Land use change is an important factor of increasing global atmospheric carbon dioxide content, only secondary to the fossil fuel combustion. Rational land use is the base of lowcarbon economy, and is also the key point in the construction of “twooriented” society. At the same time, many human activities are closely related to land use, such as social construction, economic development, industrial plan, city expansion and energy consumption. Therefore, researches on carbon emission from land use are of practical significance on the development of low carbon economic and “twooriented” society construction. The objective of this paper is to estimate the amount of land use carbon emission, to analyze the carbon emission effects of different land use patterns, and to decompose the land use carbon emission factors of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration. With Wuhan Urban Agglomeration as the study object, we first estimated the amount of carbon emission from the land use. We then analyzed the carbon emission effects of different land use patterns and the spatiotemporal variations of the carbon emissions. Finally we decomposed the land use carbon emission factors of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration to provide reference and guidance to “twooriented” society construction of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration. The methods included literature survey and LMDI model. The results showed that: (1) the amount of landuse carbon emission in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration was from 953 million tons in 1996 up to 4550 million tons in 2010 with the average annual growth of 1182%, presenting an increasing trend. (2) The land use carbon emissions intensity of residential and industrial land was the maximum in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration, and the land use carbon emissions intensity of arable land was the minimum. There were some differences between carbon emissions intensity and variation in different land use types. (3) There were very clear spatial and temporal variations on Wuhan Urban Agglomeration from 1996 to 2010. The  growth rate and amplitude of carbon emission varied, and the carbon emission also varied by city unit. (4) Factors of land use change, economic level, and population scale had a positive impact on amount of landuse carbon emission in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration; on the contrary, factors of energy efficiency and energy structure had a negative effect on the amount of landuse carbon emission in Wuhan Urban Agglomeration. We should use land rationally and accelerate the transformation of economic development mode to reduce the land use carbon emissions

Poverty as a worldwide problem is very difficult to solve. Eradication of poverty is a longterm goal of Chinese people. In the past, poverty alleviation and development has always focused on economic growth, while the protection of the ecological environment has been ignored. In fact, poverty is closely related with the environment. The more fragile the environment is, the higher the poverty is. At the present stage, due to unbalanced development, scarcity of natural resources and deterioration of environment, helpthepoor work is facing greater challenges. The UN Millennium Development Goals mentioned that governments should ensure environmental sustainability, reverse the loss of environmental resources, and integrate the principles of sustainable development into national policies and programs. Sustainable development is a development strategy and new concept of development. Quantitative measurement of sustainable development is the way to make this development idea to an operable development model. In order to incorporate sustainability into specific indicators to measure whether the scope of human survival is in the ecosystem carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity and ecological footprint method is a simple and comprehensive approach.
The ecological footprint analysis method has been widely used in the quantitative study and judging sustainable development of a country or area. And the quantitative measurement of sustainable development is a prerequisite way for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development. Using the ecological footprint analysis method, based on the statistical data of 2010 in the poor areas of Enshi, we calculated and analyzed ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity in 2010. We made spatial coupling between the density distribution of poverty villages in the Enshi area with ecological footprint, ecological capacity, ecological surplus and the ecological footprint of per ten thousand yuan GDP. The results showed as follows. (1) The biologically productive area utilization efficiency of the Enshi area was higher than Hubei Province. The per capita ecological surplus was 0467 hm2.The per capita ecological capacity was 0.947 1 hm2.The per capita ecological footprint was 048 hm2. The per capita ecological capacity of Enshi poverty area was much higher than the average ecological footprint. These results suggested that the environment can meet the needs of the region development for poverty alleviation very well. (2) Laifeng County and Jianshi County had the highest density of impoverished village distribution. The per capita ecological footprint here was relatively high, but the per capita ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus were at a very low level. Badong County and Enshi had a relatively high density of impoverished village distribution. And per capita ecological surplus in Badong was higher than that in Lichuan County, Xianfeng County, Xuanen County and Hefeng County. The highest and lowest per capita ecological footprint was respectively located in Xianfeng County and Xuanen County. Ecological carrying capacity in Hefeng County was the highest. On the contrary, the lowest was in Lichuan County. Xuanen County and Hefeng County had the highest per capita ecological surplus. The highest and lowest ecological footprint of ten thousand yuan GDP was respectively in Lichuan County and Badong County. (3) Through the study of the ecological footprint, Enshi impoverished area should enlarge the ecological advantages, adjust measures to local conditions and attempt to turn ecological surplus into direct economic growth, which can help the impoverished area out of poverty effectively

