Urbanization is one of the most importance affecting factors for regional sustainable development and modernization construction Taking rapid urbanized Southern Jiangsu Province as the case area，multitemporal remote sensing images were used to indicate the process，pattern and effects of urban expansion Expanding intensity and speed of urban construction lands were adopted to indicate the process of urban expansion，and fractal dimensions，compactness index were used to indicate the changes of urban form and ranksize distribution since reform and opening up Results indicated that the hotspots of urban expansion experienced the process of “DispersingClusteringDispersing” Faster urbanization of cities at the two wings，and especially at the east part，promoted the formation of dumbbellstyle urban pattern The urban form was always at the intermediate state between extremely complex and regular，but was with the trend of being more irregular，more unstable and looser Compactness of the middle cities declined faster than that of the eastern and western cities It was concluded that the globalization，regional strategies，locations，and advantages of backwardness were the major influencing factors for the changing of hotspots and ranksize distributions，which played different importance role at relevant stages The dominated expanding pattern along certain development axes was of significance for the change of urban form

Global economic growth in the last few decades has caused various negative effects，such as environmental degradation，global warming，water deterioration，etc Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation have attracted more and more attentions from the domestic and international China has been one of the largest CO2 emitters in the world，and is considered responsible for twothird global increase in anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 31% in 2007 Chinese government has committed to cut CO2 emissions per unit of gross domestic product （GDP） by 40%-45% by 2020 against the 2005 level，while total amount of CO2 emissions in China is expected to increase，due to the projected lasting economic growth and increase in energy demand Thus，urban area has been a critical part for reducing greenhouse gas emissions，due to its large amounts of population and productive enterprise Wuxi is a wellknown industrial city in China and has experienced rapid economic growth over the last few decades However，its economic growth deeply depends on resources consumption，and the reduction of carbon emissions will have an important impact on its economic growth  Carbon emissions from energy consumption was estimated at the countylevel in Wuxi based on the IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories，and one “decoupling” model was established to investigate the relationship between energy consumption，carbon emissions and economic growth The results showed as follows. （1） Carbon emissions in Wuxi increased from 8，433，500 tons in 2000 to 25，280，400 tons in 2010 Total amount was at the increasing trend，whilst the increasing rate was generally decreasing，and the characteristic of carbon emissions at the countylevel presented obvious spatial heterogeneity Urban district had the smallest contribution for carbon emissions reduction，Jiangyin had become the main area with the increasing growth of carbon emissions，and Yixing was expected to continue at the lower level of carbon emissions growth （2） The relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in Wuxi was generally at the weak decoupling state，and the decoupling state was expected at the increasing trend However，the relationships in different district/counties presented regional heterogeneity The economic development model in urban district was at the environmentfriendly direction; while the decoupling index in Jiangyin and Yixing was lower than the average of Wuxi，and energy saving and emissions reduction were challenged with great pressure （3） The coaldominated energy consumption structure would have no great change in the short term，due to resource constraints Optimizing industrial structure，adjusting internal structure of industry and improving the efficiency of energy use could  be one important practical countermeasure to improve the relationship between energy consumption，carbon emissions and economic growth in Wuxi Carbon emissions from the energy consumption of industrial enterprises above designated size was only included in this paper，resulting in certain underestimation of total carbon emissions Carbon emissions from mobile combustion，industrial processes，production use and waste disposal should be further included to improve the accuracy of the estimation in the future

 Urbanization process has outstanding influence on the climate change Its very important to analyze the urbanization process comprehensively and accurately The researches in the past often use single index method such as population to represent the process of urbanization But urbanization is a comprehensive process which can reflect the level of regional economic，social and culture developmentIn this paper，a new method was used to calculate the urbanization comprehensive evaluation index，and the relationship between urbanization process and urban heat island was discussedTaken Nanjing as an example，four outstanding urbanization index data from 1985 to 2010 had been selected，including urban population，power consumption，civil car ownership and waste gas emissions Based on the backpropaqation （BP） artificial neural networks，the weight of each index was calculated. Combined with aggregative indicator method，the urbanization comprehensive evaluation index presenting the comprehensive urbanization level was built，and the heat island effect in Nanjing was analyzed by anual average temperature (1985-2007) Meanwhile，in order to discuss the relationship between urbanization process and urban heat island，correlation analysis was conductedThe results show as follows. （1）The weights of evaluation index by BP artificial neural network were all large，especially the civil car ownership reached 2919%It indicated that population，energy，environment and other aspects of urbanization process were of great significance to the urban development level evaluationThus，single index method is not accurate（2） The new method in this paper could present the urbanization prcess betterThe urbanization comprehensive evaluation index had a good perform to present the urbanization process of NanjingIt was divided into two stages in Nanjing One was stable development stage （1985-2000） and another was rapid development stage （2001-2010） The growth rate of urbanization comprehensive evaluation index was 01/10a and 06/10a， respectivelyIn addition，the effect due to rapid development was different from slow development（3）The mean annual temperature showed a fluctuated increase and had sharp distinction between urban and suburban temperature The mean distinction was 03℃The heat island intensity appeared rising trend The growth trend presented obviously，especially after 2000 by 019℃/10a （4）The correlation between heat island intensity and urbanization comprehensive index was remarkable The correlation coefficient was 075 and was significantly related at confidence level of 005Each single index had high correlation to the heat island intensityAmong them，civil car ownership was of the largest correlationIt indicated that the urbanization had great effect on the surface warming，especially in the automobile exhaust，industrial waste gas emissions and energy consumptions

