as that on temperature.The impact range of the TGR on the nearby climate was no more than the distance of  20 km.However there was still great uncertainty of the climate models.Numerical models simulation results need more observation data to be validated.It was observed more extreme weather/climate events in recent decades around the globe.Severe droughts occurred just near the TGR area,such as the SichuanChongqing Drought in summer of 2006,the severe Southwest Drought in winter of 2009/2010.Previous studies have revealed that a close relationship between these extreme weather/climate events and the large scale of atmospheric circulation abnormal in East Asia,the changes in Arctic sea ice cover and sea surface temperature,and the QinghaiTibetan Plateau thermal anomaly.Specific geographical environment,particular climate conditions as well as the impact of human activities in the TGR area lead to a great significance of understanding the climate characteristics and climate effect of TGR area.Therefore,it is needed to make continuous climate monitoring and make further impact assessment research in TGR area

In rural China,the rural taxes and administrative charges reforms,characterized by agricultural taxes exemption and subsidies increase,have been becoming an important institutional change in recent years.From the start of the rural taxes and administrative charges reforms in 2000,to the total abolition of agricultural taxes on a national wide in 2006,as well as the continuous improvement of agricultural subsidy policies in recent years,the rural taxes and administrative charges reforms are bound to have a certain degree of impacts on the agricultural land use.In order to study the effect of the above reform on farmland use,two econometric models were built to test the specific impact of rural taxes and administrative charges reforms on the scale and the utilization efficiency of farmland use,using the statistical data from 1979 to 2008,based on a brief introduction of the reform and its evolution.The results indicate that the effects of rural taxes and administrative charges reforms on farmland use were induced effects from farm households’ behavior responses,including scale effects due to the reduction of land use costs and investment effects due to the increase of famers’ incomes.Not only the exemption of agricultural taxes but also the increase of agricultural subsidies had significant impacts on the expansion of farmland use scale in China.In detail,the cancellation of agricultural taxes made the sown area of crops expand by an average of about 5% in recent years,while the fiscal expenditure on agriculture for each additional 100 million yuan,would also lead to increase in crop sown acreage nearly 2 800 hm2.In addition,the cancellation of agricultural taxes and strengthening of financial support for agriculture,〖JP2〗had the role to enhance the efficiency of agricultural land use,but the role or influence was not statistically significant from the current effect of policy reforms.Therefore,it is necessary to deep the institutional reform and innovate the supporting policies to improve the performance of the rural taxes and administrative charges reforms.On one hand,the improvement of agricultural subsidies policy can not be just the expansion of the scale of expenditure,the optimization of expenditure structure and subsidies objects may bring more significant effects of policy reforms.On the other hand,with the cancellation of the agricultural taxes,some supporting policies and reform measures,such as rural infrastructure investment and agricultural land market development,have to keep up with

According to historical literatures,maps,water and sediment data,water quality monitoring data from 1986 to 2010,13 indicators including external and environmental indicators,hydrodynamic conditions and biological indicators were selected to evaluate the healthy condition of the lake ecosystem during the typical years by Projection Pursuit method based on Genetic Algorithm in the Dongting Lake. The results show as follows. From 1986 to 2010,the projection value of ecosystem health in the Dongting Lake showed a tendency of  “wavy descend”. The highest value was in 1991(1.7264), the lowest healthy membership grade was in 2006(1625 8),and in 2010 the projection value began to rise again(1.679 0). The South Dongting Lake had a relatively good health status,then followed by West Dongting Lake, and the East Dongting Lake was the worst one.It illustrated that water dynamic conditions,biodiversity and water quality have been changed a lot under the effect of the reclamation of lakes,returning farmland to lake and the Three Gorges Reservoir,but it exists some differences in different lakes