Using the national average monthly precipitation data of 714 stations from the National Meteorological Center, we selected representative sites, performed difference analysis, REOF analysis, Morlet wavelet analysis, and analyzed the changing trend characteristics of precipitation in the Huaihe River Basin during 1960-2009, periodic characteristics, and atmospheric circulation abnormal characteristics in rainy and drought years. The results showed as follows. (1) From 1960 to 2009, the least precipitation year was 1979 when the annual precipitation was 600 mm; while the most precipitation year was 1991 when the annual precipitation was 1100 mm. The total annual precipitation of the Huaihe River Basin showed a slow growing trend, the rainfall changed from the negative anomaly to positive in the early 1980s. Winter and summer precipitation showed a significant growing trend, the precipitation in autumn showed a significant decreasing trend, spring precipitation showed a decreasing trend, but the trend was not significant. The transformation of four seasonal precipitation from positive to negative anomaly occurred in the early 1980s. (2) Wavelet analysis showed that the summer precipitation in the Huaihe River Basin had a significant oscillation cycle of 3 years and 10 years oscillation cycle, and their variance contribution were 103% and 36%. At the same time in 1970s-1990s, there was an oscillation cycle of 6 years, and the variance contribution was 81%. (3) In rainy years in the Huaihe River Basin, 500 hPa meridional wind was strong and wide. In the level of 850 hPa the water vapor transportation from the bay of Bengal through the South China Sea to the east area was obviously strong, and there was positive vorticity convergence zone of water vapor in the Jiangsu and Anhui area; while in the dry years, meridional wind was weak, the water vapor transport to East China area was decreased and the water vapor convergence area slanted small and located easterly and southerly. (4) The difference of 500 hPa wind field, height difference in wet and dry years were calculated, the analysis showed that in wet years the cold vortex was unusually active, and subtropical high was strong, the blocking high in the west of the Lake Baikal and the Okhotsk was active, the three factors together induced more precipitation. The difference of 500 hPa temperature field in wet and dry years showed that, in drought years, cold and warm air were weak at small scale, while in rainy years the cold air in East China, North China and Northeast China was strong, and the warm air in most areas of the South was also strong, the interaction of cold and warm air caused more precipitation

The increased water body caused by the Three Gorges Reservoir might bring substantial influences on the local climate and the background of largescale climate change, especially on the frequency and characteristics of meteorological disasters. How to distinguish the natural and the humaninduced climate changes is a hot common concern and a study focus of the current water science and the meteorology. In order to reveal the impact of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the local climate, the TRMM 3B42 satellite precipitation dataset was analyzed before and after 2003 (The Three Gorges Reservoir Project). The results showed that, the accumulated annual precipitation was enhanced over the northwestern parts and reduced over the southeastern area of the Three Gorges after the impoundment, which reflects the largescale precipitation changes. The cumulative annual precipitation amount changes in TRMM 3B42 and the raingauged data were in good coherence and the spatial correlation coefficient was 072(p< 001). The Three Gorges Reservoir produced a minor influence on the precipitation over the regions near the dam, and the differences among the trunk stream sites were increasing as time, but no significant changes were observed for the area mean yearly rainfall amount in both TRMM 3B42 and the raingauged observations. The precipitation change after building the reservoir exhibited seasonal differences. The rainfall increased over almost the whole region in winter. In spring, the precipitation was enhanced over parts of the upstream and most parts of the downstream, while was reduced over the midstream. Precipitation increased over most of the reservoir regions except for some downstream regions in summer. In autumn, precipitation increased in the upstream and the midstream and decreased in the downstream. The regional averaged seasonal rainfall had no significant interannual trends. Overall, the analysis implies that the impacts of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the local precipitation change are only confined in the near dam area, and the impacts on the entire large Three Gorges Region is nearly negligible. The current data length of TRMM 3B42 can only reflect the precipitation changes before and after the Three Gorges Reservoir was built. Answers to whether these variations are induced directly by the reservoir will need combined verifications of longer observations with numerical simulations

