Since the prevailing adoption of sustainable objectives in the early 20th century, there has been increasing interest in compact city. Due to its significant advantages, compact city has been advocated by many scholars to resolve such problems as city sprawling, city decline as well as limited supply of land resources. In addition, the promotion of compact city also has enshrined in landuse planning policy in many countries; however, the lack of tools measuring compactness leads to difficulties not only in investigating the impacts of the process but also in gauging progress towards sustainability objectives. Therefore, better measures of compactness are needed for use as planning tools, as well as to enable measurement of progress toward sustainability and to assist study on the impacts of compactness. Based on the related theories and background of meaning of compact city, this paper explains the implication of compact city in the first place, which means higher economic and population density, mixed uses, higher intensity development and limited sprawling rate. A theoretical model is also established to assess the compactness of cities, which consists of the following fourdimensional parts: (1) density, which can be identified by high population density, high density of built form and public transport; (2) scale, which is mainly measured by the percentage of urban construction land and the number of private cars; (3) intensity, which can be defined as an increase in the density of population and the intensification of the builtform as well as economic agglomeration; (4) structure, which means varied and plentiful supply of facilities and services, and mix of uses within urban construction land. With this theoretical model, an index system consisted of four primary indicators, twelve secondary indicators is set up to evaluate the compactness of cities. The results show that: the overall compactness of 16 cities in the Chang jiang River Delta is low, and that the spatial disequilibrium exists obviously. Moreover, the development process of compact cities to some extent correlates with the development level of city itself, which is further proved by the test of the correlation analysis showing that the factors of industrial structure and urbanization rate are positively correlated with the compactness index of cities in the Chang jiang River Delta. Finally, the paper draws the conclusion that factors including as the dispersion of development zones, expansion of urban construction land have affected the spatial efficacy of cities in the Chang jiang River Delta. The spatial structure of the public transport, education and health service should be improved rapidly. The work outlined in this paper has made a clear contribution to the task of measuring urban compactness and thus provides support for further empirical work

Coordination means relationship of elements within and outside the system. Since German physicist Hermann Hake raised Synergetic in 1971, coordination has gradually become an important research content of disciplines at home and abroad, such as economic geography, urban and rural planning, transportation geography, and so on. Transportation facilities as the link to contact geospatial and economic and social activities, change travel time, transportation distance and transportation costs，and cause change of the relative distance between each other, which provide protection of material, personnel, technology, information, capital and other elements of resources for the city, so the coordination of economic and social largely affect the potential for sustainable development of the city. How to evaluate the regional transportation infrastructure advantages and disadvantages, as well as the economic and social effects are always the main contents and hotspot issues of many disciplines. Sixtynine spatial units of Zhejiang Province are the research object in this paper. Based on the road network and the economic and social data of 1996, 2004, 2012, we used weighted average travel time indicators, principal component analysis and coupling coordination degree model, to explore the coordinated relationship of the city comprehensive accessibility and socioeconomic conditions. The study results showed as follows. (1) The accessibility of a comprehensive transportation network to node cities and urban economic and social development level was improved to various degrees from 1996 to 2012, and caused both coupling coordination relationship gradually shift from low level to high level. (2) Coordination presented spatial differentiation, coordination of city in Hangzhou Bay, JinLiQu plains and WenTai plains were significantly higher than that of the hilly areas of the western city, and coordination of prefecturelevel city area was generally higher than countylevel cities. (3) Spatial pattern of coordination evolved significantly, the improvement showed a gradient from northeast to southwest, from the center of the city to the surrounding county cities, and also exhibited significant feature of enhancement by coordinationbygrade type. In fact, the accessibility evolution of Zhejiang Province, and relate with economic and social development, reflects the result of the regional economic and social development and the transportation infrastructure improvement

