Land consolidation plays an important role in many aspects. First of all, it can be used to increase the acreage of arable lands to ensure national food security. Secondly, agricultural production conditions and farmers living standards can be improved through land consolidation, which promotes the construction of new socialist countryside. Thirdly, in the process of land consolidation, the public service facilities and living environment in rural areas can be improved, which balances the development between urban and rural at a certain extent. In addition, land consolidation is also the major measure to solve our countrys current contradiction between economic development and arable land protection. The purpose of this study is to provide reference for the policy decision and management of the subsequent land consolidation work. In this paper, the sustainability of land consolidation in Jiangsu province was evaluated through defining a comprehensive assessment index system, which included four aspects. Firstly, a certain amount of resources and economy are essential to safeguard the smooth implementation of the land consolidation. Secondly, the ability to ensure food security must be improved through the land consolidation. Thirdly, the effect of the land consolidation must be conductive to maintaining social harmony. Finally, it is essential to promote the friendly degree of environment, including the ability to withstand natural disasters and the governance situation of environment. The improved entropy method was employed to calculate the index weight in this paper. The whole evaluation result was calculated by the method of improved grey target model through adding the index weight, which was calculated by the method of improved entropy weight. The results indicate that the overall sustainability of land consolidation is in the level of general sustainable in Jiangsu province during the period of “Eleventh FiveYear”, but there are more obvious differences between different regions. In the three regions of Jiangsu province, the sustainability of land consolidation in the northern area was significantly better than that of the Central Area and South Area. Among all the cities, the sustainability of land consolidation in Xuzhou was the highest, which achieved Class IV highly sustainable level. From the single point of view, levels of the sustainability of the whole land consolidation to ensure food security capabilities were all above the Class II, indicating that the land consolidation work of Jiangsu province has made significant achievements in increasing the amount and improving the food production capacity of arable lands. However, the affections of the land consolidation in maintaining social harmony and promoting environmentfriendly were not sustainable in the majority of areas in Jiangsu province. It is concluded that, in order to enhance the sustainability of land consolidation in Jiangsu province, the emphasis of land consolidation work should be turned to improve farmers production modes and living standards. At the same time, preventing the social and ecological risks are also very important. Therefore, we should establish corresponding public participation mechanisms and risk management systems to promote the whole land consolidation work successfully

The scale and the spatial structure of the settlement have always been the research focus of geography, and fractal theory is increasingly being applied to the quantitative research of settlement, however, the fractal study is inadequate in a certain aspect of the rural study which is compared with the fractal theory applied in urban system. Fractal study is one of the most important content in modern theoretical geography. This paper commenced with the application of the fractal theory and tried to compare the characteristics of the settlements system of the Southern of Jiangsu and the Northern of Anhui at the scale of the county area, by using the ArcGIS 93 software and the second national land survey data at the scale of 1〖DK〗∶10 000. Based on the fractal theory, the paper compared the scale structure and spatial structure of settlements system. According to the results, the paper drew the conclusions as follows.(1) The coefficient of determination of Danyang City and Yongqiao District fractal scale distribution were 0966 and 0962，and the correlation coefficient of the spatial structure was about 0.990, indicating that reunionlike settlements system in the Southern of Jiangsu and the Northern of Anhui are fractal in the scale structure and spatial structure of settlements system, acting as a selfsimilar structure. The settlement system in northern of Anhui was at a lower level of development. It showed that fractal theory was suitable for settlement system analysis and had a certain practical value of the settlement system planning.(2) The spatial aggregation of reunionlike settlements system in Southern of Jiangsu and the Northern of Auhui both acted as multilevel fractal character. The spatial aggregation CityTownCentre VillageNature Village in the Southern plain of Jiangsu was stronger than the Northern of Anhui; however the spatial aggregation TownCentre VillageNature Village and Centre VillageNature Village Settlement System in Southern plain of Jiangsu behaved in the opposite. The scaleless size reflected the low level of development of Settlement System of the Northern of Auhui.(3) The level of urbanization of the district was the most important factors which influenced the fractal characteristics of the settlement system in the plains. It suggets that the Northern of Auhui should optimize regional settlement scale and spatial structure by building urbanrural integration system.Therefore, in the future work, fractal theory would be a useful tool for the planning of settlements system, finally making effective use of geospatial resources and optimizing the structure of the settlement system in a specific area. And we need further study to identity whether the regional differences study is suitable to apply to other areas or not

Based on the urbanrural road network construction data in 1989, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, the weighted road topology network graphs and evaluation model were built, and then the dynamic analysis of the network development and the study were performed on spatial layout alterations of the urbanrural road network within the last 20 years in the Wuhan metropolitan area. The study revealed that urbanrural road network development level of Wuhan metropolitan area had been improved significantly since 1989 and the development of Wuhan metropolitan area experienced the stages of tree net, loop net and net expansion. However, the spatial growth of road network was yet saturated, outward expansion and internal filling of urbanrural road network also had high potential. The gravity and center of accessibility was confined to the city of Wuhan with inconspicuous spatial displacement, macroscopically maintained the high stability, but its microscopic pattern had the unevenness and discontinuity. The spatial distribution of urbanrural nodes topological accessibility presented a dynamic change of “imbalancedrelatively balanced”, but overall it still had the obvious spatial differentiation and agglomeration. Closely related to the level of urbanrural nodes growth and socioeconomic development, the accessibility distribution of urbanrural road network in Wuhan metropolitan area had started to break the characteristics of coreperiphery, presenting rankcircle development trends. With increasingly fierce competition among areas under the background of economic globalization, cities of Wuhan metropolitan area must join forces, laying a solid foundation for integrated development and work together to build a globally competitive region transport system, so as to form the urbanrural integration development relying on a welldeveloped transportation network