River connectivity has a great influence on characteristics of watershed hydrological processes, water environmental condition and the capacity of lakes drainage storage, etc. At present, the connectivity of a riverlake system has become the new strategy to promote water safety management in our country. Drainage structure damage and increasing connectedness of rivers have become one of the most important causes of frequent floods and waterlogging in plain river network regions which are highly developed and deeply influenced by urbanization and human activities. Therefore through the analysis of the existing river connected evaluation method, we proposed a new river connectivity evaluation method of plain river network based on the flow resistance and hydrological processes. Based on the river system of three periods of 1990, 2003 and 2010, the proposed approach has been tested on a river network of the Yin southeast plain. The results indicated that the rivers connectivity decreased more significantly in 2010 than in 1990. At the same time, by analyzing and contrasting several rivers connecting evaluations methods, it can be seen that river connectivity evaluation method based on water flow resistance and the hydrological processes can evaluate rivers connectivity of the plain river network area better, and the calculation result is superior to that from other methods because it coincides better with the actual situation. The river network connectivity evaluation method based on water flow resistance and river hydrological processes can evaluate river connectivity and on the corresponding relationship to rainfallrunoff synthetically. It can well explain the influence the river connected degree on flood drainage, and river connected degree is higher, the ability of river flood and waterlogging drainage is stronger. The study can provide the reference for rivers connectivity quantitative evaluation of the plain river network area

The knowledge of the surface soil moisture content can be very helpful for retrieving the spatialtemporal distribution of waterlogging in agriculture fields. According to the characteristics of ASAR GM data, this paper retrieved surface soil moisture over the cotton fields using 79 ASAR GM images data from 2007-2011 during cotton growing seasons, the auxiliary parameters were calculated using MODIS data, the main methods include the follows: we obtained spatial distribution of landuse classification using crop time series characteristics and MODIS data, corrected the matrix pixels data of  backscattering coefficient  using the landuse classification data, and separated backscattering coefficient influenced by soil and vegetation using the semiempirical watercloud model, the parameters of which were calculated by ASAR GM data under water saturation state using nonlinear statistic mode and the vegetation water content in these methods came from NDVI data calculated from MODIS data, the finally corrected soil  backscattering coefficient was used to calculated soil surface moisture by ASAR GM timeseries data. The advantage of our approach is that no auxiliary data is needed.By comparing the method value and measured data in the cotton field in Sihu area, the results indicated that this method is correct (R2=0779 n=25), the estimation precision reaches 963% in root mean square error

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in fish ponds has been widely directly related with fish floating head. Aiming at investigating the relationship between DO concentration and meteorological elements, water temperature and DO concentration in fish pond were observed online by Jingzhou agriculture meteorological trial station, and 25 actual cases were recorded from 2011 to 2012. It was indicated that DO concentration in fish pond was closely correlated with atmospheric temperature, water temperature, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity. In general, 6 h water temperature change (ΔT6), total radiation and atmospheric pressure were positively correlated with DO concentration; meanwhile, water temperature and relative humidity were negatively correlated with it. According to the daily investigating records, fish floating head events were mainly found between May and October, when relative humidity was increasing, atmospheric temperature was decreasing, atmospheric pressure was reducing, or light intensity was becoming weak, water DO concentration was always dropped significantly. According to the 25 cases, combined with the characteristics of meteorological factors, three concept models were put forward. Moreover, fish floating head forecast method and processes according to the data of meteorological observation were proposed preliminarily