The sustainable development of agricultural production and food security is based on the sustainable use of natural resources and ecological environment systemThe demand for food increases year by year with the population growth and the improvement of living standard of the people in China in the past decades It not only has made the contradicton between huge population and relatively limited plowland resources， but also has brought challenges to the sustainable development and utilization of agricultural resources and ecological system in China Based on literature study，firstly，we confirmed the quantity of food demand at the population peak in China Secondly，we established the linear regression model between food output and the input factors by taking the use of annual data of food output and the quantity of the input factors （such as land，fertilizer and so on） between 1991 and 2010 Thirdly，we figured out the quantity of the input factors，and converted the inputs into the quantity of cultivated land area and forestry area Then，we calculated the ecological footprint of the food production activity by using of econometric model in the case of peak population and under the background of food security in China We assessed the sustainable level of the activity based on the theory of ecological footprint index Unfortunately，the analysis result showed that the ecological footprint per capita was 140 hm2 and much higher than the biocapacity per capita （087 hm2）in China And the ecological footprint index per capita in [JP2]China was negative value （-609%） It means that the agricultural ecological system was in unsustainable state [JP]Therefore，our food security also could not be guaranteed sustainable by selfsufficiency In order to remit the contradiction of the quantity between food and plowland area and the contradiction between food output and agricultural ecological sustainable development，and to maintain the goals of food security and ecological sustainable development in China， we need to change the agricultural production mode from mainly boosted by the extensive input of production factors to more ecofriendly mode，such as ecological agriculture Besides we should change the way for guaranteeing food security to relieve the pressure on resources and ecological environment by reducing food selfsufficiency rate In practice，one side，we could import more food from international food market since China owns huge foreign exchange reserve On the other side，we could increase the quantity of global food production by extending cooperation with the countries rich in land resources such as South American countries and African countries The agricultural cooperation between China and these countries could benefit both sides by improving the utilization efficiency of land resources since China has more advanced agricultural technology and knowledge This study has important reference value for our government to select the right way of agricultural development and to select a food security policy which is more in line with Chinas national condition.

In regions dominated by agricultural production,it has significant meaning to study the layout optimization of rural settlement based on farm radius.Based on the calculation model of improved farm radius and ArcGIS software,this thesis focused on quantitative analysis and the study of the farming pressure of rural settlements by adopting buffer zone and spatial analysis method.Policies of layout optimization were also pointed out.Firstly,this thesis analyzed spatial neighboring characteristics and quantity structure relations of rural settlement and farmland in Yongqiao district of Suzhou city.From the point of view of spatial neighboring characteristics,farmland and forestland were the closest land on structure and function in rural settlement in Yongqiao district of Suzhou city.Compared with forestland,farmland was the main element influencing the distribution of rural settlement.There was a good linear correlation between farmland area and the rural settlement area in each town.Secondly,Based on regular “Equal” method of calculating farm radius,this paper referred to the formula of farmland per capita,population and farm radius, and further derived the model calculating farm radius based on the “ratio of farmland and rural settlement”.This model shows that the square of farm radius had a direct ratio to the area of rural settlement.The experiment in Yongqiao district shows that the calculating method based on “ratio of farmland and rural settlement” solved the problems that rural settlement scale caused.Thirdly, this paper pointed out the conception and calculating method of farming press coefficient.The magnitude of farming press coefficient meaned farm per capita bore how many country labors,and its value was obtained through the ratio between buffer zone of rural settlement and farmland area.Based on “Equal” and “Ratio of farmland and rural settlement”,this paper calculated farm radius,formed buffer zone and drawed two farming pressure coefficient distribution map.Analysis showed that the method based on “ratio of farmland and rural settlement” was more practical on evaluating the reasonableness of the distribution of rural settlement.Fourthly,farming pressure coefficient distribution map had guiding meaning for the reasonable distribution of rural settlement.We should adopt different policy for rural settlement in different area with different farming pressure coefficient.The dismantlement of rural settlement in area with high farming pressure coefficient and construction in area with low farming press coefficient should be related together.The policy can ensure that the construction land will not increase,farmland will not reduce, the layout of rural settlement will be optimized.The study can help the layout optimization of rural settlement and increase of the benefit of tillage.The layout of rural settlement is also affected by nature,social economy,history and culture besides farmland.The future research direction is to put forward a comprehensive calculating model with the above elements.

