With its prominent contribution to regional economy, creative industry (CI) is a popular topic both in academic field and practice. CI cultivating and development is crucial for industrial upgrading and spatial restructuring in metropolitans and medium cities. An overall survey of the relative literatures reveals that nine research themes are closely or partly related to this research, which are: influence on economic growth, insights on creative class, reasoning of creative city, elaboration of creative milieu, examination of location preference, exploration on network of CI, argumentation of cultureled urban regeneration, concerns to urban social space, urban policy implications. Recently, CI features the urban agglomeration and urban hierarchy. Integrating the two theories of Christaller's centrality and Floridas creative economy, the article uses original database to explore the determinant factors influencing CI development in urban agglomeration and creative economy, and their impact on urban agglomeration restructuring across 16 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). A measure index system of 14 factors are proposed from five perspectives of economic, culture, social, creation and intelligence, for the relation of creative industry and urban agglomeration and creative city hierarchy. On the database of year 2005 and 2009, five factors are distinguished in factor analysis with SPSS150 and ArcGIS92, including city amenity, scale and quality of creative class, economic base and economic investment intensity, city recreation facility, with the first three are leading factors. This different feature from Florida's theory implies that diversity of cultural environment and tolerance does not show its impact in those Chinese regions with most developed creative industry. Research also shows the rapid increase of CI in 16 cities, and less disparity at intercity level. The ranksize of city hierarchy with CI as measure index shows similar feature as that using economy or population as index, with Shanghai as the primary city, the second level cities of Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou. However it shows some different feature, as Ningbo and Yangzhou showing lower CI level than Taizhou, Zhengjiang and Shaoxing, implying that a new urban system is developing guided by creative industry in the YRD. CI development does not show its restructuring ability in urban system in the YDA, implying the advantage of creativity of creative class has not been transferred to industry advantage. The research implies the competition between cities taking similar development path and policy with space carrier of creative industry center. The disordered competition will restrict the progress to be a creative city, and the competitiveness improvement of the YDA urban agglomeration in global competition

Metropolitan areas are the regions with high level of socioeconomic development, as well as dense populations. However, along with the fast growth of population size, the amount of resource consumption and pollutant emission is constantly increasing, accompanied with declining environmental capacity. These have led to a series of social problems including traffic congestion, crowded space and inequality in public service delivery. These problems have become major constraints of regional sustainable development. In order to coordinate the relationship among economic development, environment and population allocation, many countries and areas have taken different measures, such as total population control and regional regulation policies. Based on the traditional geographic zoning approach, we explored suitability zoning method of spatial population allocation, with respect to constraint and suitability of human settlement. By considering various factors (such as environment, natural resources, and socioeconomic development), we constructed an indicator system of suitability assessment of population allocation and explored the methods of unit division, indicator quantification and comprehensive assessment. The indices of suitability assessment of population allocation were calculated from a modified matrix vector model. Based on the indices, a spatial model of population allocation is constructed. Using Wuxi City as a case, the result from the optimization model showed that: the old town, which has been overpopulated and presented supersaturated environmental capacity, need to reduce its population; while the new city and development zones, are expected to be population centers in the future, due to the low population density and proper population spatial allocation. Population controlor even emigration is to be implemented in the areas along the Wangyu and Zhihu River and those in proximity to the airport, because of high ecological sensitivity and low suitability. The optimization schemeprovides an important scientific basis for coordinating among industrial development, regional population allocation and water environment protection, and for implementation of distinct population policies

China has been undergoing rapid urbanization in the past two decades. As the same time, drastic changes that highway length and density increased by several times has taken place in the road traffic. The development of road traffic plays a facilitative role in urbanization while urbanization will promote transportation construction in turn. However, road development also brings a series of problems such as landscape fragmentation. Landscape fragmentation caused by road construction is a phenomenon that roads divide the lands into isolated parcels. Generally, landscape fragmentation caused by road building will be aggravated with urban expansion. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between road traffic and urbanization. Based on RS and GIS technology, Landsat TM/ETM+ data were used to carry out multi-level spatial statistical analysis from 1989 to 2008 in Nanjing. The results showed that, the structures and spatial forms of traffic network and urban areas varied in different periods. From 1989 to 1999, a disordered construction took place as a result of rapid urban development. The boundaries of urban space became complex while fractal dimension of traffic network declined. On the other hand, from 1999 to 2008, subject to the increasingly stringent city planning, boundaries of urban space tended to be compact and regular, as well as structures of traffic network grew mature and stable. To some extent, fragmentation due to the road construction can reflect the intensity of urbanization. Degree of fragmentation and urbanization intensity showed significant spatial dependence, and this phenomenon appeared to be more obvious with time. Besides, as they both represented spatial expansion of the city, they showed a strong resemblance. In the area with a high degree of urbanization, the influences of artery traffic on the urban land use did not show the trend that power of influence diminishes with distance decreasing. Conversely, the urban land use intensity did not appear to be different with each other. Only in the new built areas such as New District of Pukou, the influences of artery traffic on the urban land use come to a character of power of influence diminishes with distance decreasing. Therefore, the relationship between road traffic and city land use showed a different character in the areas of different degree of urbanization. In addition, in view of different trend and pattern shown in different period, temporal heterogeneity is also required to be taken account in the research. The structure and pattern of transportation network, with which a city develops and expands as the framework, influence the spatial form and internal composition of the city. And it is so important to the sustainable development of a city that transportation construction planning should be carried out scientifically and reasonably.〖