This article is a study of tourism resources. Firstly we used GIS software to analyze the accessibility of tourism resources at the excellent level in Gannan State, Gansu Province. We used cell grids as evaluation units and multithematic spatial analysis. Tourism resources above level 3 and the highgrade road network in Gannan State were used as the data source. Spatial pattern of traffic accessibility was analyzed. Then we used ESDA and semivariogram method to find out the dominant factors of accessibility affecting the tourism resources. Secondly we used the GS+ software to analyze the spatial pattern of accessibility to all resources. And we used spatial variogram to analyze the intrinsic links between the various regions of accessibility. We found the accessibility of high level tourism resources was better than low level obviously. Furthermore the isochronous rings of high level resources were bigger than those of low level at the same conditions. This is because the high level resources were distributed around the road network; and the low level resources often had a bad transportation. For example, the 5th level resources Labrang Monastery is located in Provincial Highway 312, Langmusi is located in National Road 213. But 60% of the 4th level resources and 375% of the 3rd level resources are located in road network above the provincial highway. It explains why the accessibility of high level tourism resources is better. Finally we made a program using an ACO algorithm in Matlab to find the closed loop between each tourism resources at all levels. We extracted the shortest path of each resources based on transportation and DEM factor. The result showed that the route of ACO was approximately formed along the road network and valley. The distribution of itself, the location of transportation and terrain ruggedness were the main factors which affected tourism resources. Recently, the scenic of Gannan State is concentrated in 2 national roads. The resources constitute above 40% of statewide. Some tourism attractions and scenic have good accessibility and the others have bad accessibility. The article helps tourists make best choices to develop travel path conveniently

According to the data from 1958 to 2009,the relation between rate of erosion/deposition of the front sand islands and sediment elements of river basin was established in order to study the process and the trend of front sand islands evolution in Yangtze estuary.The results show that front delta above -5 m deposited from 1958 to 1989 and the rate slowed down from 1989 to 1997.From 1997 to 2000,the delta deposited because of the flood around the whole basin.But the delta kept on eroding from 2000 to 2009.The relation between rate of erosion/deposition and volume of water and sediment towards sea was also established.The critical volumes of water and sediment that keep balance of erosion and deposition were 283×108 tons per year and 0318 kg/m3 respectively.If the volume of sediment keeps the low degree after Three Gorges operation,the sand islands will erode to the degree of 1958,and the wetlands protection,natural resources and urban safety in Yangtze estuary will be seriously threatened.

The Haizhou Bay marine protected area was established for the effective protection of special coastal geomorphologic landscapes and ecosystems by the State Oceanic Administration in January 2008.Since the ocean is a complex ecosystem，the differences of characteristics in every parts within protected area determines the measures taken for the protection and environmental management.The evaluation of coastal environmental quality （EQ） is the basis and foundation of the protection and management of protected area partition.Based on the biological and physicochemical elements of coastal ecosystem,the paper constructed a comprehensive assessment index system of the coastal EQ with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).With the comprehensive consideration of domestic and international assessment standards，the EQ was classified as “high，good,moderate，poor，and bad”.Coastal EQ in Haizhou Bay protected area was assessed based on the environmental survey data in August 2006，December 2009，and March 2011.The results showed that the indicator system for coastal ecosystem environmental quality integrated assessment was workable，and the value of integrated environmental quality of the coastal ecosystem in Haizhou bay were 0608，0465，0638.It showed that，the coastal EQ of Haizhou Bay protected area was generally good，offshore was better than nearshore.The abundance and biodiversity of marine species in assessment index system showed a certain degree of seasonal fluctuations，particularly the indices of benthic in the winter,which reflected the ecosystem biological elements changed with the regional climate characteristics.When carrying out the evaluation of EQ，more attention should be paid to the interference of seasonal changes for the indices.Enough attention should be paid to the representativeness of investigation selected for ensuring the assessment to be objective and reflecting the regional environmental quality status

