With the rapid development of economy, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. The Taihu Lake is the focus of the prevention and control of water pollution of Jiangsu Province. Wujin Port is one of the important supplies to the Taihu Lake. In 2008, the Water Environment Renovation Project in Wujin were implemented. So far, the improvement of the environment is obvious. How to evaluate the huge environmental value the project brings, especially the nonuse value, is a big problem need to find a solution. Due to the special nature of environmental governance, environmental restoration project has long been facing the fact that the cycle is long, costly and the effects are very slow. And longterm reliance on national funding is undoubtedly the huge pressure on government funding chain. How to broaden the sources of funds and establish a longterm effective mechanism is becoming an another major problem.This paper introduces a current widely used environmental value evaluate method, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), to analyze the residents willingness to pay/willingness to accept compensation (WTP/WTA) for the comprehensive environmental restoration project in the Wujin Port District. According to the environmental behavior model, this paper systematically analyzed the social and environmental factors and individual influencing factors which affect the residents WTP/WTA. This paper also built the structural equation modeling of WTP and revealed the impact mechanism and decisionmaking mechanism of WTP. From the regional status evaluation and microscopic analysis of the residents WTP for the decisionmaking mechanism, this paper gives some support to carry out works for the environmental protection and provides some reference value and scientific basis.The results of 305 valid questionnaires show as follows. (1) 64% of respondents had willingness to pay. The WTP per capita of the Wujin district was 40-555 RMB/year, which was calculated by the median value method and the average willingness to pay method. The population of Wujin district was 1003 million in 2010. The range of the residents WTP was 4012-556655 million RMB/year. There was a significant positive correlation between the WTP and educational level, and the WTP had no significant correlation with other variables at the 5% significance level. (2) 62% of respondents had willingness to accept compensation. The average WTA was 3462 RMB/year. It was approximately 63 times the WTP. The WTA had a significant positive correlation with educational level, a significant negative correlation with age, a negative weak correlation with profession.The paper also discussed the reason why there was a great difference between WTP and WTA. Finally, the paper gave suggestions on ameliorating water environment quality in Wujin port district and coordinating local economic development and water environment protection

A set of index system was established based on the concept of generalized water environment carrying capacity. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the entropy weight method and Vector norm methods were adopted to evaluate the water environmental carrying capacity of Wuhan City. The weighting method used AHP to determine the index weights, and introduced the entropy method to modify the index weights of the evaluation, which reduced the subjective influence to a certain degree. This method combined subjective and objective evaluation of index weights and quantified water environment carrying capacity more accurately and rationally. The application of this method was relatively simple and convenient, because the structure of this method was simple and this method was easy to realize in computer programming. Taking Wuhan as an example, a set of index system was established and the indices were quantified by a comprehensive consideration of the factors of resources and environment as well as social and economic development. The results showed that the water environmental carrying capacity of Wuhan city increased during 2006-2010. The evaluation value of water environmental carrying capacity in Wuhan city increased from 0129 3 to 0241 1, showing the coordinated development of Wuhan City in water resources, environment and social economy in recent years. From the three criterion layer, we can see that resources and environment influenced on the carrying capacity of water environment in Wuhan City was bigger than social and economic subsystem. The evaluation value of social subsystem carrying capacity increased year by year and the rising trend was becoming more and more quickly. With the acceleration of economic development, the evaluation value of economic subsystem carrying capacity showed a declining trend

Using the land use database from National Land Investigation and spatial analysis software (ArcGIS 93), combined with a landuse dynamic model, this paper analyzed the spatialtemporal characteristics of the urbanrural land use changes in Wuhan City during 1996-2009. The results showed that the scale of urbanrural construction expanded so rapidly that the amount of cultivated land decreased drastically during this period in Wuhan city. Compared with the expansion rate, the urban construction land was growing fast, followed by the expansion of rural construction lands, which was slow but seriously occupied the cultivated land. With the total growth of the urban construction lands, the increasing rate of the town was much faster than the city; and the independent industrial and mining lands decreased in each year. The increasing area of the city and the town was mainly from occupation of the agricultural land, conversion of the independent industrial and mining lands, and consolidation of rural residential areas. According to the spatial variations, the Wuhan city was divided into innercity and outercity. The expansion scale of the urbanrural land in outercity was larger than the innercity. The transference of quantity and category about various construction lands in outerurban played a decisive role in the urbanrural construction land change of Wuhan city. This paper extracted the driving factors of the land use policy and the ecological conservation policy on the urbanrural construction land from the land use conversion dates of Wuhan. Based on the related social and economic statistics data and information of Wuhan, the paper analyzed the driving force of urbanrural construction land change using the qualitative and quantitative analysis method. The results showed that the social and economic factors including demographic change, economic growth, living standards and policies were closely related to the urbanrural construction land use pattern. Because of the difference of economic and social development, there were significant regional differences and urbanrural differences on the quantity and structure change and the driving factors and mechanism between the innercity and the outercity of Wuhan. Based on the perspective of urbanrural integration, this study on the spatialtemporal characteristics and driving forces of urbanrural construction land changes in regional scale can provide important implications to regional urbanrural construction planning and the urbanrural integration development