The Sushansi National Forest Park, located in northern Wuhan City of the Yangtze River Basin, is considered as the most famous forest park in this biggest city of central China. The park is a stateowned forest farm, supporting a wildlife reserve, and also a species library. Since tourism has affected local ecological environment in recent years, more information about how tourists should take care of environmental protection is needed. In this work, the tourists willingness to pay (WTP) values of ecocompensation in Sushansi National Forest Park was analyzed, based on contingent valuation method (CVM), and through a questionnaire survey. After qualitative interviews and pilot investigation, we validated size scale and questionnaire, and then investigated tourist from August 25th to October 5th in 2012. Including some impact factors, payment card choice question format of CVM was developed, and 454 effective responses in total have been received. The original data were put into Excel, qualified and then analyzed by some basic statistical indexes of frequency, ratio, mean value and standard deviation. The results indicated that all respondents support environment protection, and 573% of them thought that giving the fund WTP was necessary for ecocompensation, especially for the tourists from 31 to 50 years old. And major tourists (more than 80%) agreed that, refuse treatment, water protection, and capacity development would cause great detriment to environment of tourism in the Sushansi National Forest Park. And they expressed their hope that the WTP fund should be used first for water protection, plant & soil recovery, wildlife conservation, as well as the propaganda of environmental protection. From the questionnaire, almost half of the WTP respondents would like to pay 5 RMB as the largest WTP bid, followed by 1, 10, and 15 RMB. The higher the patients cultural level was, the more income was obtained, tourist preferred to pay more for the ecocompensation. Tourist proposed that, the raising of fund might be lead by government allocation, paying taxes or extracting from ticket proceeds, more than cash donation. Based on the described information, we found the significant factors influencing the results of the payment card were age, profession, education, monthly income and travel times. Further, the correlation analyses results revealed that relationships between the bid of WTP per time and variables as age, education, monthly income and travel times were positive, but negative relationships were found between the bid and gender, profession, etc. By using mean value method to calculate, the per capita WTP of tourist was 44-78 RMB per capita per time, with the mean value of 61 RMB. A multiple linear regression model was also used, and the estimated WTP value was 7.7 RMB per capita per time. Thus, the total economic value was 2967 million RMB by using tourists number of Sushansi National Forest Park in 2011, and accounted a obvious amount of 104% of tourist income as 284 million RMB in 2011. In conclusion, our research about economic evaluation of ecocompensation by WTP is conductive to support scenic planning for tourist enterprises, and arouse awareness of ecology and environmental protection of every citizen

Water is required for the production of nearly all goods. The water used in the production process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the ‘virtual water’ contained in the product. If one region exports a waterintensive product to another region, it exports water in virtual form. In this way some regions support other regions in their water needs. For waterscarce regions it could be attractive to achieve water security by importing waterintensive products instead of producing all waterdemanding products locally. Reversibly, waterrich regions could benefit from their abundance of water resources by producing waterintensive products for export.
Water footprint concept is closely linked to the virtual water concept. The water footprint concept has been developed in order to have an indicator of water use in relation to consumption of people. The water footprint of a region is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants in the region. The internal water footprint of a region is the volume of water used from the local water resources to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants in the region. The external water footprint of a region is the volume of water used in other regions to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants in the region. The water footprint of a region can be assessed by taking the use of the local water resources, subtracting the virtual water flow that leaves the region and adding the virtual water flow that enters the region.
Based on the theories and methods of the virtual water and the water footprint, the concept of the urban water footprint was put forward and the calculation model of the urban water footprint was established, which was used to calculate the utilization of water resources of the Shanghai and Chongqing from 1999 to 2008 in order to reveal the effects and its differences of social and economic development on water resources system. The results showed that the total water footprint of Shanghai and Chongqing both showed an increasing tendency, and the gap between them was reducing in the recent decade. The water footprint structure changed little in Chongqing, while the proportion of virtual water net input quantity grew rapidly in Shanghai. Besides, the utilization of water resources was overloaded seriously in Shanghai, which was in a safe state in Chongqing. The selfsufficiency capacity of water resources was low in Shanghai, and the dependence on outside was much higher than Chongqing. Moreover, the efficiency in water resources utilized in Chongqing was much lower than Shanghai. Finally, several countermeasures to ensure the safety of urban water resources were proposed from the perspective of consumers, producers and managers