In order to understand the effects of different plant arrangement modes on soil organic carbon storage and soil respiration in reclaimed coastal wetlands，a study was made to investigate the characteristics of soil carbon storage and soil respiration under three typical plant arrangement modes，i.e.，pure slash pine plantation (Pinus elliottii)，slash pine and Amorpha fruticosa mixed plantation，pure Amorpha fruticosa plantation which were planted for 8 years，bare as a control.Soil respiration was measured using LiCor 640009 soil chamber attachment，and soil organic carbon，soil bulk density，soil respiration and its major affecting environmental factors were monitored during that time.The result showed that:the rang of soil organic carbon storage in 0-40 cm soil layer was 296-691 kg/m2:Pinus elliottii+Amorpha fruticosa(PA)>Amorpha fruticosa(A)>Bare(B)>Pinus elliottii(P).The PA was beneficial to the sequestration of soil organic carbonas compared to other modles.The rang of mean soil was 274-519 μmol/m2·s:A>PA>P>B.Soil temperature was the key factor driving soil respiration.The differences of soil respiration in different modes maybe related to soil organic carbon storage and plant leaf area index.This study provides a scientific basis to increasing carbon sink by artificial afforestation in coastal reclamation areas

The Chenxi Reservoir (now Xijian lake) is a unique surface water resource of Chuzhou city.The nonpoint source pollution is the main reason of its water quality deterioration.Distributed nonpoint source pollution modelling in its watershed can identify the critical source areas.It can be taken as the grounds on making decision for protection of drinking water source and control of source pollution in the Chenxi Reservoir.
Based on the pattern of Land use/cover (LULC),a model was established to simulate the quantity of nonpoint source pollution exported to aquatic environment and retained by the different LULC on each cell according to these theories that the generation,retaining,flow accumulation and relative source and sink theory of nonpoint source pollution.This study chose phosphorus as an example and did a simulation in the watershed of the Chenxi Reservoir.The results showed that the region beside the riverway in the middle of watershed and the Xiaosha River feeding the reservoir were the high hydraulic connectivity area.In 2000 and 2010,total phosphorus exported to the reservoir by LULC in watershed was 2 58038 and 2 46120 kg/a,respectively.The Institute of Agricultural Science,Chengjiao Residents Committee,the Institute of Aquaculture as well as Taiping Village in northwestern of watershed were the critical source areas (CSA).Most of the exported phosphorus were effectively retained by the different LULC in the process of flow accumulation.In 2000 and 2010,total phosphorus retained by LULC in watershed was 5 77449 and 5 42236 kg/a,respectively.It occupied 691% and 68.8% of the total phosphorus loads.The abilities of phosphorus retention by forestland and grassland were not brought into full play due to the irrational distribution of existing LULC.Although the ability of phosphorus retention by paddy fields is relative weak,the average phosphorus retained was the highest because the paddy fields were mainly distributed in the hydrological sensitive area (HSA).Total phosphorus retained by the paddy fields in watershed was 3 84724 and 3 54168 kg/a,respectively.It occupied 666% and 653% of the total phosphorus retention.
Trees and shrubs should be planted along the shore and on the intersection of runoff.The grassland should have a banding distribution nearby the gentle slope of farmland.Therefore,it can largely improve the ecosystem services efficiency of forestland and grassland by setting vegetation buffer zones.

To study the transportation characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus through agricultural headwater ecological ditch of Jinjin River Basin in Changsha County,the seasonal changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in ecological ditches during irrigationand rain period were studied.The results showed that the highest concentration of total nitrogen exported  was 270 mg/L,and ammonium and nitrate were the predominant forms; the highest concentration of total phosphorus  was 032 mg/L.After irrigation,total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentration decreased gradually.After the rainfall,total nitrogen and total phosphorus also decreased gradually.The removal rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in ecological ditches were 64% and 70%,respectively.The concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus increased first and then declined with time; total nitrogen,ammonium were at their highest in 3 d after the rainfall,and total phosphorus were at their highest in 2 d after the rainfall.The highest concentration of total nitrogen,ammonium and total phosphorus were found in winter

In recent decades，eutrophication had led to decline in charophyte vegetation in many shallow lakes throughout the world.However，charophytes，by several mechanisms，could positively affect water transparency and be an efficient nutrient trap，whose ecological significance in reestablishment of vegetation and maintenance of clearwater stable state in shallow lakes had been demonstrated.Therefore，charophytes often play an important role in many restoration projects carried out to reduce the negative effects of eutrophication.However，little attention was paid to charophyte plants and ecological researches on them were far behind that on vascular aquatic plants in China.In order to elaborate the essentiality to evolve the charophyte ecology in China，this text firstly gave brief introduction of charophyte plants，reviewed alternative stable states between clearhigh vegetation and turbidlow vegetation in shallow lakes，focused on the significance of charophyte in eutrophic restoration of shallow lakes，and reviewed these environmental factors which affect their growth and reproduction.Finally some suggestions in relation to peculiar distribution of charophyte plant in China were given on the studies to be carried out in ecology of charophyte plants