Soil erosion is one of the major environment problems in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region (DRR) of China, the water source area of the SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project (Middle Route). Soil erosion evaluation is urgently needed in this area, but it is difficult to assess because soil erosion patterns in watersheds are heterogeneous. The problem can be overcome by using soil erosion models. In this paper, soil erosion assessment was carried out in a typical watershed, the Wulongchi watershed in the DRR. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to predict the spatial distribution of the average annual soil erosion modulus. There were five parameters in the USLE (i.e., R, K, LS, C, P), and the ArcGIS provided spatial input parameters using local data. The Yu Model and the daily rainfall data of the meteorological stations were used to derive the R parameter values. Through sampling in the field, analysis in the laboratory, model simulation and spatial interpolation, we got the K factor value needed in the USLE. The raster grid cumulation and maximum downhill slope methods were adopted to get the topographic (LS) factor values. The land use/land cover data derived from remote sensing images were used to get the C factor values. Combined with field survey and slope data, we determined the P factor value. Integrated with USLE and GIS, we simulated soil erosion modulus in the Wulongchi watershed. The modeling result was classified into five categories ranging from minimal risk to extreme erosion risk. The soil erosion map was linked to land use/land cover (LULC) and slope maps to display the relationship between soil erosion and environmental factors. The results showed that the mean R, K, LS, C, P values were 3 33785（MJ〖DK〗·mm）/（hm2〖DK〗·h〖DK〗·yr）, 0030 4（t〖DK〗·hm2〖DK〗·h）/（hm2〖DK〗·MJ〖DK〗·mm）, 1696, 0282 and 0675. Annual soil loss was 2414 t/（hm2〖DK〗·yr） in the study area, far above the soil loss tolerance 5 t/(hm2〖DK〗·yr). Most areas of the watershed (5527%) fell within the minimal erosion category (<5 t/（hm2〖DK〗·yr）). About 96% of the erosion area and nearly 95% of the total soil loss occurred in the zone with slope less than 25°. As far as LULC concerned, slope cultivated land was the main source of soil loss in this area. Field survey evidenced the effectiveness of this method. The results of the study provide useful information for the land managers in prioritizing the areas of erosion mitigation in the entire reservoir region.Study results also indicate that USLEGIS methodology is an efficient tool for assessing and mapping soil erosion risk at small watershed scale. The study also provides an idea on how to get the K factor value within the USLE when it has no soil map

Construction of hydropower projects will produce irreversible major disturbance on regional environment.Ecological environmental monitoring and warning as important parts of the largescale hydropower project construction,provide detailed data support for analysis and research of the regional environmental problems of engineering project,and are essential to the regional ecological environment restoration.This paper,taking Xiangjiaba hydropower project as a case,studied the environment disturbance characteristics of hydropower project construction area,and constructed environment monitoring system of engineering construction area through combining various environment factors producing disturbances.The monitoring data were analyzed and valuated by adopting the environmental factors comprehensive evaluation method.The overall status of regional environmental change rule and spatial distribution were summarized in accordance with the process of the status and changes of various environmental factors.Some conclusions are drawn as follows.Since the largescale start of the project in 2007,the ecological vulnerability greatly increased,and peaked in 2008.The environment began to improve since 2009,and maintained the situation of better than 2007 and 2008.Highly vulnerable area was mainly located in the main construction area.The region was poor vegetation coverage,and the quality of the environment affected by the project was also lower than other regions.Extremely vulnerable area was the area connected the main project and YYTH production area,not only affected by the construction projects,but also by the industrial pollution of YYTH.The moderately vulnerable area was residential area of Shuifu and the engineering subzone of the project (living area and materials processing area).This area was frequent area of human activity,affected by serious human disturbance.Low vulnerable area was process engineering area of less engineering quantities.The areas of the largest disturbance,local industrial area and transportation hub were the most environmentally vulnerable areas.Hydropower project construction,industrial and traffic were the main environmental effect perturbation factors of the construction area.Usually,there are a lot of environmental monitoring factors of a project.Despite the adoption of national standard,there is still a grading qualitative difference,and it is not conducive to mutual comparison.In addition,there are multiple monitoring results over a period of time and multiple monitoring sites in the same time.As a result,there are difficulties in evaluating the quality of the environment of the period and in comparing with other areas.Moreover,commenting on the environmental conditions needs evaluators with much relevant experience,which makes a lot of subjective uncertainty.These bring several difficulties in contrasting monitoring results of different periods and projects