Cultural integration is one of the most important fields in Cultural Geography. Especially, urbanrural cultural integration has become a highlight in academic and political circles. Urbanrural cultural integration refers to two paralleled cultural systems, the factors of which interact and merger each other to form an organic and harmonious culture system. Using a case study of Wuhan City Circle, this paper aims to construct Measure Index System (MIS), around spatial measure of integration for urbanrural cultural integration, following scientific, general and practical principles. The MIS is established from following levels of four functional indexes—urbanrural integration in cultural resources index, cultural factors index, cultural industries index and cultural development index, twelve goal decomposition indexes and twenty-four detailed indicators. By using the method of factor analysis, we extract three principal divisors—economic divisor, potential divisor and security divisor, and then compute the integration degree for the fortyeight counties. According to the computation, four strength regions are divided, which include the fullyintegrated region, wellintegrated region, weakintegrated region and weakerintegrated region. We argue that the spatial disparity of urbanrural cultural integration in Wuhan City Circle, by and large, presents the structure that Wuhan city is the center of cultural integration and as the distance increasing, the intensity decreases, especially along with “JingGuang” railway and the Yangtze river economic zone, the counties in which shows a stronger integration than other regions with the same distance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the difference of urban-rural cultural resources is the fundamental factor causing the spatial structure disparity. The paper demonstrates that 1) the essence of urbanrural cultural structure disparity is resulted by the cultural resource difference between urban and rural. Culture resources can bring about the direct and indirect economic benefits, including cultural heritage, cultural groups, culture investment, and culture construction and so on. In the process of integration, narrowing the gap between urban and rural cultural resources will enhance the level of cultural integration through exploring the rural culture resources, organizing effectively cultural activity and improving the comprehensive quality of rural people; 2) to improve the cultural system is the key point for the integration. Urbanrural cultural system is constituted by material, spiritual, behavioral and institutional factors which form the cultural structure according to certain combination; 3) the foundation of integration is to harmonize urbanrural cultural industries. Cultural industries are part of cultural enterprises, which fully reflect the economic attribute of culture. Thus the harmony of cultural industries is the order and powerful way for the integration; 4) the ultragoal of integration is the scientific development of urbanrural culture. Urbanrural cultural integration is a process of preferential orientation, in which rural traditional culture will be critically inherited, and urban culture selectively absorbed. It is a twoway evolution where excellent culture will be taken in, while backward one abandoned. It must be a process, in which only based on the reorganization of disparity and complementarity between urban and rural area, the interaction between them will go on the track of being order, scientific and gradually improved

Based on literature research and field investigation, the connotation of performance evaluation of water resources management was given, the indicator system of performance evaluation and a dynamic evaluation model of water resources management in seven River Basin of china was designed, with reference to the socioeconomic development objectives of water resources management. The model was used to analyze the changing trend of the performance index of water resources management in 1999-2010, and revealed the causes of its changing trend. Then, the superiority and inferiority of performance level among different drainage areas was comparatively analyzed. Results showed the performance index of water resources management of seven drainage areas in China was improved with different levels during 1999-2010, the order of the growth rate of the performance index is Haihe River, Yellow River, Songliao River, Taihu Lake, Pearl River, Yangtze River, Huaihe River, and the order of relative management performance level is Haihe River, Pearl river, Huanghe river, Songliao river, Taihu Lake, Yangtze river, Huaihe river. During 1999-2003, the highest management performance level is Songliao River Basin. During 2003-2007 and 2007-2010, the highest management performance level is Pearl River Basin, During 1999-2010, the lowest management performance level is Huaihe River Basin. The study also revealed that the performance index of water resources management was greatly influenced by per capita water consumption, comprehensive water consumption rate, agricultural water proportion, water use per industrial GDP, waste water discharge per GDP, and utilization ratio of water resources