Since the initial filling of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in 2003,serious algal blooms have occurred in its tributary bays.The number of tributaries involved showed significant increase,as well as the intensity and frequency of algal blooms.Cyanobacteria blooms have been observed in a numbers of tributary bays and threatened the drinking water security of residents in the TGR region.It was obvious that algal blooms dominant species tended to diversification and seasonal dynamics indicated a trend of changes from the lake type to the river type.TGR water environmental problems have aroused widespread concern recent years.
Reynolds believed that energy utilization and nutrient uptake of algae had a close relationship to its physiological characteristics of morphology,growth characteristics,which decided its growth strategy in the habitat; while similar adaptability of algae species could coexist and form a particular species collection,growths succession accompanied with changes in habitats and present specific ecological model.
Because the tributaries of TGR are deep backwater bay,the mainstream and tributaries of water temperature are different and the difference of particle concentration leads to stratification of density.Significant water temperature stratification exists in tributary bays during spring and summer but the density current may modify the natural condition because the layer receiving the density current intrusion is well mixed.The continuing increase of water level in TGR during the late fall impoundment period influenced plunging depth of the density current and the vertical light and heat conditions of the water body,inducing the succession of the phytoplankton community structure.
This study was carried out based on algae ecological functions and aimed to explore the tributaries of the bay,the phytoplankton community structure in successional trends and the impact factor through monitoring water temperature,phytoplankton and other environment factors from January to December in 2010.The results showed that 18 functional groups were classified based on the phytoplankton species data.B,X1,P,Y,X2,D,Lo,J,MP,G were the common species in Xiangxi Bay.Seasonal development and disappearance of the water temperature stratification were the main factors affecting succession of phytoplankton community structure.In winter,due to the limit of water temperature and light intensity,community structure presented mainly the CS/S strategy.As weak stratification in spring,nutrients was adequate,CR/R strategy species could take advantage.In summer flood season,the CR/R/C/CS strategy algae mixed state was showed,for the reason that on the condition of water temperature stratified,a large number of nutrients were consumed which exacerbated species competition,and the community structure succession to the direction of tolerance nutrient limitation environment,therefore,suitable for the relative stable environment for the growth of S strategy to take advantage.In fall,the increase of disturbance broke the stratification,benefiting R strategy with   more tolerance to the frequent fluctuations in shortterm environment for the growth advantage.

The environmental impact of flow alterations has emerged as an important aspect of river management.However it is often difficult to find a single indicator linking the flow regime to the sustainability of the riverine ecosystem.So,this paper proposes an integrated method for the instream flow assessment,which includes basic flow requirement,evaporation requirement and seepage requirement.There are three innovative features in this study.(a) The propose of ecological partition solves the previous problem without different ecological requirement in the riverine.(b) Comparing with the traditional approach,this model involves the influence of the human being by including the emissions of sewage,population density to the river.(c) Aiming at more accurate assessment,the method extends to a larger spatial scale,being helpful for river managers in decision making.As the society development affecting more and more the instream flow,people have to solve the connection between environment and river management.So this paper synthesize ecological demand and activities of human being,with the normal production ecological environment water demand estimation model.The model is based on river flow,rainfall and other hydrological data,combined with the soil conditions of the district environmental water demand estimates.
To appropriately take environmental flow requirements into consideration in water resources planning and management,it is required that models used in water resources planning can accommodate the specific characteristics of the environmental flow requirements.Actually activities of human being is the most important factor in the river management,so the indicator includes ecological demand and activities.Then according to the ecological and social life demand,different algorithm can be used in different partition.
After introducing the main algorithm,this new algorithm is applied to the Pu River.The results showed that,ecological water requirement amount in the Pu river is 4662584 m3,and the results changed significantly from season to season,being affected by human activities (the emissions of sewage,population density etc.).The results allow for assessment,which includes the high flow pulses and small and large floods that are part of an environmental flow requirement,providing a basis for the study of seasonal rivers.