In this study,the location and distribution of herbaceous wetlands,bottomland and water body in the East Dongting Lake were identified through the decision tree classification,based on multitemporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images.The spatial distribution and expansion tendency of herbaceous wetlands under low waterlevel conditions were also estimated using matrix transformation and Bezier curve interpolation,based on the DEM data in 1995 and waterlevel data from the Chenglinji Hydrological Station.The results were as follows.(1) During 19892011,the area of herbaceous wetlands increased 30506 km2 (from 57735 km2 in 1989 to 88241 km2 in 2011).The area ratio of herbaceous wetlands to total area of east Dongting Lake increased 2307% (from 4365% in 1989 to 6672% in 2011).In contrast,the bottomland decreased 274.28 km2(from 424.33 km2 in 1989 to 1506 km2 in 2011).The water body displayed a fluctuation status from 26105 km2 to 34251 km2.(2) The herbaceous wetlands area mainly increased on the edges of the lake basin of Changzhou,Xinshengzhou and Piaoweizhou,as well as most areas of Niutouzhou,WuguangChaixiazhou and ZhongzhouTuanzhou,whereas mainly decreased in few areas,such as Fengcheguai,Beizhou,Wugangzi and Liugangzi.The matrix transformation analysis showed that the herbaceous wetlands in east Dongting Lake was in a rapid expansion during last 23 years and the development time of “water bodybottomlandherbaceous wetlands” was shortened,which may be related to the uprising of bottomland caused by sedimentation. (3) The spatial distribution of herbaceous wetlands showed a typical unimodal and reached to a peak area when the elevation was 24-25 m,then decreased significantly with the decrease of elevation.However,during 1989-2011,the elevation which was favorable for the distribution of herbaceous wetlands and the inflection point between herbaceous wetlands and other wetland types including bottomland and water body decreased gradually,which may directly result in an expansion of herbaceous wetlands. (4) At the elevation of 22-24 m,the herbaceous wetlands area varied significantly,which might be mainly driven by sedimentation during 1989-2000,and might be influenced by waterlevel changing together with sedimentation after 2000.Our data showed that the expansion of herbaceous wetlands,i.e.the invasion into bottomland in east Dongting Lake during 1989-2011,might be mainly caused by the bottomland exposion and flooding regime changes,which usually changed according to the variation of sedimentation and hydrological conditions.This study plays an important role in understanding the development trend and formation mechanisms of the Dongting Lake wetland

Jiangxi province lies in the southern bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.It belongs to eastern plain lake area and is the highest one of the provinces for the owing rate of fresh lakes.In addition to the overlarge lake for Poyang Lake,the remaining 90% are small or medium size lakes which area is less than 100 km2.The 25 investigated lakes,where the total area is nearly 800 km2,are distributed in the mainstream of Yangtze River system,Xiu River system and Poyang Lake system.The 175 monitoring points were set in the 25 investigated lakes,and the quarterly water quality indexes including chlorophylla(Chl.a),transparency(SD),permanganate index(CODMn),total phosphorus(TP) and total nitrogen(TN) were monitored and analyzed between March 2010 to February 2011 for 25 small or medium size lakes in Jiangxi province.According to the data analysis of above water quality monitoring indexes,the seasonal and annual trophic state of investigated lakes was evaluated by comprehensive eutrophication state index (TLI) method and the probability of eutrophication was calculated in every season and the whole year.On the basis of annual trophic state,the confidence interval was be found in different trophic state using Bootstrap method,and then the recommended values for eutrophication control indicators were be inferred.The results indicated that the probability of eutrophication for investigated lakes in spring and summer was near,autumn was the highest,and winter was the lowest.In spring,summer and winter,the trophic state of investigated lakes was mainly on mesotropher; in autumn,the proportion of mesotrophic lakes was decreased and the proportion of eutrophic lake was increased.In the whole year,the proportion of eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes were 32% and 68%,respectively.The recommended values for eutrophication control indicators of SD,TP,Chl.a and CODMn for small or medium size lakes in Jiangxi province should be respectively at 044 m,005 mg/L,1000 mg/m3 and 270 mg/L.This research provides basic data and theoretical basis for eutrophication regionalization control in our country