Water acts as the life source, production element and ecological basis. China is now facing a serious challenge of water resource shortage. Being aware of the importance of this urgent issue, the central government proposed a blueprint on construction of watersaving society. It calls for a strategic transition from “broaden resources supply” toward “manage and reduce consumption”. Among all candidate measurements, the improvement of water efficiency is a fundamental and crucial channel to achieve this goal. To help understand better the concept, measures, determinants and related policy of water efficiency in China, this paper conducts a systematic summarization of the present theory and empirical progress on water efficiency studies from perspectives of both water supply efficiency and water utilization efficiency. We conclude that, the existing studies on the supply side investigate the linkage between water supply efficiency and economics of scale, firm ownership and regulation instrument. On the other hand, water utilization efficiency is found to associate with regional/industry disparity, water price, structural change, technology change. Our comprehensive survey also indicates some research gaps need to be filled in. First, an overall multidimension framework to accommodate various sectors and objectiveness is required. Under the frameworks guideline, the concept and related indicator of water efficiency can be clearly defined. Second, efficiency evaluation for Chinas water supply sector is relative scarce. More solid scientific evidences are needed to guide the policymaker more accurately. i.e. shall we encourage large or small water plant? shall we develop private or public plant? etc. Third, more detailed plantlevel analysis is needed to identify and explore the driving force of water use efficiency. It is noteworthy that, when the household consumption is taken into account, the efficiency criteria cant be applied alone as the water is life necessities. In this case, the water price and water demand are nonlinear relationship. Thus we should introduce the welfare function to derive the residential demand. Another similar note is the demand for different water quality is hard to measure quantitatively. A possible solution is to estimate approximately by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Finally, policy assessment research needs to be emphasized. The water efficiency policy toolkit includes two components. One is to boost productivity in the water harvesting, producing, conveying, distribution and recycling process. Another aspect is to reduce users inefficient behavior through the price mechanism, water permit trade, quantity control and education

The postmanagement and maintenance financing of agricultural land consolidation project is an important prerequisite for ensuring the postmanagement and maintenance effects. However, no research on the postmanagement and maintenance investment has been reported. This paper employed 390 questionnaire survey data of farmers participation in agricultural land consolidation projects of Wuhan City Circle, aiming at analyzing the cognition on postmanagement and maintenance of agricultural land consolidation projects, and willingness of investment of farmers surveyed. We also carried out an empirical study on influencing factors of postmanagement and maintenance investment for farmers to participate in agricultural land consolidation projects using Logistic model. A contingent valuation method was used to analyze the distribution of respondents average willingness to pay (WTP), and calculate the average amount paid by farmer households. The research results show that, 6 factors including village cadre identity, number of agricultural labor, per capita income in a household, farmland operation scale, proportion of nonagriculture income, the cognition level of postmanagement and maintenance working content, obviously affected the farmers willingness of investment in postmanagement and maintenance of agricultural land consolidation projects. By weighted calculation, the average willingness to pay (WTP) amount of the farmers investment in postmanagement and maintenance was 21962 yuan per household. This paper measured the total willingness to pay of farmers investment of the postmanagement and maintenance of 7 agricultural land consolidation projects area. In the end, this paper put forward following suggestions: pay attention to leading role of village cadres to improve their human capital by training the farmers; develop the rural economy and increase the farmers income; encourage the farmers launch the land transferring and scale of operation, and raise the funds for postmanagement and maintenance; consider the willingness to pay of farmers and the ability to pay at the same time

The prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution is effective to protect and improve the ecological environment of agriculture and promote the sustainable development of agriculture，which has been written into the Agoecological Environment Protection Ordinance in a number of provinces (cities, districts). In spite of our increased knowledge on it, only limited information is available about empirical studies. In view of this, we attempt to add some information to this field, making up the vacancies. Specifically, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model was applied, using the microeconomic survey data in the rural areas of Wuhan and Suizhou, Hubei Province from July to August, 2012, to analyze farmers willingness to pay for the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution and its influencing factors, and the nonmarket value was then estimated with the application of Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results are as follows.(1) Despite relative low degree of ecological environment cognition, farmers show more positive attitude towards to prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution. 792 percent of the respondents farmers have never heard of “circular economy” and 876 percent of them have no idea of “cleaner production”, while 853 percent of the respondents farmers hold a point of view that the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution is conducive to human health. (2) There exist positive externalities in the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution, which is an objective reality, and farmers have their higher demands for it. 685 percent of the respondents were willing to pay the ecological benefits brought by the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution. There were 252 farmers willing to pay for it, the amount of whose monthly expenditure on it was mainly concentrated in two grades, less than 10 Yuan and 11 to 20 Yuan. (3) The prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution contained great nonmarket value. For instance, farmers annual average willingness to pay for it was 13008 Yuan to 18984 Yuan per household per year, the total present value of which was 139 to 204 billion Yuan, equivalent to 033~048 percent of the total value of agricultural production of Hubei Province in the year of 2011. (4) The determinants of farmers willingness to pay included mainly farmers behavior and attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and the annual net income of the family. In the four influencing factors mentioned above, farmers behavior and attitude and the annual net income of the family had maximum impacts on farmers willingness to pay, while subjective norms and perceived behavioral control had similar impacts. In conclusion, we got the following policy implications. (1) Strengthen the guiding role of media in public opinions to enhance farmers value recognition of the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution. (2) Enhance the leading role model of local government so as to improve farmers willingness to pay for it. (3) Develop proper ecological compensation policies for the prevention and control of agricultural waste pollution based on the level of local economic development and local conditions