The purpose of this article is to reveal the climatic characteristics and trends of flood and drought in SichuanYunnan region.By using methods of linear regression,the fiveyear moving average,MannKendall nonparametric statistical tests,inverse distance weighted spatial interpolation,the time change trends and space distribution characteristics of temperature and precipitation were analyzed based on the monthly temperature and precipitation data collected from 70 meteorological stations in this area from 1961 to 2011.On this basis,droughtflood index model was constructed by using Z index,and the droughtflood time evolution was analyzed by using Morlet wavelet transform.Results showed that:temperature presented an increasing trend over the last 51 years in this area,with a rate of 0.21℃/10 a and a warming trend coefficient as high as 0.71; the temperature had a significant longterm warming trend; the annual average temperature was the lowest in west Sichuan plateau and the highest in the south of Yunnan; altitude was the most important factors affecting the temperature.The annually precipitation showed an decreased trend in the past 51 years in this area,with a rate of 10.76 mm/10 a.With the influence of southwest monsoon and altitude,the precipitation was comparatively low in west Sichuan plateau and the surrounding area of southwestern Sichuan Basin;the precipitation was relative abundant in Sichuan Basin,the precipitation was the most abundant in southwest of Yunnan.The SichuanYunnan region was experiencing climate warming and precipitation reducing period since the late nineteen ninties; the trend of climate warming and drying was clearly in this area.This area became increasingly dry in recent 51 years and 2000 was a turning point; this area was flood before 2000 and drought after 2000,being coherent with the temperature and precipitation changes in this area; increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation in this area led to intensified drought directly.The drought and flood had a strong interannual periodic variation in spring and winter.Z index showed an upward trend,precipitation was increased; the drought trend was obvious in summer and autumn; the periodic variation of drought and flood was strong in summer,the degree of drought and flood was intensified; the drought and flood periodic variation was not strong in autumn,it had a weak drought trend.There was an obvious waterlogging to drought transformation trend in summer and autumn of this area,and attention should be paid to the drought control work

Soil animals are a part of soil ecological systems.Community composition and functioning of soil animals have a significant impact on soil formation,material cycle and energy flow.With recognized significance of soil fauna in ecosystem processes,increasing evidence demonstrated that global change has profound effects on soil fauna diversity.Land use change,rising temperature,and changes in precipitation pattern can directly affect soil fauna diversity.Understanding the effects of different driving factors on soil fauna diversity under the background of climate change would help us better predict how the soil fauna diversity and related ecological processes change in the future.From March 2009 to April 2010,the soil animal communities were investigated using the method of Tullgren and hand sorting in three different artificial vegetations (mixed forest,tea garden and farmland) in Fangshan Ecology Park of Nanjing.We collected a total of 3 164 individuals of 27 groups belonging to 23 orders,12 classes,and 5 phyla.The composition of groups,distribution,the number of individuals and diversity index of soil fauna were analyzed.The results showed that Plesiopora,Collembola and Acarina were the dominant community,and Diptera,Homoptera,Hymenoptera,Isopoda,Opisthopora and Coleoptera were the common community in the year round.Among the three types of artificial vegetation,the fluctuation of the number of order and individuals was different:summer>winter>autumn>spring and summer>autumn>winter>autumn.The total number of the individuals was in the order of tea garden>mixed forest>farmland.The results from analysis of variance indicated that the soil animal communities were significant to seasons,different land use patterns,and also to the number of individuals at different communities.The diversity index and the evenness index were the greatest in summer while the diversity index and richness index in tea garden and mixed forest were higher than that in farmland.Soil invertebrate in different artificial vegetations was concentrated in the surface soil,the numbers of individuals in soil decrease rapidly with increase of soil depth.The distribution of trees might be an important factor that influenced the soil communities in greenland.The biodiversity variation among different greenlands can provide help to greenlands design in cities.To remain urban forest litter,strength the management and protection of local zonal vegetation,measures that improve soil conditions and reduce artificial disturbances,such as “wood instead of grass”,would be of significance in improving the invertebrate diversity and enhancing the function of selfcleaning capacity of environment