Abandoned quarries seriously destroy ecoenvironment and affect social and economic sustainable development.How to measure ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries,which has become a problem,is what this paper is aimed to solve.GIS was taken as working platform.Firstly,based on the survey data of abandoned quarries geological environment and the theories of the relationship system between human beings and ecoenvironment,ecoenvironmental impact evaluation model of abandoned quarries was built from two perspectives of ecoenvironmental damage and surrounding area sensitivity.Secondly,the evaluation index system of ecoenvironmental damage of abandoned quarries,including land occupation area,rock slope angle, the volume of solid waste,the ratio of stonepit area to land occupation area,the depth of stonepit and the possibility of geological disaster,was established according to the principles of representativeness and availability.Index weights were determined using means of Analysis Hierarchy Process and value assignment standard was given on the basis of previous research and expert knowledge.Then the degree value of ecoenvironmental damage was calculated using means of Comprehensive Evaluation Model.Thirdly,residential areas, roads, railways, rivers and scenic areas were selected as sensitive elements,and the sensitivity of sensitive elements was determined by means of Analysis Hierarchy Process.The spatial distance between abandoned quarries and the nearest sensitive elements was measured using method of GISbased Spatial Analysis.Based on Distancedecay Law and Gravity Model,the distance adjustment coefficient was computed,which was used to adjust the sensitivity of sensitive elements.Combined the above five sensitive elements,the degree value of surrounding area sensitivity was calculated.Fourthly,according to the definition,the degree value of ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries was obtained using the degree value of ecoenvironmental damage and the degree value of surrounding area sensitivity.Ecoenvironmental impact degree matrix,which was used to classify the degree value of ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries,was established by referring to risk matrix method.The degree value of ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries was divided into five degree levels: high, slightly high,average,slightly low,low.Finally,a case study including 205 abandoned quarries was conducted in Tongshan District of Xuzhou city.The results showed that the percentage of high,slightly high,average,slightly low,low degree levels of ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries were 20%,307%,507%,122% and 44% respectively,and the four abandoned quarries of high degree level of ecoenvironmental impact were Heqiu,Yuezhuang,Sheng Shiwei,Quan Taiyin.Abandoned quarries of the high degree level of ecoenvironmental impact were mostly in Liuquan,Maocun,Liguo,and abandoned quarries in the north part of Tongshan District needed ecoenvironmental construction more urgently than those in south part.This paper was supposed to provide a scientific method to evaluate ecoenvironmental impact of abandoned quarries and choose abandoned quarries that sorely needed ecoenvironmental construction

Based on the analysis of land use data obtained from six Landsat TM and ETM images in the years of 1989,1999 and 2009,this paper took advantage of the hierarchical classification method and the method which is combined with the supervised classification and the artificial visual interpretation to extract landscape class information of land use in the Chaohu Lake Basin.Further more,the Fragstats software was utilized to analyze the changes of landscape pattern during 20 years and to study its change regulation and variation characteristics.The results are as follows.(1) From 1989 to 2009,the area of construction land in the Chaohu Lake Basin increased 38 380 hm2 and the dynamic degree was up to 18%,while the cultivated area reduced 34 230 hm2.The area of water was relatively stable.The area of evergreen forest increased 40 350 hm2,and on the other hand,the area of deciduous woodland decreased 6 760 hm2.Besides,the increase area of urban construction land was major derived from the change of farm land and other types of land use.(2) The numbers of plaque (NP) and the patch density (PD) made a linear reduction during 20 years,and all the decline rates were about 22%.With respect to the block shape index (LSI),it decreased quickly as its rate was about 28%.Moreover,the largest patch index (LPI) showed that the change rule of V shaped,and the aggregation index (AI) was steady rising,so that it illustrated that the landscape change was affected more and more by human activities.(3) In terms of the types of landscape,the numbers of plaque (NP) and the patch density (PD) showed a decreasing trend from 1989 to 2009,the decline extent of which was nearly one half.The principal factors to make the numbers of plaque (NP) as well as the patch density (PD) descend were evergreen forest and other land.At the same time,the reduction of block shape index (LSI) was caused by farm land and other land.(4) With the changes of administrative division in the Chaohu Lake Basin and the rapid development of economy,great changes of the land use will be happened in the Chaohu Lake Basin.This paper will set up a background record of new developing pattern in order to provide social and economic development planning in the Chaohu Lake Basin with the scientific theory support in the future

The physicochemical characteristics of water samples collected from 20 sampling sites in the Hongze Lake were periodically monitored in 2010.Modified Carsons trophic state index (TSIm) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of water quality.Spatialtemporal distribution variation characteristics of water quality were analyzed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and selforganizing feature map (SOM),and the spatialtemporal differences were discussed.The results indicated that the water physicochemical parameters had significant seasonal variations except water depth (WD) and secchi depth (SD).Total phosphorus (TP) and permanganate index (CODMn) were the highest in winter,while nitrogen content was the highest in spring.The water quality was mainly influenced by the ionic and nitride concentration,and the total phosphor was not the dominating control factor.The results from TSI indicated that water quality was in the state of eutrophication at the four seasons and was the most severe in summer.The comprehensive evaluated scores based upon PCA were 0178,0404,-0651 and 0071 in spring,summer,autumn and winter,respectively,which also indicated that water quality in the Hongze Lake was the best in autumn and the worst in summer.In 2010,TP declined significantly and TN scarcely differed from that in 1989.However,the contribution of inorganic nitrogen such as ammonia nitrogen (NH+4N) and nitratenitrogen (NO-3N) to TN increased,which might be relevant to mass use of fertilizer and feed in the process of continuous development of planting,aquaculture and livestock industry in the watershed of the Hongze Lake.The results of spatial characteristics of water quality from SOM and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) had some differences,but most of the results were consistent with each other.Compared with the HCA,the SOM results were further accord with the actual situation and were able to more clearly and accurately reflect the spatial characteristics of water quality.In addition,SOM model diagram had strong visibility,which could intuitively reflect the differences of each water parameter at different sampling sites.Thus,the method can be applied to water quality evaluation research.The SOM results showed that 20 sampling sites were divided into three categories,G1,G2 and G3.G1 represented the relatively closed north part of the Hongze Lake with some submersed macrophytes distribution,in which the water quality was mainly affected by the pollution of blockedweb aquaculture.G2 represented the east and south part where there were busy shipping and the water of the Huaihe River directly flows into,in which the water quality was mainly influenced by the river water and shipping.G3 represented the west part of the Hongze Lake where the ponds of aquaculture closely distributed and lots of people lived along the coast,in which the water quality was affected mainly by the waste water of aquaculture and domestic sewage.It is suggested that the control of external pollution and submersed macrophytes recover are the effective measures to ease and solve the water eutrophication of the Hongze Lake