Water is viewed as one of the most importantnatual resources, and it is also the essential factors to ensure food security and ecological security However, impacted by the rapid economic development and human activities, water scarcity has been a serious problem all over the world Therefore, it is urgent to quantitify the water use conditions to improve water resource protection Virtual water refers to the amount of water that is needed in the production process of goods and services, and it is a term that links water, food and trade Virtual water has been proven to be a very useful instrument to relieve the pressure in water shortage countries or regions by importing waterintensive products from those whose water resource is abundant Based on the powerful idea of virtual water and ecological footprint, the concept of water footprint is introduced in 2002 A water footprint measures the total water consumed by a nation, business or individual by calculating the total water used during the production of goods and services Virtual water and water footprint have become a hot spot in the field of water resource research Based on the data of Anhui statistical yearbook of 2011 and the concept of virtual water and water footprint, Anhuis water footprint and water resources sustainability were calculated and assessed The results show that the water footprint, the per capita water footprint and the per capita water availability of Anhui Province in 2010 were estimated to be 72 898 million m3[DK]·yr-1, 1 06779 m3[DK]·cap-1[DK]·yr-1, 63144 m3[DK]·cap-1[DK]·yr-1, respectively These indicate that the water consumption apparently exceeded that of water availability, and such a water footprint pattern is not sustainable Agricultural production was the largest water consumer, accounting for 9549% of the water footprint The remaining 451% was for the industrial, domestic and ecological environment sectors In addition, Anhuis 10 000 yuan water footprint is ralatively high, which is mainly due to a high dependence on irrigation for agricultural production These findings indicate a low efficiency of water resourceutilizing in Anhui Province Therefore, we need to optimize the crop planting pattern or to adjust the industrial structure to achieve more proper sustainable water use in Anhui Province This paper provided a scientific method to the water use and water resources management in Anhui Province

Tidal flat reclamation is one of the most important methods for coastal countries and areas to increase the land and reconcile the conflict between human and land Largescale reclamation activities have extremely severe impact on the tidalflat soil environment, and then affect the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other soil nutrient cycle Studying the changes of soil environmental has important implications in this area The tidal flat land resource of Jiangsu Province is abundant and the reclamation activities have been lasting for many years, and these reclamation activities will continue to exist for a long period of time in the future Based on the distribution of soil pH value, organic matter content and available nutrients of reclamation soils with different reclamation years in Jiangsu Rudong coastal intertidal zones, the relationships between pH value, soil organic matter and available nutrients were analyzed The results indicated: firstly, soils of Rudong intertidal reclamation zones were slightly alkaline to alkaline, and available potassium was abundant while the contents of other soil available nutrients were below the average level of Rudong county With increasing reclamation years, a series of soil improvement measures were adopted, and pH value decreased and the surface soil nutrients increased Secondly, at the beginning of the reclamation, there was positive correlation between soil pH and organic matter, and negative correlation between soil pH and available phosphorus, however it was the opposite in the zone with longer reclamation years The correlation between pH and alkali solution nitrogen was negative, and pH was negatively related to available potassium except for the reclamation zone with 20 years Finally, in the reclamation zone that was reclaimed long years ago, the relationship between soil organic matter and available nutrients was much more significant than that in the initial reclaimed zones Tenyearreclamation was the turning point of the correlation between organic matter and alkali solution nitrogen, available potassium These results suggest that the tidal flat reclamation not only affected the distribution and absolute content of soil pH, organic matter and available nutrients, but also had a significant impact on the relationships among them With increasing reclamation year, the human activities such as cultivation, irrigation, fertilization, are deeper and deeper, and the soil gradually is evaluated from natural coastal saline soil to agricultural soils, and the relationship among soil elements gradually becomes closer to general farming soil

 Land is the foundation ofglobal survival and development Land ecological security is related to regional sustainable development The land ecosystem plays a very important role in socialeconomic progress at regional, national, and international scale The land ecosystems of Yancheng city have become highly stressed and dysfunctional due to the continuous, excessive exploitation and utilization of land resources In this regard, there is considerable need for methods and indicators to diagnose the state of land ecosystem for prompting ecological restoration, management and regulation A catastrophic model for land ecological security assessment combined with the pressurestateresponse （PSR） model framework was developed in this paper to overcome the disadvantages in subjectivity and complexity of the currently used assessment methods Based on the actual land use in Yancheng city, the paper established the ecological security of land index system from perspectives of economy, society and ecological environment The catastrophic assessment index system was divided into hierarchical subsystems under the pressurestateresponse framework The catastrophe model integrated multiple assessment indices of land ecological security according to the inherent contradictions and relative importance of indices without calculating weights Specifically, membership degree of higher level index was calculated based on the membership degrees of lower level indices that were subjective to suitable model, such as cusp, fold, swallowtail and butterfly model The purpose of this paper is to judge the degree of land ecological security in Yancheng city from 2002 to 2011 via catastrophic theory and PSR model and find the inherent issues to make sure of sustainable development of this region The results showed that among the ten years, the value of pressure, state, response and synthetic about land ecological security was evaluated as safe in the year of 2003 and 2007, then in the year of 2002 and during 2004-2006 was at middle level, then the degree of land ecological security during 2008-2009 was insecure and very insecure from 2011 to 2012, which showed that ecological security level and circumstance of land use in Yancheng city continually decreased During this period, the land use pattern of Yancheng was under the tremendous pressure from the conflict between the rapid urbanization, economic development and the conservation and rehabilitation of ecoenvironment All these imply that land ecosystem conditions are not optimistic for Yancheng city and such situation should draw the high attention of related government departments There are some factors that demographic, the invest ration to protect environment and urbanization rate has the most important influence on the land ecological security of Yancheng city Generally, The calculation procedure presented in this paper does not require a high level of technical expertise to determine the membership degree, making it simple and operational Being applicable to similar land ecosystems, the catastrophic model is thus believed to provide an alternative approach to land ecosecurity assessment This paper emphasized the impacts of human activity on land ecological security of Yancheng city and put forward suggestions concerning the adjustment or optimization of land use pattern and improvement of the technical system for ecosecurity assessment based on regional overall planning from 2011 to 2030, which would have wide application prospective in the future