Insects have the niche of higher diversity and smaller scales in nature and the changing of their habitat is more sensitive,so the study of the insect diversity has a broad spectrum of biogeography and ecology probe function,and it is of great significance for ecological monitoring and protection.Artificial turf is mainly designed for landscaping in some areas.It is a unique vegetation type in scenic area.In MayJune 2011,a survey was conducted to investigate  insect diversity and related environmental factors in artificial turf of Lushan Mountain Scenic Area.By using diversity index and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),the relationships between the insect diversity and related environmental factors were analyzed.A total of 472 individuals were collected,belonging to 11 Orders.Orthoptera and Lepidoptera were the dominant species,accounting for 5324% and 2278% of the total.Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were subdominant species,and the number of individuals accounted for 671% and 552%.Hemiptera,Diptera,Dermaptera,Phasmatodea and Odonata belonged to the common groups,respectively,accounted for 24%,36%,192%,144% and 168%. The remaining taxa were rare species,accounted for 1%.Through the analysis of diversity index,the artificial turf of diversity index showed a lower Shannon index (H),the higher Simpson index (λ) and Pielou index (J) compared with natural turf.CCA explained 100% of the correlations between the species and related environmental factors,suggesting that the occurrence of the species had close relations to the changes of related environmental factors.Among the environmental factors,trampling intensity,sample size,vegetation types were all great influence on the distribution of insect community.Through the research,some scientific reference about region protection and utilization of insect resources and setting of artificial turf were provided

Carbon emissions from planting industry in China during the period of 1992-2010 as well as those of 31 provinces in 2010 were first estimated in this study. Based on the estimation, to explore the relationship between planting industry development and its carbon emissions, some econometric methods, such as the sequence stationary test, cointegration test, were applied into the analysis of the relevant data of planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions in China during the period of 1992-2010. The results showed that: （1）Planting industry carbon emissions in the year of 2010 was 183668 4 million tons, showing an increase of 3562% compared to 1992. Carbon emissions caused by agricultural material inputs, paddy fields and soil accounted for 5326%, 3492% and 1182% of the total, respectively. There existed obvious regional difference. The top ten regions accounted for 6297% of the total planting industry carbon emissions, while the last ten regions accounted for only 718%. And the planting industry carbon emission intensity of Jiangxi province was the highest, reaching as high as 1 19786 kilograms per ten thousand Yuan value of planting industrial output, while Beijing was the lowest, as low as 21986 kilograms per ten thousand Yuan value of planting industrial output. （2）There existed cointegration relationship between planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions, suggesting a longterm equilibrium relationship. The planting industry development by 1% leads to an increase of 0413 5% of planting industry carbon emissions, resulted in that the longterm elasticity of planting industry carbon emissions for planting industry development was 0413 5. According to the shortterm error correction model, the shortterm elasticity of planting industry carbon emissions for planting industry development was 0641 7, and a dynamic adjustment mechanism existed between them. The error correction coefficient (-0423 4) was negative, in line with the reverse correction mechanism. With the existence of shortterm deviation of planting industry carbon emissions from the longrun equilibrium, 4234 % of shortterm deviation will be adjusted in order to achieve equilibrium in long term, while longterm deviation of planting industry development cannot be adjusted by system factors except external force. （3）The Granger causality test showed that planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions were reciprocal causation relationship. There respectively existed unidirectional causal relationship of planting industry development to planting industry carbon emissions at the lag length of 1, and unidirectional causal relationship of planting industry carbon emissions to the planting industry development at the lag length of 2. At the lag length of 3, there was a twoway causal relationship between planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions. Therefore, it can be broadly considered that planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions are mutually reinforcing. （4）The analysis of impulse response function showed a weak response of planting industry development to a standard shock of planting industry carbon emissions, and a more intense reaction of planting industry carbon emissions to a standard shock of planting industry development. 3757 % of the change in planting industry carbon emissions could be explained by the impact of planting industry development while only 680 % of planting industry development could be explained by the increase in planting industry carbon emissions