Chlorine disinfection is the most common disinfection method in the water supply system in China.Those disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from the method which include carcinogenic,mutagenic and teratogenic effects,have received extensive attention in recent years,among which trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the most typical and concerned halogenated organic DBPs. Due to the difference in DBPs formation by different organic matters in the raw water through their physical,chemical and biological behaviors in the treating process,the relationship between species distribution characteristic of organic matters in the raw water and DBPs formation is vital for effective reduction of DBP precursors,reasonable water supply process control and final guarantee of drinking water security.Researches on THMs and HAAs precursors have been comprehensively implemented,however,many of them was based on simulated substances (such as resorcinol),or limited in a single precursor (i.e.THMs or HAAs precursor),and thus there was not enough information about the relationship mentioned above.In addition,compared with the total five controlled HAAs by US EPA,only two kinds of HAAs are under control in China,which make the risks of HAAs in DBPs underestimate in some researches.Therefore,in order to get a more comprehensive understanding on the relationship between species distribution characteristic of organic matters in the raw water and DBPs formation,a typical rivertype water source in the Yangtze River Delta was selected and investigated during different hydrological periods.Results showed that organic pollution was most serious in the wet period,then in the level period,the last in the dry period,with humification of the water decreasing in the same order.Distribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) components in total organic carbon (DOC) of the raw water after resin adsorption process were:hydrophobic acid (HPOA,38%)>hydrophilic fraction (HPI,26%)>transphilic acid (TPIA,16%)>hydrophobic neutral (HPON,12%)>transphilic neutral (TPIN,8%),HPOA(32%)>HPON(22%)>TPIA(20%)>HPI(18%)>TPIN(8%),HPOA(28%)>TPIA(24%)>HPON(20%)>HPI(19%)>TPIN(9%),in the wet period, level period and dry period,respectively.Specific UV absorbance values (SUVA) of DOM components were lower than those in the raw water except HPI.The highest value was in the component HPOA,which was 177 times of that in the raw water.Contributions of hydrophobic organic matters (including hydrophobic acid and hydrophobic neutral) to the formation of THMs and HAAs,were more than 60% and 65% among that of the overall DBPs attributed by all organic matters during the three hydrological periods,indicating hydrophobic organic matters was the major DBP precursors and should be prominently removed in the water supply process.Relationships between organic matters characteristics of the raw water with DBPs formation potential (DBPFP) made few differences during the three hydrological periods,with a high degree of linear correlation of specific THMs formation potential (STHMFP) and SUVA,and a lower degree of linear correlation of specific HAAs formation potential (SHAAFP) and SUVA,indicating that SUVA value could be utilized as an indirect indicator of STHMP and help to facilitate rapid monitoring of changing trends of DBP precursors in the actual production

Through the research of the sedimentary profile in the Quyuan river mouth site on the first river terrace in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River,a major tributary of the Yangtze River，a set of palaeoflood slack water deposits（SWD）were found in the profile.Samples were taken from field and the grain size,magnetic susceptibility and ignition loss amount were analyzed in detail in the laboratory.The results show that the palaeoflood slack water deposits contained in the profile were different from the palaeosoil and the flood slack water deposits recorded a group of palaeoflood events occurred in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River.Combined with stratigraphic correlation and OSL technique,the age of the palaeoflood events were determined during 5000-5500 a BP.According to the theory of sedimentology and hydrology,using the palaeoflood slack water deposits pinch out method and slack water deposits thick sand content method,we found that the palaeoflood water level elevation recorded by this profile was 169 m and 171 m,respectively.Restored its peak flow by slope method,the flood peak discharges were reconstructed to be 60 577 m3/s and 68 978 m3/s.At the same time,the result was checked by various methods,such as the modern flood event occurred in 2011,which indicated the reconstructed peak discharge was reliable.This study provides important data for engineering construction in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River,and provides an important reference for the Middle Route Project of South to North Water Diversion Project