Lanlingxi watershed has an important ecological strategic position and demonstration effects on environment constructions,because it is a typical small watershed,close neighbor of Three Gorges Dam,and is a key demonstration area of the national ecological environment construction.With the analysis of ecological system structure,function,adaptability and social value，the evaluation of ecological system health and analysis of the existing and potential problems in small watershed can seek for appropriate management methods,and provide theoretical foundation for the watershed resources sustainable utilization and regional ecological environment construction.The health assessment database of Lanlingxi small watershed was established based on fishnet grid by using remote sensing data and field investigation data in this study.The ecosystem health evaluation system of the small watershed was built with analytic hierarchy process and PressureStateResponse model(PSR),and the temporal and spatial variation of health states of Lanlingxi small watershed in 2002 and 2009 were evaluated and analyzed using this evaluation system.The results showed as follows. (1) This watershed health evaluation index system structured in this study included pressure,status and response three aspects of 12 indicators,and the status of watershed ecosystem was the most important influencing factor of watershed ecosystem health.The indicators of this evaluation indicator system contained both the degree of disturbance on small watershed ecological system,and the state and response of small watershed to disturbance.Meanwhile,the heath evaluation data could be derived from the investigation data and remote sensing data with this evaluation index system.Therefore,the watershed health evaluation index system had a strong systematic and operability.(2) No matter in 2002 or 2009,along with the rise of the evaluation,the population densitiesd decreased,the forest vegetation coverage and the health index successively improved in most grids.Therefore,the ecosystem health evaluation indexes in the southwest of small watershed with higher altitude,higher forest cover degree and a few human activities were higher than those of the northeast and central section of small watershed with lower altitude,lower forest cover degree and high population density.(3) The proportion of grid number for health evaluation index in the relatively poor,general and good level was about 93.660% in Lanlingxi watershed in 2002,and that in very good,good and general level was about 95.718% in 2009.With the comprehensive treatment to small watershed,especially implementation of forestry ecological project from 2002 to 2009,such as the Grain for Green project,the health levels of 94.444% grids in Lanlingxi watershed were improved,and the average ecosystem health evaluation index in small watershed boosted from 0.531 to 0.781.(4)The improvement of health evaluation index mainly resulted from the decrease of soil erosion intensity and increase of ecological elastic index,of which contribution rate to improvement of health evaluation index was 40.887% and 23.153%,respectively.The health states of small watershed could perfect substantially through optimizing land use pattern,enhancing ecological elastic and service function of system by carrying out forestry ecological engineering in water losses and soil erosion area

The plant community characteristics and their responses to the slope,the physical and chemical soil properties were investigated from 2009 to 2011 in the water level fluctuation zone of the Xiaojiang River in the Three Gorges Reservoir.The results showed that there were 146 species of vascular plants.Herbaceous plant was the most abundant type with 134 species.The dominances of 19 species plants were above 002,such as Xanthium sibiricum,Cyperus rotundus,Cynodon dactylon,Digitaria sanguinalis,Imperata cylindrical,Daucus carota,Comnyza Canadensis and so on.The slope affected the soil depth and the soil density,and then influenced the spatial distribution of species.The results by using the simple linear regression analysis showed that the fresh weight was highly negatively correlated with the slope (P＜005),and significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen (P＜001),total phosphorus (P＜005),total potassium (P＜001),available nitrogen (P＜001) and available potassium (P＜0.01).However,the fresh weight did not significantly correlated with the soil pH (P ＞005) and the soil available phosphorus (P＞005).The results by using the multiple stepwise regression analysis exhibited that the main environmental factors influencing the fresh weight were the soil density and the total nitrogen.The results by applying the redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the key environmental variables affecting the important value of species were the elevation and the available nitrogen.The dominances of species varied from 2009 to 2011.The dominances of C.dactylon,Polygonum hydropiper and Eclipt prostrate increased.However,the dominances of Arthraxon hispidus,Bidens pilosa,Artemisia annua and Artemisia argyi decreased