 After being discharged into aquatic environment, pollutants are partitioned between the sediments and overlying water columns Therefore, stream sediments have been widely used as environmental indicators to evaluate current and historical water pollution and to trace sources of contamination The Chaohu Lake, the fifth largest freshwater lake in China, is subject to versatile pollution sources, including heavy metals inputs from the inflow rivers of the lake In this study, thirtythree surface sediment samples from the major inflow rivers of the Chaohu Lake were collected and analyzed for the contents of cadmium and other physical chemical properties The major purposes of the study are to characterize the Cd distribution in river sediments, trace the sources of pollution and to evaluate its ecological risk in the watershed of the lake Our results showed that the concentrations of cadmium in the river sediments varied from 674 μg/kg to 1 6590 μg/kg The mean value of Cd was 3390 μg/kg, which was 35 times of that of soil background value in Anhui Province The cadmium distribution had distinct spatial patterns High concentrations of cadmium were found in the sediments of river sections flowing through the urban and suburban areas in the watershed The Nanfei River, the Dianbu River and the Shiwuli River which flow through the urban and suburban areas of Hefei, the largest city in the watershed, had the highest Cd level in their river sediments The Hangbu River, the Fengle River and other nonurban rivers were less enriched with Cd The relationship between cadmium contents and other elements was analyzed by Pearsons correlation Cd was positively correlated with TP, organic matter （OM） and calcium These findings indicate that Cd and P, Ca in stream sediments might have same sources of emission In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between Cd and SiO2, suggesting that gain size effect also affected the distribution of cadmium in the sediments to a certain degree In order to quantify possible anthropogenic inputs, the enrichment factors （EF） of cadmium in the river sediments were calculated The EF values of Cd averaged 39, suggesting Cd enrichment in the sediments Cadmium enrichment factors of the Nanfei River sediments could be as high as more than 100, revealing high ecological risk of polluted sediment to aquatic system in the study area For urban and downstream urban sections of the rivers, anthropogenic Cd contribution accounted for more than 50% of their total concentrations in sediments, with the highest being about 85% More serious cadmium pollution had been found in the Nanfei River than that in other inflow rivers, as the Nanfei River receiving untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from Hefei City （the largest urban centre in the region） and other cities Therefore, the urban section of the Nanfei River is the priority area of environmental restoration in terms of Cd pollution. 

 Based on the 2010 census data of the industrial pollution sources of Danjiangkou Reservoir area and upper reaches, analyses on total discharge amount of COD and NH3N in wastewaters were carried out at different levels of administrative division Discharge amounts and industrial source proportions of total COD and NH3N discharged from industrial pollution sources were selected to analyze the pollution characteristics and industrial contribution to the water pollution Spatial distribution characteristics and pollutant characteristics of the industrial pollution sources were also analyzed using Chinese standard industrial classification as a reference The results showed that the total discharge amount of COD and NH3Nin wastewaters from the industrial pollution sources of Danjiangkou Reservoir area and upper reaches were 17 9197 t and 2 8413 t Among them, Shaanxi Province accounted for 583% COD and 806% NH3N discharged from industrial pollution sources of the entire area, ranking the first place of the largest proportions of pollution discharged in all three provinces of this areaThe results also indicated that most pollution sources around Shiyan City threatened Danjiangkou Reservoir and water pollution emergency was ready to happen at any time Hanzhong City and Shangluo City ranked second and third in the contribution proportions of total wastewater discharge for both COD and NH3N, with 226% and 194% for COD, 359% and 381% for NH3N, respectively In terms of industrial pollution contribution, food, petrochemistry and harmacy industries were the top 3 industries that contributed 40%, 19% and 16% for COD discharged industrial pollution sources of Danjiangkou Reservoir area and upper reaches, while petrochemistry, mining and metallurgy industries were the main industies for NH3N discharged and their proportions were 45%, 20% and 17%, respectively The largest value of industrial wastewater discharged per ten thousand yuan industrial output were from leatherindustry which was 335kg COD per ten thousand yuanindustrial output Papermaking industry had 251kg COD per ten thousand yuan industrial output, which was ahead of the other industries As for NH3N, leather was the industry with the highest NH3N discharge and lowest economic output, with 470  kg NH3N per ten thousand yuan industrial output valueBy analyzing spatial distribution characteristics of industrial pollution sources, it was found that Shiyan City, Hanzhong City, Shangluo City and Ankang City had the most significant influence on water pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir area and upper reaches From the view of Chinese standard industrial classification, it was told that the traditional industry, such as paper making and lether, usually both had higher NH3N or COD discharges and lower economic outputs, should be put in the predominant position when adjusting industial insutcture and developing the socialeconomy of Danjiangkou Reservoir area and upper reaches It also was concluded that more attention should be paid to water pollution control of the whole area by the viewpoint of “integrated basin”and all localities and departments should take efficient and effective measures, such as division management of key industriesand pollution area, taking implement step by step and carrying out longterm supervision to ensure water quality of Danjiangkou Reservoir