The Hengsha East Shoal is one of the main estuarine shoals in the Changjiang Estuary. The shoal is open to the East China Sea. It never becomes a land due to strong wind waves in winter seasons. There is a plan to reclaim the Hengsha East Shoal to meet increasing land need or to build a new harbor in Shanghai. Before the plan is implemented, we should understand the basic situation about the shoal and sedimentary dynamics in the adjacent water areas. We collected 21 marine charts and classified them into four periods to analyze the evolution of the North Channel and the Hengsha East Shoal using geographic information system. At the north of the Hengsha East Shoal, the results showed that the Qingcaosha Reservoir Project (located at the upstream part of the North Channel) stabilized the water and sediment diversion of the South and North Channel, and kept the main flow stable in the North Channel in recent years. Since 1998-1999, the 10 m isobaths in the upper part of the North Channel have moved a little to north while the other part moved to south. The shallowest water was less than 5 m near the mouth bar in the North Channel, which is located at 122°15′E. The mouth sand bar in this channel was moving towards downstream. Along the north coast of the Hengsha Island and the Hengsha East Shoal, the coastline deeper than 10 m reaches 16 km in recent years. The waterway showed that it had the capacity to become navigation channel at the upper streams of the North Channel. At the south of the Hengsha East shoal, the jetty construction of the deepwater navigation channel in the North Passage also stabilized the tidal flat of the Hengsha East shoal and reduced the water and sediment exchange between the mud flat and the waterway. The new reclamation engineering on the Hengsha East shoal also increased the accretion rate of the Hengsha East shoal remarkably. By the year 2011, areas of up to -2 m and up to -5 m have reached 304 km2 and 522 km2, respectively. Deducting the area within the deep-water navigation channel dams, there are also 237 km2 and 450 km2, respectively. There are abundant dredged soils in the Changjiang Estuary every year, especially in the deepwater navigation channel. Now the dredged soils are abandoned as waste in the estuary. If it could be used as hydraulic fill material upon to the new reclaimed Hengsha East shoal areas, the mud flat will become the land in 13 to 41 years as the filled soil number reach 60 million m3 per year, 7 to 23 years as the soil reach 100 million m3 per year. In conclusion, in foreseeable future, the Hengsha East shoal could provide a number of land resource and navigation coastal lines to meet the local development needs

The Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, is considered as one of the most important wetlands in the world. “Plateshaped Lake Enclosed in Autumn” has a long history and is widely used in this lake. It is an unique fishing method employed by local fisherman in the midlower Yangtze Basin trying to clear the fish during lowwater periods. Theye entrench and built short dam in the platelake to keep more water and fish when the water level falls lower than sublakes in autumn, enabling the fish in platelakes grow larger and economic benefits will be enlarged from such a fishery mode. In the paper, PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) was adopted to survey the history and present situation of the “Plateshaped Lake Enclosed in Autumn” in Nanji Wetland National Natural Reserve of the Poyang Lake, Jiangxi The results showed that there were 26 PlateLakes which were typical of socalled “Plateshape Lake enclosed in Autumn” fishery model in this area. The PlateLakes were contracted with fishermen from Nanji Town, Chaoyang Village, Hongwei Village, or Xiangyang Village. Fishes, shrimps and crabs were cultured in these lakes. Birds in the Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve show a Mtype monthly dynamics, with significant different amount among line transects, but no significant differences in species number among months and line transects. The positive and negative influences of  the “Plateshaped Lake Enclosed in Autumn” fishery model were found on the population number and distribution of migratory birds and ecological function of their habitats. In the end, the establishment of sustainably social and economic development of the “Plateshaped Lake Enclosed in Autumn” fishery model was discussed and practicable management strategies were deduced for the conservation of migratory birds. Although excessive catch on fish would threaten  resources and sustainable development of the Poyang Lake “Plateshaped Lake enclosed in Autumn” play its  positive role in the function of habitat for winter birds. And it is one of the methods to achieve the fishing right, we can do some useful measures to protect the winter birds and their habitat in the Plateshaped Lake Enclosed in Autumn, such as pumping water, drainage water in different time, forbidding excessive fishing etc