It is important to monitor distribution and analyze dynamic change of lakes in Jiangsu Province for wise use and protection of water resources. In this study, the lakes in Jiangsu province were monitored using multi-temporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images and HJCCD images of 2000, 2005 and 2010 and the objectoriented classification method, and the decadal dynamic change and diving forces were analyzed. The results showed that the lake area in Jiangsu Province was 5 90223 km2 in 2000, 5 89191 km2 in 2005 and 5 88319 km2 in 2010, respectively. The total lake areas of Jiangsu province were relatively stable, but several lakes were change obviously. The changes of the Hongze Lake and the Baima Lake were the most obvious. Changes of the Hongze Lake mainly took place in the southwest, the increasing part was mainly located in the west of Siyang County, the decreasing part was mainly distributed at the junction of Sihong County and Hongze County. While changes of the Baima Lake took place in the southwest to Northeast, transferred was mainly located in eastern Huaian and Northern Suqian; decrease was located in Suqian City, Hongze County area. Transfer types were mainly concentrated between the wetland and farmland. By analyzing the driving force of the natural and human factors, the results showed that rising temperatures, decreasing precipitation in the surrounding areas and the reduce of water in the Hongze Lake and the Baima Lake were the main natural factors leading to lake reducing during the 10 years. The AWMPFD (AreaWeighted Patch Fractal Dimension) of the Hongze Lake changed little, from 1161 in 2000, 1162 in 2005 to 1159 in 2010. In addition, the AWMPFD in the Baima Lake continued to decline from 1275 in 2000, 1240 in 2005 to 1211 in 2010. Therefore, human activities around the lake and the change of land use are important factors causing atrophy of the lakes. The land cover changed in the Hongze Lake and the Baima Lake in the ten years. Wetland area continued to decline, mainly due to reclamation into cultivated land. Cultivated area increased, because wetlands were transferred to farmland

In recent years, the hydrological droughts frequently happened in the middlelower Yangtze River. The Three Gorges Reservoir with just finished the pilot of impoundment is thus involved in the debates of these drought events. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of water regulation of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on water levels in the middlelower Yangtze River after flood season and to elucidate the real effect of the TGR on the lowering of water levels during this period. To separate the contribution component of the TGR regulation to the water levels from various influencing factors, a coupled hydrodynamic analysis model for the middlelower Yangtze River was developed and validated using the measurements of water levels and discharges from 2006 to 2011 in three controlling hydrological stations. We quantified the changes of water levels in the recent six years from 2006 to 2011 when the TGR carried out pilot impoundment, based on the simulation results from two scenarios with and without the TGR. Quantitative contributions purely induced by TGR regulation were quantified accordingly. The results showed that TGR regulations would have a significant effect on the water levels after flood season in the middlelower Yangtze River. The TGR regulation can make the water levels quickly decrease after flood seasons. And the TGR regulation can double the drawdown speed of the lake. It made the low water level occurred early about half a month in the middlelower Yangtze River in the recent six years. The lowering of water level induced by TGR regulation was 070 m at Luoshan, 060 m at Hankou, and 041m at Datong averagely from September 10 to October 31. Among these months, the most significant lowering of water levels was found in October and the decreases of water levels were all over 1 meter at the three stations. Apart from the magnitude of water levels, obvious changes were also observed in the frequency distributions of water levels at that time at three stations. The high water levels decreased in probability, while the probability of low water levels rised. The TGR regulation must decline water supply for the middlelower Yangtze River after flood season because of its normal operation. Thus, it is worth noting that the changing tendency of water levels might affect the use of water resources and wetland ecosystems significantly. Meanwhile, we should also note that the clear water release should possibly make a longdistance bed scouring in the main stream of the middle Yangtze River. It may induce a decrease of water levels further