Based on the 2010 census data of the industrial pollution sources in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River basin, analyses of the total discharge amount of wastewaters and the discharge amounts of COD and NH3N in wastewaters were carried out on different levels of administrative division Discharge amounts and industrial source apportionment of total wastewater discharge, COD and NH3N were selected to analyze the pollution characteristics of the river and industrial contribution to the river pollution Spatial distribution characteristics and pollutant characteristics of the industrial pollution sources were also analyzed from the point view of Chinese standard industrial classification The results showed that the total discharge amount of wastewaters and the discharge amounts of COD and NH3N in wastewaters from the industrial pollution sources in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River basin were 13 hundred million ton, 20366 thousand ton and 3579 thousand ton，respectively Xiangyang City was the top city in the contribution proportions of both total water and COD discharge, and the contribution proportions of total water, COD and NH3N discharge from this city were 53%, 45% and 25%, respectivelyThe results also showed that most pollution sources around Xiangyang City threatening the Hanjiang River and water pollution emergency was ready to happen at any time Jingmen City and Xiaogan City ranked second and third in the contribution proportions of total wastewater discharge, with 21% and 13%, respectively The municipality directly under Hubei Province and Jingmen City ranked second and third in the contribution proportions of COD discharge, with 22% and 17%, respectively The municipality directly under Hubei Province and Xiaogan City ranked first and third in the contribution proportions of NH3N discharge, with 28% and 24%, respectively, and Xiangyang City ranked second Petrochemical industry ranked first in pollution contribution to the HanJiang River basin Its contribution proportions of total wastewater discharge, COD discharge and NH3N discharge in all industries, were 49%, 34% and 81%, respectively The largest industrial wastewater discharge per ten thousand Yuan （industrial output value） was from paper making, which was above 72 ton per ten thousand Yuan Textile industry had 13 kg COD per ten thousand Yuan （industrial output value）, being ahead of the other industries As for NH3N, petrochemistry was the industry with the highest NH3N discharge and lowest economic output, with 079 kg per ten thousand Yuan （industrial output value）By analyzing spatial distribution characteristics of the industrial pollution sources, it was found that the area around the Hangjiang River main stream had the largest wastewater discharge and the most key pollutants in 2010 From the point view of Chinese standard industrial classification, it was told that the traditional industry, such as textile, paper makinga nd petrochemistry, usually had higher NH3N discharges and lower economic outputs It was concluded that more attention should be paid to integrated pollution control of the whole basin, all localities and departments should take practical and effective measures to control water pollution of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River basin

Total phosphorus (TP) concentration has often been found to do not correlate significantly to other environmental factors,leading to a low prediction accuracy of total phosphorus.In order to improve the prediction accuracy of total phosphorus,we proposed neural network algorithm combined forecasting models  based on  BP,Elman,RBF,GRNN (simplied as BP 4 in the following).Setting the three related factors,i.e.NH+4N,CODMn and transparency  as the input and the measured values as the output,a single forecasting model of 3 input and 1 output was established.Then,using the output of BP 4 single model as the input of next BP 4 model,and total measured values as output,a combination forecasting model with 4 input and 1 output was established; taking this procedure once more and a secondary combination forecasting model with 4 input and 1 output was established,being followed by  construction of 8 schemes of multiple combination forecasting model.The results showed as follows.In the combination models,the prediction accuracy is remarkably increased with increasing weight number of combination,indicating that multiple combination model for lake total phosphorus prediction is reasonable and feasible,and that the model has higher prediction accuracy and generalization ability,and it is the effective method to improve the prediction accuracy.All the predicted results from scheme 2 to scheme 8 were better than that from the GABP model (except for 2 GRNN),indicating that the combination model has high forecasting accuracy and generalization ability.Among them,the average relative error of BP model in scheme 3,plan 4-8 in BP,Elman and RBF model was less than 10%,demonstrating that the prediction accuracy is satisfactory.In the programme from 6 to 8,BP,Elman and RBF model,prediction accuracy is the highest (average relative errors are within 9%),being better than other combination model