 The Danjiangkou reservoir, located in the junction area of Hubei Province, Henan Province, and Shanxi Province, is the only water source of the Central Line Project of SouthtoNorth Water Diversion of China, which serves as an important drinking water source for most cities facing severe water shortage in the North China Plain (e.g. Beijin, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang). Understanding the ecological condition of the Danjiangkou reservoir is a valuable knowledge for the regional water resource protection and management. Euphotic depth is one of the most important factors to assess the condition of the aquatic ecosystem because it represents a zone where almost all of the primary production occurs. Investigating the variation of euphotic depth in Danjiangkou reservoir and assessing the influencing factor can improve our understanding on the ecosystem dynamics of the Danjiangkou reservoir and its relationships with light. Relevant results could provide useful information for the sustainable water resource management of SouthtoNorth Water Diversion.
To investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of euphotic depth and its influencing factors, a total of 25 field sampling sites were investigated during the high flow period, median flow period, and low water period in 2011-2012 in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. First, we investigated the spatiotemporal variations of the underwater photosynthetic active radiation and the concentration of three main substances (inorganic suspended particulate, algal chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon). Then, we used the step-wise multiple regression analysis to determine the most important factors affect the variation of euphotic depth in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The results showed that, the euphotic depth of the Danjiangkou Reservoir range from 104 m to 1535 m, with average values of 608 m, 535 m, and 765 m in the high flow period, median flow period, and low flow period, respectively. In the temporal scale, the highest fluctuation of the euphotic depth was observed in the high flow period (CV=070), and the lowest fluctuation of the euphotic depth was observed in the low water period (CV=019). In the spatial scale, an increasing trend of euphotic depth was observed from the head to the tail in both Hanjiang and Danjiang reservoir basins. The result suggested that, the spatiotemporal variation of euphotic depth was mainly based on the hydrological conditions and impoundment regulation in the river-reservoir hybrid system. The stepwise regression analysis revealed that, the euphotic depth was determined by different factors in different hydrological periods. In the high flow period and median flow period, the euphotic depth was mainly determined by the suspended inorganic particulate and phytoplankton; however, in the low flow period, the he euphotic depth was determined by the chlorophyll a and dissolved organic carbon.

With rapid economic development ，urban sprawl becomes an important feature of urbanization in Chongqing However，population，environmental and social problems resulted from urban expansion has emerged In this paper we studied the characteristics and influencing factors of urban expansion in the metropolitan area of Chongqing Based on the multitemporal Landsat TM/ETM+ data of 1988，1995，2000，2002，2007 and 2009，we used normalized difference barren index （NDBI），renormalized difference vegetation index （RDVI） and improved normalized difference water index （revised NDWI），combined with threshold segmentation and mask processing to retrieve information of urban construction lands The combined use of the three indices has better performance than that of singleband or singleindex interpretation This method using automatic and semiautomatic extraction would be an effective way to identify urban construction lands with high accuracy Combined with socioeconomic data in the metropolitan area of Chongqing，we calculated an expansion speed index，an expansion intensity index，an expansion elastic index，a compactness index，an expansion index of urban construction land and an expanding direction analysis to study spatialtemporal dynamics of urban expansion The driving forces of urban expansion were analyzed by using Grey relational analysis The results showed that （1） the area of the urban construction lands expanded by 39332 km2 from 1988 to 2011，and the expansion presented an accelerated trend Especially during 2009-2011，the expansion area was 3667 km2，which accounted for 3812% of the total extension area during the whole study period （2） Fluctuations of expansion elastic index and expansion index of urban construction lands indicated a transformation from extensive to intensive expansion （3） Spatial characteristics of urban expansion showed that the urban areas in Chongqing developed from a noncompact to a compact form The extending direction showed obvious spatial differentiation，with  north and northwest as the main direction （4） Population growth，especially urban population growth is the main driving force of the expansion of urban construction lands Economic development and the transformation of the industrial structure also had a significant correlation with the expansion of urban construction land

Understanding land use change and associated driving forces is fundamental for optimizing land use and providing scientific basis for sustainable utilization of land resources We selected the basins that are larger than 10 000mu in Guizhou Province in the present study Using GIS techniques and spatial analysis，land use/ over information of recent 10 years was extracted and the cause of changes was further studied With support of socioeconomic data，the results showed that the area of cultivated land continually reduced and the second study period （ie，2005-2010） was severer than the first （ie，2005-2010）. The decreased cultivated lands were 7 87473 hm2 and 10 52173 hm2，showing an continuous reducing trend In the two temporal phases，forested lands，urban construction lands，rural residential areas，water，and roads increased in different degrees Meanwhile，urban construction lands and rural residential areas in the second temporal phase increased much faster than the first one，while the other three type of lands increased more slowly Shrublands were firstly decreased and then increased Cultivated lands were mainly turned to woodlands from 2000 to 2005，and mainly to rural residential areas and urban construction lands from 2005 to 2010 The variation of cultivated land was the major characteristic of land use change in the study area There are two possible driving forces of these land changes The first one was state policy （such as the urbanization promotion and new rural construction）. The second one was increasing mining and traffic flow Using principal component analysis，we classified and standardized 10 factors The results showed that land use change in study area was affected by population，economic benefits and policy An increasing population led to urban construction and increasing rural residential areas Land use intensity should be enhanced to meet the increasing population and the rising consumption demand Policy also had an impact on the land use[HJ1][HJ]