The relationships between vegetation and climate are always an important domain in ecological research．NDVI((Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is a effective index that reflects the vegetation change．In recent years，the relationships between NDVI and climatic factors have been studied in many papers and the relative conclusions were different．Chongqing include the most part of Three Gorges Reservoir Area.In these area，vegetation cover are various，and the ecoenvironment is relatively fragile．Therefore，it is worth to study the features of vegetation cover and the relations between vegetation and climate． In this paper，MODISNDVI dataset was combined with climatic dataset to analyze vegetation cover changes and the correlation with climate factors in the study area during the periods of 20002011．NDVI images came from NASA，the spatial resolution was 250 m，which were treated with cloud checkout，atmosphere rectification and maximum value composite every 16 days．Climate indices included monthly average precipitation，monthly average atmospheric temperature，yearly average atmospheric temperature，yearly average precipitation obtained from 34 weather stations in Chongqing．The correlation coefficients of NDVI with all climatic factors were calculated with SPSS．The results showed that the annual average NDVI of Chongqing was on the rise, but some differences existed in time and space scales in the 12 years. Judging from the spatial scale，the NDVI growth areas were mainly located in the northeast，southeast，southwest region．The NDVI lower areas were mainly located in metropolitan area, county city，the Yangtze River and Three Gorges Reservoir area．Judging from the time scale, the NDVI had some growth in spring and autumn，and was very stable in summer，but declined in winter．The correlation of NDVI with temperature and precipitation was not significant in the interannual scales，while the temperature and precipitation showed a significant correlation in the month scale，and the correlation with temperature was greater than precipitation．

In recent years,because of the impact of human production activities,the nonpoint source pollution mainly from fertilizer and pesticide use and the point source pollution mainly from industrial emission were heavily increased in the whole world,especially in coastal zones.The nitrogen content increasing is a big problem we should face to.Because of the impact of the increasing nitrogen concentration,the growth of coastal vegetation has greatly changed.Spartina alterniflora is a tidal salt marsh grasses,which was the native species of the U.S.,in the east coast of the U.S.It is very important species of the terrestrial ecosystems and marine ecosystems,which could have very important influence in the inshore ecosystem water quality,hydrology dynamics and aquatic organisms.In 1979,Chinese scientist introduced this species of plant into China with a hope of making use of the benefits mentioned before.But at the same time,due to the good habitat adaptability of Spartina alterniflora,soon after the introduction,the species occupied large tracts of beach and damaged the coastal environment,especially had negative impact of the ecosystem there. Thus, in 2003,the Chinese government decided to list Spartina alterniflora as an alien invasive species in the first batch of Chinese invasion of alien invasive species lists.In this context,through the greenhouse simulation experiment,the impact of different nitrogen levels on the growth of Spartina alterniflora were studied.This research is very important because of the impact of nitrogen on invasive plants and its mechanism of action.This paper researched the impact of different nitrogen fertilizer levels in two kinds of treatments on the plant height,leaf area,biomass and other growth indicators as well as shoot ratio,root length/height and other indicators of changes of Spartina alterniflora.The results showed that with increasing nitrogen concentration,the plant height,leaf area,total biomass and aboveground biomass increased when the nitrogen level is not very high and then decreased in the high nitrogen level,while underground biomass,root to shoot ratio and root length/height ratio presented downward trend in all treatment. Various indicators in inorganic nitrogen with different nitrogen levels treatment were significantly different among all the treatments,but the difference between organic nitrogen fertilizer and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer was not significant.The result shows that an appropriate level of nitrogen supply is good for the growth of Spartina alterniflora,while the high nitrogen supply would inhibit their growth