The multiple scale characteristics of air pollution index change in Shanghai City,its trends and mutation features were examined via Wavelet analysis and MannKendall nonparametric test method based on the daily air pollution index sequence of PM10,SO2 and NO2 over a time period of recent 12 years.Firstly,continuous wavelet transform was employed to investigate the air pollution change,which revealed the multiple scale characteristics of the variance of air pollution sequences of PM10,SO2 and NO2.Wavelet variance analysis indicated that,the three air pollution sequences had different periodicity at medium and short time scales.The sequences had a medium scale period of around 1000 days and a short scale period of 300 days,while at small time scales,the sequences had primary peroids of around 300 days and secondary periods of around 30 days.The periodic analysis results at 300 days and 30 days time scales indicated that air pollution was heavier in summer and lighter in winter.Additionally,the results at 30 days time scale showed winter and spring were the seasons when pollution was much more significantly affected by the weather and season factors,and air quality of Shanghai tended to improve in recent years.Wavelet analysis results in this work could also be verified by the real observation and statistics of Shanghai air pollution at the same time.Secondly,MannKendall method was employed to detect trends of the sequence change of PM10,SO2 and NO2 in recent 12 years.The three sequences all showed a extremely significant decline tendency,and the average decline rates of PM10,SO2 and NO2 sequences were -0289 5/100 d,-0293 5/100 d and -0164 1/100 d,respectively.Thirdly,MannKendall method was used to identify the mutations of the sequences.Mutation positions occurred at the start as the trend of each sequence changed.The sequence mutation of PM10 pollution began from July 3,2006,SO2 from March 21,2010,and NO2 from April 18,2006.Thereafter,the three sequences showed significant downward trend.Although there were local fluctuations,the air quality tended to get better.PM10 and NO2 pollution reduced since the summer of 2006,and SO2 pollution reduced after the spring of 2010.Though SO2 pollution was the most serious in 2007,but it later reduced year by year.Before 2010,SO2 sequence showed a significant upward trend over a long period of time,indicating that the shortterm decline might be just normal fluctuation in the overall upward trend for a long time,and rise and fall of the sequence repeatedly formed the characteristics of multiple time scales.Both the wavelet and MannKendall methods had their advantages and drawbacks,and the analysis results of the two methods could verify and complement each other to get more accurate conclusion,providing reference for the urban atmospheric environment monitoring and protection.Highspeed economic developments of Shanghai brought tremendous environmental pressure.With the rapid growth of automotive vehicles,the increased road dust density and exhaust poisnous emissions became the source of air pollutants of the urban areas in Shanghai.Despite many measures taken and efforts made on air pollution control by the Shanghai administration,air pollution in Shanghai remains a problem to address.Finally,proposals were put forward to improve the urban air quality in Shanghai in the future

This paper counted up the station thunderstorm gust days over the years and analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics by using 78 meteorological stations daily thunderstorm gust data in Anhui Province from 1971 to 2010.It also analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of thunderstorm gust in recent 40 years in Anhui Province by using MannKendall method,wavelet analysis method,EOF decomposition method and etc.The results show as follows.There was a significant decreasing trend of thunderstorm gust days sum in Anhui Province.The most concentrated period of time for thunderstorm gust was in the summer from June to August,accounting for about 69% of the year.The diurnal variation of thunderstorm gust mainly showed singlepeak structure,peaking in 15〖DK〗∶00 to 16〖DK〗∶00 BT.The spatial distribution characteristics had no obvious relationship with latitude,mainly had relationship with the influence of convective weather system and factors of regional and terrain.Thunderstorm days had a significant mutation at 1987 in Anhui Province.Wavelet analysis showed that there were 10 years and 6—8 years significant oscillation cycle.In the time scale of 10 years,thunderstorm gust days experienced 4 alternating cycles from more to less,multiple thunderstorm gust periods were around 1995 and from 2003 to 2005,and the thunderstorm gust days would remain in the reduced state after 2010.For 10 years the quasiperiodic,oscillation of 10 years was small before 1995,but intense oscillation occurred after 1995.The contribution of the first four modal cumulative variance of EOF decomposition of thunderstorm gust days was up to 61%.The first mode could most reflected the main characteristics of thunderstorm days annual distribution in Anhui Province.The time coefficients of each mode had obvious interdecadal variation

The urban canopy parameterizations was developed substantially and was coupled to the mesoscale meteorological model successfully to study urban boundary layer processes in the last 20 years.Different studies showed that such parameterizations were sensitive to the urban canopy parameters that defined the urban morphology.At the same time,the urban canopy parameters were sensitive to the simulation performance,and highresolution surface data was helpful for the simulative effects.At present,the urban canopy schemes coupled to WRF model included Singlelayer (UCM) scheme,Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) scheme and Building Environment Model (BEP+BEM) scheme.BEP and BEP+BEM need to confirm more parameters and waste more time than UCM,but whether they can improve the simulative effects requires further investigation.Different from plain cities,the mountain cities have complex terrain and land surface characteristics,which cause great difficulties for studying the mountain cities by model.Is simulation performance of WRF model coupled with urban canopy schemes better than which is not?Which urban scheme is most applicable to simulate 2 m temperature and wind in Chongqing?This paper intends to solve the above problems.Taken the typical mountain city(Chongqing) as the research object,combined the highresolution GIS data (333*333 m),we used three different urban canopy schemes coupled to WRF model to simulate Chongqing highdensity buildings thermal environment for two days.The main results are as follows.(1)The simulated temperature and wind of WRF without urban canopy scheme had rather big difference with the observations,the RMSE between observation and simulation without urban canopy scheme of 2 m temperature reached 32℃.(2)Results of BEP+BEM scheme was the best and results of UCM scheme was the worst.The RMSE (between observation and simulation,in 10 urban stations) of BEP+BEM,BEP and UCM schemes were 13℃,14℃,21℃,respectively.(3)The difference of results of BEP and BEM+BEP scheme was tiny and the results showed good agreement with observations in simulation of windspeed at 10m,but deviation of that of UCM scheme was bigger.The results of winddirection at 10 m were satisfactory in three urban canopy schemes simulations