Researches on  effects of wet deposition on water quality and primary productivity are meaningful to understand the mechanism of eutrophication and recovery of lake ecosystem.In June,2012,phytoplankton primary productivity is determined by means of dark and light bottle method (Winkler method) from six insitu enclosures in the Meiliang Bay of Lake Tai.Simultaneously,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,ammonium,nitrate and silicate were also measured.,The results show that. (1) N deposition gives the first place in the wet deposition,N deposition account for 99.12% and 98.93% in two wet deposition.And the concentration of ammonium is higher than nitrate,while P deposition as well as Si deposition are negligible;(2) high concentration of ammonium carried by the rain caused a higher concentration of ammonium in enclosures after wet deposition.Since stormy wave may promote the DSi to release from the sediment,this maybe the reason why the concentration of DSi also changed significantly in the enclosures which was not accepting the wet deposition before and after the wet deposition;(3)There was a remarkable change in primary productivity and daily variation of primary productivity in enclosures receiving wet deposition.The increase of primary productivity is obvious,in the first wet deposition,the primary productivity increases 191.30%,52.08% and 100.00% in three different time periods;while in the second wet deposition,the primary productivity increases105.42%,73.96% and 61.62%.But the primary productivity of the encloses not accepting wet deposition does not change significantly.Because of the wet deposition,the N:P in enclosures accepting wet deposition became more suitable for phytoplankton growth.The analysis results indicate that the wet deposition has obvious effects on the water quantify and primary productivity

Water resource plays an important role in supporting the human society and the economic development.With an accelerating process of urbanization,contradiction between the urbanization and water environment is becoming prominent.In the present research,with the support of GIS technology,a spatial statistical method was used to establish water resources stress intensity (WRSI) model to explore the response of urbanization pattern around the Poyang Lake to the aquatic environment stress.The results are mainly as follows: (1)The Poyang Lake Area can be divided into three parts,i.e.core zone (0.412),marginal zone (0.807) and peripheral zone (-0.072).With the increase of the distance from the Poyang Lake,the urbanization level increases first and then decreases,demonstrating the important role of aquatic environment during the urbanization process.(2)Water quality exerts significant stress on the  urbanization,lower urbanization level under worse water quality,while higher urbanization level under better water quality.(3)Water amount exerts significant influence on  urbanization levels in the marginal and peripheral zones.The aquatic environment stresses on the urbanization are obviously different between the marginal and peripheral zones,the stress of water environment on urbanization  increases with the increase of distance from the Poyang lake

Based on the  observation data of acid rain in Wuxi during 2008-2011,we analyzed the temporal characteristics of acid rain,the relationship with meteorological conditions and the characteristics of 1500 m moving path to investigate the effect of diffusion of acid precursor on acid rain with power spectrum analysis,backward trajectory and clustering analysis.The results showed that the annual value of pH appeared an increasing trend in Wuxi.The frequency of strong acid rain decreased year by year,while that of weak acid rain increased.The frequency in summer and autumn was low while that in spring was high.The acidity of rain was weak in June and July while strong in September.The largevalue and lowvalue months of strong acid rain frequency were March and July,respectively.The largevalue and lowvalue months of weak acid rain frequency were August and September,respectively.The monthly pH and the frequencies of weak acid rain and strong acid rain had different periodic change.We found that the monthly pH had lowfrequency variation of 56 months.We also found that the frequencies of weak and strong acid rain had highfrequency variation of 2.1 and 2.5.The acidity of rain increased first and then decreased with the increasing precipitation,because the concentration of acid substance was high at the initial stage of raining while it was lower with raining.But the relationship between the precipitation of summer and the pH of acid rain was not significant while its significant in spring,autumn and winter.There was significant negative correlation between the relative humidity of spring and the value of pH because the ascending of relative humidity strengthened the hydration of acid ions and the acidity of rain was higher with the absorption and collision of rain.There was significant positive correlation between atmospheric temperature of summer and the value of pH because hyperthermia helps vertical convection and the concentration of acid precursor became lower with horizontal migration of 1500 m.The simulations of backward trajectories showed that the trajectories of 1 500 m in different seasons are different,but Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Jiangsu are the main sources of acid precursor.These domains were polluted severely and they were typical highvalue regions of   and  .The paths of simulations of backward trajectories were short relatively and the air mass moves slow in these regions.It did not help the dilution and diffusion of pollutants,but the effect of vapor transportation eased the acidity of rain from Western Pacific in summer and autumn.In general, there is relationship between rain in Wuxi and acid precursor of Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Jiangxi in spring,summer and autumn.The trajectory of transportation on pollutants is long and it helps the dilution and diffusion of pollutants,so the pH of the rain in winter is larger than the pH in spring