The total energy control is an important measure to ensure energy security and to respond to climate warming. The reasonable distribution of energy consumption within one province is an effective measure in order to implement the national energy consumption. In this paper, adhering to the idea of “given cardinality and divisible increment”, we built a multifactor mixedweighted distribution model based on information entropy to allocate energy consumption increment in the targetyear under the principle that focused on fair and also accounted for regional development interest and efficiency. Besides, we chose the indices of economic level, energy consumption level, industrial structure, etc. to describe the energysaving potential and the responsibility of energy consumption control. Taking Anhui Province as an example, we allocated energy consumption to each area in 2015. The results show that the energy growth rates of all 17 areas in Anhui province ranged from 1193% to 5045% in 2015. The distribution result is predominated by per capita GDP and per capita energy consumption level which are adjusted by the energy consumption of per industrial added value and urbanization rate

Lower Jingjiang, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, is one of the most unstable sections of the Yangtze River. Due to the particularity of Lower Jingjiang, the operation of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) will inevitably have a great impact on the hydrological processes of this section. Based on the daily flow data of Jianli gaging station, the annual runoff and monthly flow trends of Lower Jingjiang River were analyzed from 1983 to 2012. The runoff change of the Lower Jingjiang River caused by the TGP was extinguished from the natural fluctuation with the consideration of the operation of the project. The results showed that, the annual runoff of Lower Jingjiang was dominated by the fluctuation process and had no significant trend in the past 30 years. There were significant increasing trends of monthly flows of January, February and March, and a significant decreasing trend in October. After the impoundment of TGP, the monthly flow of the first five months in a year all increased, while that of other months decreased. The absolute change amount of monthly flow in October, July and August were the three largest in a year. The three largest months showing increasing flow were February, March and January. The relative change rate (RCR) was introduced to eliminate the natural fluctuation pattern by using the ratio between the monthly flows changes after the project operation and the standard differences of the monthly flows without TGP. The RCRs of January, February and October (all >1.5) were the greatest in a year. Although the absolute change amount of July and August were the second and third largest in a year, their RCR value was less than 1, meaning that the flow changes of these two months were less than the natural fluctuation range. Based on the previous analysis, we can know that the operation of the TGP had the most significant effect on the flow of low water period. The TGP would probably affect the shipping and drought in Lower Jingjiang River in autumn and winter. It is necessary to assess the potential impact of the flow variation upon the watersediment processes and morphological change of the river section

Dam construction is a major threat of human activities to freshwater fish species. River damming often leads to habitat segregation, degradation and loss, and ultimately extirpates some aboriginal fish species. Four large cascade dams (Wudongde, Baihetan, Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba) are being built or will be built in the future in the lower reach of the Jinsha River. Many fish species in the Lower Jinsha River are likely to be threatened by the impoundment because of the tremendous change of their habitats. Moreover, among these fishes, some endemic fishes of the Upper Yangtze River need the rapidly flowing tributaries of the Lower Jinsha River as substitute habitats to spawn and survive. In order to optimize the utilization of limited habitat resources to conserve the fish species threatened by the cascade dams, the present study assessed the fish habitats of 12 tributaries of the Lower Jinsha River and set their conservation priorities based on habitat evaluation and other related concerns. The habitat evaluation was realized based on a new method combining spatial data analysis and field surveys. Firstly, at the reach (approximately10 km) level, 168 reaches of the 12 tributaries were classified into 9 groups on the basis of seven criteria: gradient, altitude, width, reach order, sinuosity, riparian vegetation index and dam construction status. Spatial data of these criteria was derived from Spot Maps in the Google Earth and digital elevation map and land cover map in the Geographical Information System. Secondly, several reach samples of each identified reach group were surveyed in the field at the microhabitat level using an adjusted qualitative habitat evaluation index derived from the original version of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States. Thirdly, each reach group was scored using a weightedmean method, and subsequently each tributary was evaluated with the same approach. On the other hand, twice recent fish samplings were conducted in some reaches of several tributaries. The surveyed and historical fish sampling data was then used to determine the richness of endemic fish species in each tributary. Finally, the habitat evaluation results, the richness of endemic fish species, the annual runoff and the total number of dams were used to set the conservation priority of each tributary with a hierarchical ranking method. The all 12 tributaries were ranked by their priorities as follows: Niulan > Xixi > Heishui > Pudu > Longchuan > Canyu > Xining > Meigu > Yili > Pulong > Mengguo > Xiaojiang. In order to conserve at least one to two tributaries in each of the four future reservoirs, seven tributaries were chosen according to the ranking list. These tributaries were: Longchuan and Canyu in the Wudongde Reservoir, Heishui and Pude in the Baihetan Reservoir, Niulan and Xixi in the Xiluodu Reservoir, and Xining in the Xiangjiaba Reservoir. To conserve fishes in these tributaries, reaches with high habitat qualities should also be first protected. Specific conservation policies and projects on these priority tributaries should be designed in the not too distant future