Chilling injury in rice has become a severer problem for hybrid production in China in recent years under global warming.Meanwhile a standard method for chilling tolerance screening in heavypanicle rice has been lacked.Thus this experiment aimed to establish a possible method for chillingtolerance screening of heavypanicle rice varieties.The experiment was conducted with 21 heavypanicle maleparent varieties of hybrid rice in phytotron，with chilling stress treatment at their meiosis stages by simulating the local typical injury meteorological factors.The treatment kept continuous seven days with a daily average temperature 17.5℃,and the spikelet pollination rate (SPR) and the spikelet number per panicle (SNP) were chosen to be the criteria for screening the varieties with or with no tolerance to the chilling stresses.As a result，all the varieties were classified into four groups by their tolerances，the tolerant，moderate tolerant，moderate susceptible and the susceptible.Among them,BL006，RHQ and Xiangba belonged to be the tolerant group，and C418 the susceptible.After the chilling stress treatment，in comparison with the controls，the tolerant varieties showed higher SPRs and SNPs，with no change in anther length (AL)，the pollinated pollens per stigma(PPS)，the germinated pollens per stigma(GPS)，and the pollen germination rate per stigma(PGRS).On the contrary，C418 demonstrated sharp decreases in their SPRs and SNPs，anther length，the pollination pollens per stigma，the germination pollens per stigma，and the pollen germination rate per stigma after their treatments.The result showed that different from the normal panicle type rice variety，the heavypanicle rice variety susceptible to chilling stress tended to reduce its spikelet formation.While as the same as the normal panicle rice variety，its male microgamete tended to be deteriorated in structure and functioning under chilling stress process.Thus a joint screening indicator with SPR plus SNP，not just SPR，may be necessary for chillingtolerance screening in heavypanicle rice variety.We concluded that the chilling tolerance of heavypanicle rice variety can be screened with joint criteria of SPR plus SNP under simulation conditions based on the local typical injury meteorological factors.Moreover，under chilling conditions，in comparison with the tolerant ones，susceptible varieties showed apparent decreases in their SPRs，and deterioration in their pollen quantities and qualities as well

Wheat grain yield in Jianghan Plain suffers widely for water logging.The research was carried out based on the analysis of rainfall distribution of Jingzhou from 1983 to 2013,by field experiment and potted experiment,with the highgrainyield cultivars Zhengmai 9023.Based on waterlogging at jointing stage and booting stage,plant height,photosynthetic rate in flag leaf,the rate of leaf yellowing,and their effects on dry matter accumulation and grain yield were studied.The results indicated that monthly precipitation in Jingzhou from 1983 to 2013 was unimodal distribution and most of the precipitation distributed in May,June and July.Moreover,the maximal amount of precipitation from jointing stage to booting stage in Jianghan Plain from 1983 to 2012 was 1944 mm,and more than 1/3 from 1983 to 2012 was 80.2 mm precipitation or more， indicating that it would induce water logging easily.The precipitation from April to June,the reproductive stage for wheat,was also enough.Monthly mean precipitation from April to June was above 1457 mm,and the max precipitation was 4275 mm (May,1998).In our experiment,waterlogging at jointing stage and at booting stage both decreased plant height.At heading stage,the plant height decreased 61%-91%,and at maturity,the plant height decreased 19%-42%,which indicated that under removing water logging the plant height could increase at some extent and the effect of water logging at booting stage was larger than that at booting stage.Moreover,waterlogging at jointing stage and at booting stage both decreased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf.At anthesis,the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf in the treatment with water logging at jointing stage decreased 58%,and at midfilling stage it decreased 139%.The corresponding decrease percent of photosynthetic rate of flag leaf in the treatment with water logging at booting stage was 347% and 571%.Waterlogging at jointing stage and at booting stage both increased leaf yellowing rate,and the effect of the treatment with water logging at booting stage was larger than that of the treatment with water logging at jointing stage.Waterlogging at jointing stage and at booting stage both decreased dry matter accumulation,and finally induced lower grain yield.Compared with CK,the grain yield of the treatment with waterlogging at jointing stage deceased 163 %,and that of the treatment with waterlogging at booting stage decreased 218%.Above all,waterlogging at jointing stage and at booting stage both decreased photosynthesis indices,and led to lower dry matter amount and lower grain yield than CK.And the effects of the treatment with waterlogging at jointing stage were larger than that of the treatment with waterlogging at booting stage