Sap flow velocity (Js,cm/s) of Schima superba was measured using Granier’s thermal dissipation probe with meteorological factors monitored simultaneously by automatic weather station in Qianyanzhou ecological station. The results showed that significant difference existed in the diurnal fluctuations of sap flow under three typical weather conditions. Diurnal variations of sap flow displayed widepeaked curves on sunny days with starting time at 6:30 and peaking time at 12∶30. Diurnal variations of sap flow displayed singlepeaked curves on overcast days with starting time at 7∶30 and peaking time at 14∶30. While on rainy days, no distinct diurnal variations of sap flow occurred during the daytime. On the whole, sap flow velocity on sunny days were obviously higher than those on overcast days and rainy days due to obviously higher solar radiation strength,air temperature and lower relative humidity. Patterns of diurnal variations of sap flow varied among different growing seasons, mainly in the average level of sap flow velocity, the initiating time in the early morning and the declining time in the late afternoon. The average sap flow velocity followed the 〖JP2〗order of July (0001 663) > August (0001 56) > June (0001 472) > September (0001 314)〖JP〗 > May (0001 216) > April (0001 101) > October(0000 847). Sap flow velocity peaked in June, followed by July and August. The starting time of sap flow in June was 0.5-1 hours earlier than that in May, July, August and September. The initiation of sap flow was the latest in April and October. Sap flow peaked earliest in July, followed by May, June and August and latest in September and October. The initiation and peak of sap flow lagged behind average net radiation (ANR) but synchroised with canopy relative humidity (CRH) and canopy air temperature (CT). The variance analysis results showed that in the cases with and without the time lag effect, there existed significantly positive correlations between Js and ANR, while significantly negative correlations between sap flow velocity and average net radiation. There was no significant correlation between sap flow velocity and CT in both cases. The correlation strength between meteorological factors and Js were ANR (0677*〖KG-*2〗*) > CRH (-0417*〖KG-*2〗*) > CT (0088) and ANR (0752*〖KG-*2〗*) > CRH (-0325*〖KG-*2〗*) > CT (0158), respectively, indicating that when the time lag effect was considered, sap flow velocity was more dependent on average net radiation and canopy relative humidity. Multivariate linear model were used to quanitfy the integrated effects of three meteorological factors on sap flow velocity. The regression models and all parameters were significant at 1% level. The determination coefficients between comprehensive meteorological factors and sap flow velocity were 093 and 095, respectively

Rainfall is the main dynamic element causing soil erosion.The separation of soil is caused by raindrop splashing.Erosion and movement of flowing water eventually lead to soil loss.Eroding force of rainfall is the potential ability of soil erosion.An accurate evaluation of rainfall erosion force can provide an important background parameter for the quantitative evaluation to soil erosion in a certain region.We analyzed the 1957-2008 daily rainfall data of 26 weather stations in and around Hubei, and used the Daily Rainfall Erosion Force Model to calculate annual rainfall erosion force in the study area.Wavelet Analysis and MannKendall Analysis were used to analyze the trend of annual rainfall erosion force and its periodic variation.Then Kriging Interpolation was adopted for spatial interpolation, and for drawing the contour map of rainfall erosion force in Hubei Province.The time change regulation and spatial distribution characteristic of rainfall erosion force have been preliminarily analyzed.The result showed that the general trend of the annual average rainfall erosion force of the whole province presented a decline from southeastern area to northwestern mountain area.This probably has something to do with the high amount, strength of local rainfall and high kinetic energy of raindrops in rainy seasons.The general trend of rainfall in the province presented a decline from southeast to northwest,and it showed higher values in southwest and southeast Hubei,especially the Lvcongpo Station reached 1683.05 mm.The rainfall erosion force of annual variation in Hubei Province generally had the same trend with the change of annual rainfall,but there were also some years (i.e.,1963,1999 and 2003) that presented high annual rainfall while low rainfall erosion force.It showed that there were relatively less erosive rainfalls.On the other side,there were some years (i.e.,1969,1991 and 1998) that presented high rainfall erosion force while low annual rainfall.Based on this trend,both the annual rainfall and rainfall erosion force had a slightly increasing trend.The annual rainfall showed a more obvious increase in rainfall erosion force.The rainfall erosion force in Hubei was concentrated in MaySeptember,which accounted for 7742% of the whole year.The annual distribution of rainfall erosion force in Hubei Province shared almost the same regulation with the rainfall in study area.In MaySeptember,the rainfall erosion force was obviously higher than the related rainfall,and other months were relatively lower.The difference was caused by the rainfall characteristics in different periods.The high amount and strength of local rainfall and its high kinetic energy of raindrops occurred in MaySeptember,however,the phenomenon in JanuaryApril and in OctoberDecember was opposite to MaySeptember.As a result,because of different rainfall intensity and rainfall erosion force,the difference between rainfall erosion force of different month is obvious,and not uniform with the difference in rainfall.The results have an important implication on the forecast of water and soil loss,and measuring water and soil conservation scientifically