Diffuse water pollution has become one of the most important factors for environmental pollution. Research on emission, transportation, transformation, and management of nonpoint source water pollution is helpful for effectively preventing lake pollution. The Leanhe Watershed is a typical agriculturalbased watershed of Poyang Lake watershed. The nonpoint source pollution in this watershed impacts water quality issue which influences ecology and society. Based on observed data from 17 monitoring stations within the Leanhe Watershed from 2009 to 2011, the temporal and spatial variation patterns were analyzed. The WATLAC Model and MESAW Model are combined to simulate the nutrient emission and transformation in the Leanhe watershed, and to calculate the nutrient load and retention rate in river course. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1)The distribution and seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus are basically similar. They increased from April by the beginning of rainfall and agricultural season, reached a high level in June, and then dropped dramatically to the lowest value in September for annually maximum water volume in the Leanhe Watershed. After September, the values recovered for the dry season and reached the highest point for the annually minimum water value int December. The nutrient concentrations were generally higher in downstream than in upstream. This result indicated that agricultural fertilization was the main source of diffuse N in soils, the rainfall runoff was the main driving factor for Nlosses, and forest land had an obviously constraint effect on nonpoint pollution. (2)Nonpoint source based nitrogen and phosphorus emission and transformation in the Leanhe watershed was simulated by the MESAW Model. The result shows that: the nitrogen emission from the Leanhe Watershed was 10 4380 t/a, the contribution to the watershed mouth was 5 855.7 t, and the retention rate of nitrogen in the Leanhe Watershed was 439%. In terms of phosphorus, the emission from the Leanhe Watershed was 1 0037 t/a, the contribution to the watershed mouth was 3449 t, and the retention rate of phosphorus in the Leanhe Watershed was 656%. Those data indicated the nitrogen had higher emission and contribution value than phosphorus because of its higher solubility and fluxility. The main physical form of phosphorus was particle, which could be detained by sedimentation. Phosphorus had therefore a higher retention rate than nitrogen. (3)The retention rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the wet season were higher than in the dry season, because less precipitation in the dry season leaded to a lower amount of runoff flowing down the river course slowly. However, the storm in June of 2011 caused huge dissolved nitrogen going into river course in short time. The N retention rate in this season was 15%, lower than that in 2010. The storm also moved some particle phosphorus that has been absorbed in the soil for a long time to the river, so P retention rate in this season was 10%, higher than that in 2010.

The total amount and intensity of carbon emission from energy consumption in Anhui Province from 2000 to 2011 were calculated in this paper. Based on the STIRPAT model, a model of driving factors on carbon emission in urbanization was developed. A quantitative analysis was further conducted to reveal the driving factors of carbon emission from energy consumption in the process of urbanization. The contribution of each index to the growth of carbon emissions was comparatively analyzed. The results are as follows. Firstly, there was an increasing tendency of carbon emission from energy consumption but a decreasing tendency of carbon emission intensity and energy intensity. Secondly, every 1% increase in the second industry output value, the tertiary industry output value, proportion of urban population, urban construction area, urban per capita disposable income or energy intensity was achieved at the cost of increasing carbon emission by 1208 8%, 0202 0%, 0502 3%, 4793 8%, and 1066 0%, respectively. On the other hand, every 1% decrease in energy intensity was companioned by a decrease of 0120 2% in carbon emission. Thirdly, it was found that in the process of urbanization the expanding town area and the increasing industrialization level which became the main driving factors of carbon emissions promoted the consumption of energy. In view of the abovementioned results and in consideration of the conditions and the development trend of urbanization in Anhui Province, several corresponding suggestions on policy were then put forward. For example, the scale of land use in urbanization should be strictly controlled. Besides, with the help of scientific innovation, energy could be more efficiently taken into use and more new energies would be explored and utilized. Moreover, industrial structure is supposed to be optimized, the proportion of the third industry in GDP should be increased and lowcarbon city of compact style should be constructed. In addition, last but not the least, the green and lowcarbon pattern in production and expense should be advocated. This article is expected to contribute to the achievement of the target of constructing ecological civilization, “ecological Anhui” and “beautiful Anhui”. It is also hoped to play a sample role in studying the driving factors of carbon emissions in other provincial administrative regions