The middle basin of the Yangtze River is located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone，which is an important commodity grain and commodity oil producing area in our country.However，there is a large and long duration of rainfall in the harvest season of wheat/rapeseed (MayJune)，which seriously decreases the production and quality of wheat/rapeseed because the wheat/rapeseed could not get dry timely，and finally decreases the farmers income.Grain dryer is not restricted by time and weather，and could help farmers harvest grains at the correct harvesting time and increase crop yield through reducing the loss of drying period.However，at the main producing areas of wheat/rapeseed in southern China，the use of grain dryer is still not popular.In order to study the facility status，demand and willingness to pay for the small and mediumsized grain dryer for the farmers，we randomly surveyed 350 farmers in five cities of Hubei and Hunan provinces in the middle reach of the Yangtze River by household surveys，and analyzed the results by the contingent valuation method (CVM).Results showed the total of 350 respondents consisted of 566% male and 434% female，of which 128% was less than age of 40，383% was from age 40 to 50，and 489% was over age 50.And most respondents only had primary (444%) or junior secondary education (451%), and just a few (105%) had high school education.Working temporary jobs，farming and business were major source of household incomes for 594%，284% and 121% of respondents，respectively.Although 377% and 518% of responders had lost 10%50% of their production of wheat and rape respectively because of the bad weather in 2012，997% of responders still chose the sun exposure and natural air drying as drying method and only 03% of responders chose grain drier.And more than 821% of respondents did not want to pay for the cost of grain drier.When we suppose that all of the respondents had buying desire for the grain drier，837% of respondents could only bear the price less than 800 yuan.The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the willingness of respondents to pay was significantly decreased with the increase of the age of respondents (p=-0013)，and significant increased with the region economy development (p=0000)，educational level (p=0010) and family income (p=0009).Agricultural mechanization is the inevitable trend of modern agricultural.To generalize the use of grain drier，we should improve the farmers understanding of grain drier，reduce the cost of buying and running of grain drier，and improve the farmers educational level

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an important economic crop.It is used as food,vegetable,fodder and industrial material.Favorita is a type of superior and precocious potato varieties and adapts to plain.Research of the superior and high yield cultivation steps of potato is the important foundation of gaining the largest economic benefit and the sustainable development of potato production.To search the best density of autumn sowing potato Favorita in Jianghan plain and the effects of density on the main agronomic traits and field,6 densities,such as 4 000 holes per 667 m2,7 000 holes per 667 m2,10 000 holes per 667 m2,13 000 holes per 667 m2,16 000 holes per 667 m2,19 000 holes per 667 m2 were set.Research showed that density was highly positively associated with growth period (y=0000 8x+80514,r1=0990 7*[KG-*2]*)，significantly negatively associated with stem length (r2=-0895 1*) and highly significantly negatively associated with rate of emergency(r3=-0941 1*[KG-*2]*),stem number(r4=-0992 4*[KG-*2]*),tuber number per plant (r5=-09644*[KG-*2]*) and scale of commodity potato (r6=-0937 9*[KG-*2]*).Tuber weigh per plant had quadratic curve connection (y=-1E-06x2+0016 8x+13978,r7=-0837 0*) with density,and reached the maximum value of density 8498 holes per 667 m2.The yield had quadratic curve connection (y=-8E-06x2+0208x+15761,r8=-0726) with density and reached the maximum value of the density 12838 holes per 667 m2.The yield of commodity potato had quadratic curve connection (y=-6E-06x2+0141 9x+19395,r9=-0767*) with density and reached the maximum value of the density 11087 holes per 667 m2.The potato yield and commodity potato yield of 13000 holes per 667 m2 were inferior to 10000 holes per 667 m2,which was 16309 kg per 667 m2 and 1 109 kg per 667 m2 respectively at the first place,and had super comprehensive characters.The treatments range from 19 000 holes per 667 m2（1 3046 kg per 667 m2）,16 000 holes per 667 m2（1 2113 kg per 667 m2）,7 000 holes per 667 m2（1 2105 kg per 667 m2）to 4 000 holes per 667 m2（8091 kg per 667 m2）developed a diminishing tendency in yield.The treatments range from 13 000 holes per 667 m2（8473 kg per 667 m2）,16 000 holes per 667 m2（7679 kg per 667 s m2）,19 000 holes per 667 m2 （634 kg per 667 m2）to 4 000 holes per 667 m2（6181 kg per 667 m2）developed a diminishing tendency in yield of commodity potato.The treatments range from 4 000 holes per 667 m2（7640%）,7 000 holes per 667 m2（740%）,10 000 holes per 667 m2（679%）,13 000 holes per 667 m2（639%）,16 000 holes per 667 m2（585%）to 19 000 holes per 667 m2 （488%） developed a diminishing tendency in scale of commodity potato