Our aim is to verify the applicability of the revised Gash analytical model to canopy interception loss of typical evergreen broadleaved forests in the Jinyun Mountains in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.The rainfall，throughfall and stemflow data were observed and collected by the rain gauges and data loggers，and the canopy interception loss was simulated with the revised Gash analytical model.A comparison in hourly cumulative rainfall and a rainfall event interception was conducted between the simulated and measured values based on meteorological data and forest survey data during AprilJuly of 2012.In addition,the effects of the model parameter on interception was analyzed with a sensitivity analysis method.The results indicated that the cumulative gross rainfall of 34 sampled events was 5221 mm and the mean rainfall intensity was 13 mm/h.The measured throughfall，stemflow and canopy interception were 450.9 mm，9.6 mm and 61.6 mm,respectively.Most of the rainfalls had a low rainfall intensity,low rainfall levels,and long duration.Throughfall,stemflow and canopy interception were simulated by the revised Gash model were 446.1 mm,77 mm and 682 mm,respectively.The simulated interception loss was lower by 108% than the measured ones.It was indicated that the revised Gash analytic model could be used for estimating canopy interception of single field rainfall in the evergreen broadleaved forest in the Jinyun Mountains in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.The simulation with the revised Gash model was affected in the highest level by canopy density,in the middle level by mean rainfall intensity R,in the low level by canopy storage capacity,mean evaporation rate during rainfall E,but the simulation was not sensitive to trunk storage capacity   and proportion of stemflow   in rainfall since these two parameters only had a small effect on total interception

The intact soil coreacetylene inhibition technique was used to study the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and the denitrification performance in the soils,with different land utilization and altitude,from the waterlevelfluctuation zone (WLFZ) in Zhongxian County in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.The results indicated that the N2O emission and the denitrification rates in the soils of WLFZ varied spatiotemporally.The average N2O emission rate in the soils of cultivated area was 2371±3161 g N/hm2·d,with 3.48 times of artificial vegetation restoration area.The average denitrification rate of cultivated area was 10551±12660 g N/hm2·d,with 539 times of artificial vegetation restoration area,and the difference of denitrification rate was significant (p<005).There was no significant difference in N2O emission and denitrification rates in the soils of different altitude,while the denitrification rate in the soils of low altitude was relatively higher.Analysis indicated that the N2O emission rate in the soils of cultivated area was significantly and positively correlated with soil temperature and Eh(p<005),and its denitrification rate was positively correlated with soil temperature,implying that soil temperature played an important role in regulating N2O emission and denitrification in the soils of WLFZ.The ratio of N2O/(N2O+N2) ranged from 009 to 052 in the study area,suggesting that N2 was the main product of denitrification,but the N2O emission amount cannot be ignored.Land utilization types had a great impact on N2O emission and denitrification in the soils of WLFZ.Human activities,e.g.cultivation,significantly increased N2O emission amount and denitrification loss in the soils of WLFZ

The data at 33 meteorological stations in five southwestern provinces including Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi,Guizhou and Chongqing were used to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of the extreme climate indices.The MK test and moving ttest methods were used to analyze the jump years and the trend of the extreme climate indices.GIS was used to draw the distribution maps.It was found that extreme precipitation indices except PRCPTOT and CDD in the five southwestern provinces showed a weak upward trend during the past 60 years; precipitation amount of the region decreased slightly,while the maximum daily precipitation amount and intensity of precipitation increased.It indicated that the total precipitation in the region decreased slightly,while the precipitation was more concentrated.It was confirmed by the increase of R95,Rx1d,Rx5d and SDII.The jump for most of extreme precipitation indices occurred in the 1990s,after that,the variation trend of extreme precipitation indices was obvious.Extreme air temperature indices including TN10,TX10 and DTR showed a downward trend,and other 7 indices all showed a upward trend,especially,the warm night index (TN90) and warm sustained days index (WSDI) significantly increased.It indicated that the five southwestern provinces have shown a warming trend,and diurnal temperature difference was smaller.At the spatial scale,extreme precipitation indices associated with precipitation in the five southwestern provinces showed an increasing trend from northwest to southeast.The high value and the low value region are easy to find.Those indices including total precipitation of wet day (PROPTOT),maximum daily precipitation and maximum fiveday precipitation showed a high value in Guangxi,Guizhou and Chongqing.It indicated that the precipitation amount here was more than other region and the precipitation was more centralized.Those indices showed a small value in Sichuan and part of the Yunnan province,and the continuous days of drought (CDD) showed a high value.Therefore,drought risk in these two provinces was higher,apart from the influence factor of topography and human activity.Spatial distribution of extreme air temperature indices was not significant.Cold extremes indicated that Yunnan Province showed the highest air temperature,and Guizhou Province showed the minimum air temperature.Warm extremes distribution map generally presented an increasing trend from west to east in the region.The two indices showed a high value in Guangxi and Chongqing,indicating a higher temperature.The rule of diurnal temperature range ( DTR ) distribution was obvious,western Sichuan and Yunnan had a much higher value than that in the eastern Chongqing,Guizhou and Guangxi.Maerkang station of Sichuan showed the highest value of DTR,up to 1601℃,Lancang station of Yunnanalso reached as high as 13℃.Warm sustained days index (WSDI) distribution was different with other indices,and it had no obvious regularity.Most areas of Yunnan province showed a high value,for example,the WSDI in Deqin station was up to 20 d.It was found that the risk of extreme climate events will be higher in Yunnan Province from our comprehensive analysis of extreme climate indices