Contents of heavy metals (Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd) were measured in water and sediment collected in May 2011 from seven sampling sites in Lake Poyang.The pollution status of sediment was evaluated by the geoaccumulation index,potential ecological risk index and ecotoxicological effects.The results showed that the content of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd in water of Lake Poyangs main tributary estuaries conformed the quality standard for fisheries,so it is with the environmental quality for grade I surface water except for some individual sampling sites.The contents of the analyzed heavy metals in sediment of Lake Poyang were all higher than their background values,indicating an accumulation trend.The pollution was severe in sediments of Rao River estuary,Xin River estuary and Sanjiangkou Region while mild in Main southern lake region.The pollution order of analyzed heavy metals in water and sediment were Pb＞Cd＞Zn＞Cu and Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd,respectively.Pearson correlation analyses showed significant relationships among Cu,Zn,Cd in sediment,providing similar geochemical character among the elements.This meant that there was combined pollution among Cu,Zn,Cd in sediment respectively.The order of integrative pollution status of each sampling site by geoaccumulation index was as follows: Xin River Estuary＞Rao River Estuary＞Sanjiangkou Region＞Xiu River Estuary＞Nanjishan Region＞Fu River Estuary＞Main Southern Lake Region.The potential ecological risk of the analyzed heavy metals was arranged in the following order：Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.Furthermore,there is high potential ecological risk with Cd while medium level with Cu,Zn and Pb.Our results further revealed that the most bentonic organisms were beyond obvious hazard although sediment in estuaries of Lake Poyangs tributaries was polluted by those four heavy metals,whereas the ecotoxicological effect of Cu was severe in Rao River Estuary and Xin River Estuary,which caused obvious hazard on bentonic organisms

The characters of vegetation cover change and the interaction between vegetation and atmosphere are important in geosciences and have become research focus in recent years.As a sensitive indicator of vegetation cover and vegetation growth status,the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in environmental,ecological,and agricultural studies.Climate change and human activities are both responsible for the improvement and degradation of vegetation cover to a certain degree.Especially,since the “Grain for Green Projects” was initiated by the government in 1999,it played an important role in vegetation restoration in the ecosystem vulnerable zone of Western China.Accounting for 85% of the Three Gorges Reservoir area,Chongqing municipality is an important ecological,hydrological and wildlife conservation area in Southwestern China.Examining vegetation dynamics and environmental changes in this region plays a critical role in studying the environment and ecosystems in China.We studied vegetation change and its relationship with major climatic factors in Chongqing using RS,GIS and time lag correlation methods,SPOT4 VEGETATION NDVI datasets at 1 km spatial resolution and tenday temperature and precipitation datasets between 1999 and 2010.The results are summarized as follows.Spatially averaged annual NDVI in Chongqing showed a pronounced increase during the last decade.Especially,NDVI in the Three Gorges Reservoir area increased prominently which was caused by the NDVI increase of farmland and forestland.In the Three Gorges Reservoir area,the area of NDVI decrease was concentrated around city and bank of the Yangtze River.Obviously,the reason is the increase of city and water area.By contrast,decreased NDVI outside the Three Gorges Reservoir area was mostly located in the Northwestern,Southern and Northeastern part of Chongqing.In the Northwestern part,the decrease of NDVI was caused by the vegetable base and the building of plastic bigarch Shelter.In the Northeastern and Southern part,the decrease of NDVI was caused by the construction of economic forests.Across the entire study region,both air temperature and precipitation had an influence on NDVI,but air temperature played a more prominent role.So temperature was a constraint factor for vegetation growth in Chongqing.Across the research area there were significant regional and temporal differences in the response.From southeast to northwest there were greater correlation and faster response.Different vegetation types responded to water/thermal condition differently,which was dependent on growing season and water/thermal conditions.If one certain type of vegetations growth requires a higher temperature,it will show a faster response to temperature.In contrast,if the vegetations growth do not depend so much on higher temperature,it will show a slower response to temperature.This pattern can also be applied to the response to precipitation

With the development of social economy and the expansion of human activities,water quality has gradually deteriorated in many areas.Water pollution is a serious problem threatening the survival of human beings,plants and animals.Water quality comprehensive assessment,as a important reference for water environment treatment，is increasingly being valued by the people.Large amounts of information and complex situations are the radical character of water quality comprehensive assessment.How to effectively extract useful information and set weight of water quality index objectively,has long been a main problem of water quality assessment.With the ability to deal with both numeric and nominal information,and express knowledge in a rulebased form,the Rough Set Theory (RST) has been successfully employed in many fields such as image segmentation,location services,travel modeling,medicine and so on.However,the application of RST has not been widely investigated in water quality analysis.As a mathematical tool to deal with uncertainty information,RST can effectively exploit information from complex water quality data.Information entropy has an important application in RST,and it can solve the problem in information loss and resultant sort for RST,thanks to the characteristic which can reflect the importance of properties accurately.Based on roughinformation entropy theory,a new method for assessing water quality is put forward in this paper.This method inherits the features of RST that can effectively exploit information from the raw data directly.For this reason,it can reduce the influence of the subjective factors which have a very large impact on the traditional water quality assessment methods.In addition,the method based on roughinformation entropy theory can further make water classification for monitoring sections which are the same pollution levels,and it has important meaning to the estimation of input in funds and technology for water pollution control.By comparing the evaluation results with the ones obtained from comprehensive index method,fuzzy synthetic evaluation method and principal component analysis method,it was proved that the method established in this paper is not only simple and clear,but also rich and objective in the content .What’s more,it can refine classification and make the evaluate results more exact and more reliable.The research can not only provide some certain references for water quality evaluation,but also can offer guidance and recommendation to the measures for water pollution control