Frequent occurrence of water environmental vulnerability is induced by intensifying shortage of water resource,water environment pollution,drought and flood disasters,and ecoenvironmental deterioration. Studies on the vulnerability of water environmental system have become more and more important. Recent works pay attentions mainly to groundwater environmental vulnerability,water resource vulnerability,water environmental carrying capacity vulnerability and water inrush vulnerability. It's unilateral to study on the water environmental system vulnerability from a sole aspect. It is necessary to study the vulnerability from a combination of water resource,water environmental quality,drought and flood disasters,social,economic and ecoenvironmental aspects. According to the characteristics of the water environmental system vulnerability which is sensitivity response of system status to  pressure,the index system of the regional water environmental system vulnerability is built up based ona pressurestateresponse model. The water environmental system is a complex system involving regional water resource,the quality of water resource,drought and flood disasters,social,economy and ecoenvironment. Many uncertainties caused by discrepancy degree coefficient are uncertain while the uncertainties with connection number in regional water environmental system vulnerability are described. So there are many uncertainties in the research on the regional water environmental system vulnerability. In the process of using a connection number to describe the vulnerability,there is still uncertainty in the difference degree coefficients within ［-1,1］. Structural triangular fuzzy numbers are proposed to characterize the uncertainty of difference degree coefficient value,according to the expectation and square difference method for priorities of connection numbers with confidence level α.The decision analysis model is established using connection numbers of triangular fuzzy number. The model is applied for vulnerability assessment of water environment in Anhui Province. The results show as follows:(1)The vulnerability ratio of regional water environmental system in Anhui Province is between ［2731 3620］,ranking the cities as follows,Chizhou,Huangshan,Anqing,Tongling,Xuancheng,Wuhu,Lu'an,Hefei,Maanshan,Chaohu,Chuzhou,Huaibei,Fuyang,Bengbu,Huainan,Suzhou,Bozhou. According to the distribution of the water environmental system vulnerability in Anhui Province,the stronger vulnerable regions,for example,Bozhou,Suzhou,Huainan,are located in the plain of Northern Anhui. The vulnerability of regional water environment system is high because of the lack of water resources in plain area,mainly to the agricultural production,social and economic development relatively backward. The vulnerability of regional water environment system in riverside area is low because of the relatively abundant water resources,more developed social economy,and larger cost of water environmental treatment or protection,which is a larger role in the improvement of the situation of the water environment.(2)The index system of the regional water environment system vulnerability with clear concept,relatively independent connotation,and no conflict,overlap among the indexes,is scientific and practical.(3)The difference degree coefficient is described by the policydecisionmaking model of the regional water environment system vulnerability based on the structural triangular fuzzy numbers. The uncertainty in standard node of the vulnerability index values of the regional water environment system can be effectively described

In this paper,we used the monowindow algorithm to retrieve land surface temperature in Wuhan using HJ1B CCD/IRS as the main data source,and preliminarily validated the result using the MODIS temperature products. Next,thermal field variance composite index was obtained from the land surface temperature and the spatial distribution feature of Wuhan was analyzed,and the quantitative description on the urban heat island effect was given. Last,the impact of land covers types on heat island was analyzed. The conclusions are as follows:(1) The urban heat island was mostly concentrated in the urban areas and showed irregular characteristics of staggered distribution on the whole and agglomeration of some areas. There were some small islands with higher temperature in the big heat islands.(2) The average of land surface temperature on behalf of summer high temperature days from 2009 to 2012 in Wuhan city was 30611 K,land surface temperature in most urban area was 309-317 K.(3) Thermal field variation composite index in the main urban area exceeded 0015 and manifested a very strong effect of heat island. Area percentage of six intensities of heat island effect declined from 3671% to 352% in turn,but the corresponding average land surface temperature increased from 29898 K to 3152 K. Heat island intensities and the mean value of the land surface temperature went up simultaneously. (4) Heat island intensity level differed by the type of surface area. In terms of land cover composition,the proportion of water decreased,the proportion of vegetation increased and then decreased,while the proportion of impervious surface had gradually increased.The results can provide a scientific basis for monitoring and ecological evaluation of the urban thermal environment