Water resources are the indispensable factors to the development of human society and natural environment.The maximum capacity of water resources system to support that development is called Water Resources Carrying Capacity (WRCC).A reasonable evaluation of WRCC has a guiding significance to the sustainable exploitation of water resources and the development planning of society and economy.There are many ways to assess the WRCC of a basin or district.They are generally based on the traditional hydrological cycle consisting of evaporation,transportation,precipitation,and transpiration.Dualistic water cycle model,as a new coming view of hydrologic cycle,divides however the cycle into natural and social parts.The natural part refers to the traditional hydrological cycle,while the social part includes the processes of watertaking,wateruse,and drainage.Therefore,the interaction between human society and water resources system is embodied in one system,in which the interference between them can be studied in a more effectively way.Based on the theory of “dualistic water cycle model”,a concept of “carrying unit” is put forward.Carrying unit refers to a segment of a river,where water can be taken to supply to a district and receive the drainage from that district.With the concept of carrying unit,WRCC would be realized through a carrying unit to support the development of society and natural environment.The carrying unit has a property of system response,meaning that water resources will change in quality,quantity,and power potential after it flows through a carrying unit and experiences the external cycle of society and the internal cycle of nature system,and then its carrying capacity will change accordingly.Carrying unit,therefore,reflects the relationship between upstream and downstream of a river,and the coupling among human society,water resources system,and natural environment.Afterwards,a new approach to assess WRCC is provided based on carrying unit,and a new index system including water quality,quantity and power potential is developed,too.In the end,a case study on Kunming City is provided to verify the effectiveness of this method

Aphids distribute worldwidely as a large group of Hemiptera.There is a close relationship between the aphid and the human.Some aphid species are pests.In China,aphid fauna of many areas have been systemically studied,but few relevant work has been done in Shanghai although it is a rapid economic growth metropolis.In order to grasp insect composition of aphids,the species diversity of aphids with taxa,host plant,infesting location and infesting type was studied in Shanghai based on field investigation and literature analyses.The results showed that 75 species,belonging to 46 genera and 8 families of aphids were found in Shanghai,accounting for 6.8%,17.2%,and 61.5% of known aphid species,genera and families in China,respectively.Although Aphididae contained the maximum known aphid species of Shanghai,it  contributed only 10.0% of the total known species in China.Only one species of Thelaxidae was found in Shanghai.Although only 2 species Phylloxeridae were found in Shanghai,it contributed 50.0% of the total known species in China.The host plants of aphids in Shanghai were diverse at family and genus level,being 83 in genera and 44 in families.The dominant families were Poaceae,Rosaceae,Brassicaceae,Papilionaceae,Salicaceae,Ulmaceae,Asteraceae.They were also the common plants in Shanghai.Among the aphids,Aphididae had the most diverse  host plants,with 59 genera in 30 families,accounting for 71.1%,62.8% of known aphid host plants genera and families in Shanghai,respectively.The host plants of Phylloxeridae and Thelaxidae were very poor,being 2 genera in 2 families and 2 genera in 1 family.The infesting location of aphid was various in Shanghai.Phylloxeridae and Pemphigidae parasitized on root,while the aphids feeding on the twigs,stems and leaves involved multiple families.Aphididae and Pemphigidae had the highest diversity of infesting location.Aphididae,Lachnidae and Chaitophoridae often fed on rich nutrition places such as twigs,stem and leaf.There were three infesting types: notforming galls,forming galls and forming pseudogalls.The main infesting type for aphid in Shanghai was notforming galls.Pemphigidae and Hormaphididae were forming galls.Pemphigidae and Aphididae were forming pseudogalls.Not only forming galls but also forming pseudogalls were specific on one host plant location—the leaves.For the strict specification between aphids and host plants,aphid can have different forms of adaptive mechanism to plants.In some sense,the diversity of the host plants determined the diversity of the aphids in Shanghai,and the climatic environment of Shanghai was proper to aphid survival