Loss of soil phosphorus from  water fluctuation zone is a main influence factor of eutrophication of water body in the Three Gorges Reservoir.The species of phosphorus were analyzed in areas of main stream of the Yangze River，Zhuxi River and Mixi Valley in water fluctuation zone of the Wanzhou section of the Three Gorges Reservoir.The influence of different types of hydraulic characteristics and human activities on soil physicochemical property and phosphorus species distribution were discussed in this paper.The objects are to determine the content and distribution of phosphorus species in Water Fluctuation Zone and discuss the influence of hydraulic characteristics and human activities on phosphorus species,and to estimate the probability of phosphorus lose in Water Fluctuation Zone of Wanzhou section.The results show that the distribution characteristics of pH value，available phosphorus (AP) are in an order of main stream of  Yangtze River>Zhuxi River>Mixi valley.The distribution characteristics of soil organic matter(SOM) ，total nitrogen (TN)，cation exchange capacity(CEC) and total phosphorus (TP) are in order of main stream of Yangze RiverH2OP (5177 mg/kg)>HClP(3999 mg/kg)> NaOHP(2588 mg/kg)>NaHCO3P(2224 mg/kg).The residualP and H2OP are the main phosphorus species.The content ranges are 42421-1 22642 mg/kg and 3138-7321 mg/kg，respectively.During the exchange soil condition of wet and dry，the H2OP will continue transferring to the water of Yangtze River.Agriculture and tourism development activities of human have affected the soil physicochemical property and fertilizer conservation.The proportion of organic phosphorus in NaOHP and NaHCO3P is in an order of main stream of Yangtze River>Zhuxi River>Mixi valley.There are significant correlations among NaOHPi,NaHCO3Pi,NaHCO3Po,H2OP and AP，since they share a same origin.Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution come from different sources in Mixi Valley.The main source of phosphorus and nitrogen pollution are domestic wastewater and agricultural fertilizer loss，respectively

The Heihe Basin is located in the intersection region of the Asian monsoon and westerly winds,and sensitive to climate change and ecologically fragile.Studying the response of water cycle to climate change is of great significance for understanding the current change of environment and utilization of water resources in the future.The panel data analysis method has been widely used in econometrics,but rarely used in the field of natural sciences.Based on the meteorological hydrological data from the 3 meteorological stations and hydrological stations in the upper reaches of Heihe Basin during 1959-2009,this paper applied the panel data method to analyze the influences of climatic factors on the runoff.The result of unit root test,cointegration test and granger causality test show panel data analysis method is also applicable to natural science researches.The model suggests that precipitation had a greatest contribution to runoff,and obviously,compared to the temperature,the potential evapotranspiration had a more significant effect on runoff.Results from scenario analysis showed that,with rising temperature,if precipitation increased,the driving effect of precipitation on runoff would slow down,and if precipitation decreased,the driving effect of precipitation on runoff would build up

Global climate change affects not only the environment human live in, but also affects the development of word economic and social progress.The IPCC published its fourth report (AR4) in 2007 and said that in the last 100 years the surface temperature of the global had increased by 056-092 equally.China is one of the countries where the meteorological disasters are the most severe in the world.All kinds of extreme climate events have made great loss to our country.With the background of global climate warming,more and more extreme climate events have happened.It is necessary to monitor the climate in our country,pay more attention to the anomaly characteristics and analysis of all kinds of weather events.Relevant works may provide some references for future disaster prevention and mitigation measures,and also for a comprehensive assessment of China climate change.Based on 468 meteorological stations data,the variation characteristics of climatic factors in China during 1961-2010 were analyzed,using  linear regression,Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method,Morlet wavelet and MannKendall methods.The results show that temperature including annual mean temperature,minimum temperature,maximum temperature,annual extreme minimum temperature and annual extreme maximum temperature displayed a significant increasing trend.The difference between annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures (annual extreme temperatures) as well as sunshine hours exhibited a significantly decreasing trend.Significant cycles in the range of 14 a-6 a were found to exist for  annual mean temperature,minimum temperature,maximum temperature and annual extreme maximum temperature,while cycles in the range of 25 a-26 a were found to exist for average annual precipitation,annual extreme minimum temperature,mean annual temperature difference,annual extreme temperature difference and average annual sunshine hours.Significant climatic changes were found in several years such as 1996,1981,1997,1975,1983 and 1982.Similar cycles and abrupt years suggest possible linkages between those climate factors

Based on the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data and the precipitation data from 160 stations in China，the relationship and influence mechanism between the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) in winter and Chinese 160station rainfalls during the next spring are investigated.The empirical orthogonal function analysis results show that the spatial distributions of winter SST anomalies (SSTA) in the Southern Indian Ocean are characterized by monopole with the same anomalous signs in basinscale and by dipole with the reverse signs in the western and eastern Southern Indian Ocean.The second time series of the dipole mode are defined as Southern Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) index.When the areaaveraged SST anomalies are positive in West Pole and negative in East Pole，a positive SIOD happens.While the areaaveraged SST anomalies are negative in West Pole and positive in East Pole，a negative SIOD happens.The impact of SIOD on the rainfalls in the next spring in China is greatest.In positive SIOD years，the rainfalls are subdued over the Yangtze River and its north in the next spring.While in negative SIOD years，the rainfalls increase over the Yangtze River and its north in the next spring.The relationship is independent of ENSO events.Based on the reanalysis data，using synthesis and related method，we find that SIOD influence on the spring rainfall in China through the joint action of high latitudes and low latitudes.SIOD induces low latitude sea surface temperature and convection anomalies.Through interaction between middle and low latitudes，the anomalies cause strong remote response in the middle and high latitudes，thus affect the same period of circulation changes in winter Eurasia.By the effect of the westerly flow，such perturbations cause the anomalous convective activity in the North Pacific in the next spring.Also through interaction between middle and low latitudes，it strengthens the remote response of the middle and high latitudes，and EUP wave train happens.The convection anomalies in the South China Sea and Sea Maritime Continent caused by SIOD，induce meridional circulation anomalies and vertical motion abnormalities over the Yellow River to the Yangtze River region.Under the joint action of high latitudes and low latitudes，the abnormal rainfall in China happens

Systematic analysis of spatial change of polders is very important for revealing water storage change and flood occurrence in lake areas.This paper addressed spatial and temporal changes of the polders in the Dongting Lake in the period from 1921 to 1990s.Historical maps of the polders were digitalized for the five periods and change detection analysis were performed.The five periods include 1921-1930,1931-1949,1950-1963,1964-1980 and 1980s-1990s.Our main conclusions are as follows. (1) From an aspect of temporal change,the polders showed 〖JP2〗an increasing trend from 508419 km2 in 1921-1930 to 909813 km2 in〖JP〗 1980s-1990s.In spite of this,the polders changed with spatial and temporal differences.The ploders expanded at a rate of 3126%,3122%,1198% and 273%,corresponding to an annual rate of change of 313%,312%,1198% and 034%.In contrast,the polders diminished in some areas at a rate of 1268%,1370%,340% and 000%,corresponding to an annual rate of change of 127%,137%,024% and 000%.The largest change appeared in the shift from the first to the second period,during which land reclamation was excessive but effective management was lacking.Since then,the polder reclamation was replaced with maintenance and the polder areas remained stable with the policy of “returning farmland to lake”.(2) From an aspect of spatial change,the polders expanded generally and encroached on Dongting Lake.In 1921-1930,the polders were mainly distributed in the northern part of the lake area in a relatively sparse form.In 1931-1919,the polders appeared to intersperse with each other and the newly constructed polders were mainly concentrated in the central and eastern part of the Yuan River.In 1950-1963,the polders expanded in highelevation areas and the areas surrounding Datong Lake,the south and the west Dongting Lake.In 1964-1980,the polder expansion mainly appeared in the northwest corner of the lake area.In 1980s-1990s,the polders increased very slightly.Our analysis supports that excessive reclamation caused serious shrinkage of the lake water surface.Because Dongting Lake plays an important role in regulating the Yangtze River and flood prevention and has important ecological and environmental values,it is of priority to restrain lake reclamation and encourage the returning farmland to lake.In addition,our study should be valuable for understanding the water storage variation and floodings in the lake area,which needs further investigation