Located north to the Yangtze River,the Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake of China.Extreme droughts have frequently occurred in the lake region in recent decade,and the droughts received increasing international attentions.From a perspective of basinscale water balance,this paper explored the processes and mechanisms of the frequently occurred droughts using longterm hydrologic data.The data include precipitation of the Poyang Lake Basin,outflow discharge of the Poyang Lake during 1960-2010,and evapotranspiration of the basin during 2000-2010.Our results demonstrated that the lake drought duration ranged from 1-6 months with a periodic cycle of 2-3 year and the duration tended to prolong with earlier starting dates and postponed ending dates.The frequently occurred lake droughts were resulted from the basinscale water deficits,among which the largest annual deficit was 343.6 mm for 2003,followed by 223.1 mm for 2007.The water deficits were mainly attributed to the deficiency in basinscale precipitation especially in 2003,2007 and 2009,and the increased evapotranspiration during 2000-2010,and the complex variation of outflow discharge within a specific year.At a monthly scale,precipitation anomaly showed a largest variation,followed by outflow discharge and evapotranspiration,demonstrating the dominance of meteorological droughts over hydrological droughts.In most cases,outflow discharge played a role secondary to precipitation in forming lake droughts,varying with the blocking effects of the Yangtze River.The blocking effects may enhance or lessen the lake droughts depending primarily on the water stage at the Hukou,the solely outlet of the lake water outflow to the Yangtze River.The water stage was relative lower than the multiyear mean by 0.46 m for 2001,0.94 m for 2004,1.64 m for 2006,1.29 m for 2007 and 1.22m for 2009,indicating the weakened blocking effects of the Yangtze River in the last decade.For an individual water year,substantial reduction of basinscale water income was principally responsible for the extreme lake droughts occurred in 2003,2004,2007,2008 and 2009,and the weakened blocking effects enhanced the water imbalance for the most cases.In general,the study provides an insightful view into the relationship of the meteorological and hydrological droughts,and the role of the Yangtze River in forming the droughts,which are valuable for effective promotion of climate adaptation and water resources management

Climate change is accelerating and leading to climate and weather extremes around the world.Climate and weather extremes such as severe droughts,destructive flooding,heat waves,etc accounted for more than 90% nature disasters in 2011.Statistical analyses showed that the loss caused by drought rank first among all the meteorological disasters.Previously,most attention has been paid to analyze the timespace characteristics of drought in northern China and much less has been paid to the Yangtze Basin.In spring of 2011,however,a severe drought occurred in the midlower basin of the Yangtze River.
Based on the daily precipitation data from 1951 to 2011,the seasonal precipitation anomalies,no rainfall days,continuous no rainfall days were calculated to compare the severity of the 2011 spring drought.By calculating the grades and extent of the Compound Index of meteorological drought (CI),the historic comparison of the intensity of 2011 spring drought was made in the study.It is shown that spring of 2011 had much less precipitation than normal,creating the least record since 1951.Prolonged rainfall deficiency led to severe droughts over the region,featuring abnormally low water levels in rivers,lakes and reservoirs and significant shrinkage of water bodies,and obviously affecting productions and peoples daily life.The results of CI analyses showed that the meteorological drought in spring of 2011 were characterized by greater severity of rainfall deficiency,longer persistency,wider drought range and severe impact on water resource.
From the aspect of atmospheric circulation and moisture transportation,a preliminary analyses on the cause of this meteorological drought was carried out.It was indicated that the drought resulted mainly from weak moisture transportation due to the extremely strong southward expanding cold air from the north in  winter and spring of 2011 coupled with nonactive tropical convective systems in the south.Unfavorable moisture transportation conditions made it difficult for warm and cold air flows to meet and produce effective precipitations in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River.

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area was a national key water and soil conservation area in China,and the relationship between land use/cover change (LUCC) and soil erosion was a focus in the field of soil erosion control research.The benefit of water and soil conservation for Returning Farmland to Forest Project is important to ensure the security in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Based on the monitoring of soil erosion with different patterns of returning farmland to forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,the different characteristics of soil erosion under rainfall conditions and influencing factors were analyzed.The results indicated that: (1) soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area had been effectively controlled by returning farmland to forest.After returning farmland to forest,surface runoff decreased by 70% to 95%,sediment loss was reduced by 97% or more,with different patterns of returning farmland to forest.And the forest and bamboo forest showed the best effect of soil and water conservation.(2) Annual surface runoff with different patterns of returning farmland to forest was related to the rainfall with an exponential relationship,and it increased with increasing rainfall.Surface runoff with different land use type was not significantly related rainfall intensity,except farmland and chestnut forest.(3) Sediment with different land use type was not significantly related with rainfall and rainfall intensity.(4) Eighty percent of surface runoff,95% of sediment loss with different land use types occurred in the storms,and storm event had been the major factor influencing soil erosion with the different patterns of returning farmland to forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.(5) Litter cover was a key factor controlling surface runoff,annual surface runoff with the different land use types decreased significantly with increasing the litter cover in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area