The upper Hanjiang River basin,the water source area of Middle Route of South to North water transfer project of China,is controlled by subtropical monsoonal climate.The rainstorms in the summer and longlasting rains in the autumn often cause great floods.The most recent large floods occurred on 19 July,2010 and 19 September,2011.Hydrologic environment information of large floods is often recorded by slackwater deposits (SWD) in the convex river bank,tributary mouth and wide channel etc.Slackwater deposits (SWD) are actually suspended sediment load of the flood at a highstage stagnant environment.Flood SWD,the product of soil erosion and rock weathering,is closely related to the surface materials during flood period and human actives.In the recent years,palaeoflood SWD were found at several sites along the upper Hanjiang River valley.These SWDs often inserted in the loesspalaeosol and slope clastic deposits.Geochemical elements including major elements and heavy metals accumulation in palaeoflood and modern flood SWD in the upper Hanjiang River valley were measured and analyzed.These results showed that palaeoflood SWD had high Na2O and CaO content and low K2O.UCCnormalized abundances of major elements SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,TiO2,MgO and MnO for palaeoflood SWD were similar to that of modern flood SWD.On the one hand,the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and the weathering index of parker (WIP) were applied to evaluate the chemical weathering intensity of palaeoflood SWD and modern flood SWD in the upper Hanjiang River.The average CIA value of palaeoflood SWD was 64,whereas modern flood SWD was 60.Moreover,the average WIP value of palaeoflood SWD was also close to that of modern flood SWD.On the other hand,the triangle diagram ACNK of flood SWD showed that the weathering intensity of palaeoflood SWDs was intermediate weathering,while modern flood SWD was weak weathering.In addition,Modern flood SWD was a tool for evaluating floodrelated environment impacts on heavy metal concentrations within river sediments,which affect river and groundwater quality,soil quality and floodplain systems.The sources of modern flood SWD were mainly from soil erosion on modern ground during flood periods.Heavy metals Zn,Co,Cr,V and Ba content of modern flood SWD were higher than palaeoflood SWD 16%,60%,20%,77%,42%,respectively.UCCnormalized abundances of Zn,Co,Cr,V and Ba of modern flood SWD were obviously higher than that of palaeoflood SWD.The phenomenon implied that modern flood SWD significantly influenced by heavy metals of anthropogenic input on the Hanjiang drainage basin.The differences of chemical weathering and anthropogenic impact on the hydroclimatic system of the upper Hanjiang River basin were indicated by geochemical character of extraordinary floods in the long timescale.These results enlarge the knowledge of the relationship between human activities and natural weathering,at the same time,they are important for understanding soil and water conservation and ecological environment during flood period in the upper Hanjiang River

Luan city is situated on the north slope of Dabie Mountain.As a subtropical monsoon climate zone,the spatial and temporal variation of precipitation is obvious in this city.It suffers from heavy rainstorm and flood disaster frequently especially in the flood season.Analysis on rainstorm flood risk is of great importance for taking precautions and fighting against flood disasters in Luan city.According to the principles of risk assessment for natural disasters,an assessment model on Luan rainstorm flood risk was built including 4 factors：the risk of disaster causing,the sensitivity of disaster environment,the vulnerability of disasterbearing bodies and the ability of disaster prevention/reduction.Main data used in the research includes  daily precipitation data from 6 meteorological stations in Luan city from 1956 to 2011,DEM in 30 m resolution,spatial distribution maps of the water systems and lakes of the research area.Besides this,we also make use of total acreage,population,GDP as well as the acreage under cultivation of villages and towns in Luan city.With the support of ArcGIS10.0,using 30 m×30 m raster as basic assessment unit,we ranked each influencing factor according to the mean and standard deviation and then defined affecting degree for each grade.The map of rainstorm flood disaster risk division in Luan city was created ultimately by overlaying raster coverage of the influencing factors,and the weights of which were determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).Results show that the rainstorm flood risk in the southwest is in general different from that in the northeast.Although the annual precipitation is abundant and heavy rainstorm occurs frequently in the southwest,the rainstorm flood risk in this area is lower than that in the northeast because of its low population density and low per capita GDP resulted from mountain area of high altitude.The highest possibility of flood risk is found in Luan and Shouxian town.On shores of rivers and lakes as well as depressions,the rainstorm flood risk is relatively high.Using the flood disaster during summer in 1991 to test and verity,the evaluation solution is consistent with the actual situation.The formation of rainstorm flood disaster is a complex system and the influencing factors are numerous.Its of certain difficulty to assess rainstorm flood risk quantitatively completely.Further explore is necessary in the followup study

The spatialtemporal distributions of extreme precipitation events,particularly the durative extreme precipitation events,play an important role in flood disasters.Through introducing the parameters that reflect the temporal distribution of extreme precipitation process events：concentration degree (EPCD) and concentration period (EPCP),the innerannual inhomogeneity distribution characteristics of extreme precipitation process events over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) are analyzed.The analyses were based on daily rainfall data of 142 Meteorological stations from 1960 to 2009 over YRB,using the wavelet and the principal component analysis methods.The results show that extreme precipitation process events over the upper reaches of YRB occur mainly in early July,and their occurrence is relatively intensive.While those over the middle and lower reaches of YRB occur mainly in middle May through late June,and their occurrence is relatively dispersive.Variations of EPCP and EPCD over the middle and lower reaches of YRB are more obvious than those over the upper reaches of YRB.The primary eigenvector represents the reverse EPCD and EPCP variation in the southeast area to the northwest area and the southern area to northern area over the YRB,respectively.Extreme precipitation process events have the trend of concentration and exhibit tendency of shifting to earlier age in the YRB.Furthermore,the EPCD and EPCP have main periodic oscillation of 13 years and 10 years,respectively