Optimization of rural residential layout is one of the important issues of land use in China. Understanding the process of rural residential land evolution and its driving mechanism is crucial for rural residential optimization and can alleviate the conflict between regional land supply and demand. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in a single area from an overall point of view, thus regional differences of rural residential land evolution driving mechanism might be concealed. Few studies have investigated the spatial difference of the effects of the driving factors in rural residential evolution on small scale of township. Taking towns of Ludu and Liuhe in economically developed regions of China as the study areas, the present paper analyzed the driving mechanism and its regional heterogeneity of rural residential land evolution on the scale of township, so as to provide some basis for decision making on reasonable adjustment of rural residential layout and different rural residential management policies. Under the support of GIS and SPSS statistical analysis software, Logistic Regression Analysis and Comparative Analysis were employed in the paper. Results showed that in the decrease process of rural residential land in Ludu and Liuhe from 1996 to 2008, farmers net income per capita and residential area per capita had a positive influence, distance to town area had a negative effect, but the influential effects of the three factors were not identical in different towns. Rural industrial development and distance to road also had different directional influences on the decrease of rural residential land in different towns. Those five driving factors were common in Ludu and Liuhe, while the yield of grain was the special driving factor, and it was negatively correlated to the decrease of rural residential land in Ludu. It also showed that in the increase process of rural residential lands, farmers net income per capita and agricultural production value per area had a positive influence, while distance to road and basic farmland protection had a negative effect. They were the common driving factors, which had same influence direction and degree on increase of rural residential land in the two towns. However, population density, industrial output per area, arable land per capita, residential area per capita, the yield of grain and distance to water system were the special ones. It was concluded that the impact and influential directions of driving forces of rural residential land evolution are regionally different. In order to optimize the rural settlements, the dominant factors and special factors should be grasped, and some differential policies from aspects of basic farmland protection, development of modern agriculture, increase of farmers income, rational concentration of industry, construction of exit and compensation mechanism of rural settlement, and reasonable planning of rural village road network should be made

The processes of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle and source change are key scientific problems in global climate change and ecology now. We used statistic data in Jiangxi Province from 2001 to 2010, and the carbon emissions coefficient method to calculate the carbon source/sink of farmland ecosystems and carbon footprints in Jiangxi Province, and analyzed the spatiotemporal differences of carbon source/sink and the changes and reasons of carbon footprints. The results showed as follows. (1) From 2001 to 2010, carbon emissions caused by farmland use in Jiangxi Province increased by 103 times, from 11910 1×106 t in 2001 to 5872 8×106 t in 2010. Agricultural mechanization was the biggest contribution to farmland ecosystem carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province. Carbon intensity of farmland ecosystems in Jiangxi Province showed a trend of increased followed by decreased as a whole. With respect to the regional difference, Ganzhou had the largest farmland ecosystem carbon emissions in Jiangxi Province in 2008; Jingdezhen was the minimum, and its carbon emissions intensity was also the lowest. (2) Carbon uptake of farmland ecosystem in Jiangxi Province during 2001-2010 decreased at first, then increased year by year, and decreased in 2010; the whole carbon uptake from 2001 to 2010 increased by 3209 9×106 t. All kinds of crops, rice had the largest carbon uptake, accounting for more than 75%. From the point of carbon absorption intensity, farmland ecosystem carbon intensity in Jiangxi Province was enhanced followed by weakened. From a regional view, Yichun had the most carbon uptake in various districts of Jiangxi Province in 2009, while Pingxiang had the least. The highest carbon absorption intensity was Fuzhou city, while Jiujiang was the weakest. (3) The carbon footprint of farmland ecosystem in Jiangxi Province rose from 0751 8×106 C〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·a-1, to 1473 4×106 C〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·a-1 in 2009, increased by 0698 1×106 C〖DK〗·hm-2〖DK〗·a-1, and per unit carbon footprint presented an increasing trend year by year. From the perspective of the regional differences, Ganzhou was the most carbon footprint city in Jiangxi Province in 2008, while Pingxiang was the least. The per unit carbon footprint of Ganzhou was the largest, while Jian was the smallest. Nanchang, Jingdezhen and Yichun performed ecological surplus, while other seven regions showed ecological deficit.  Ganzhou  had the largest ecological deficit, while Yingtan city had the least deficit. Conclusion: Jiangxi Province should reduce the use of pesticides, fertilizers, etc., and control the utilization of agricultural mechanization, especially in Ganzhou city, in order to achieve the purpose of reducing carbon emissions

How to consolidate achievements of the Grain for Green Program after its governmental subsidy scheme is the focus of government and the whole society. Based on the household survey data from Wanzhou District in Chongqing, this paper applies the ordered probit method to empirically analyze the farmers attitudes toward Grain for Green Program without subsidy. Data shows that a considerable number of the sampled farmers will not continue to pay efforts for maintaining the reforested lands without subsidy, and sustainability of the Program is worrying. Analysis on the factors influencing farmers attitudes to maintaining the Programs achievements indicates that households whose heads are male, noncommunists, with few education and offfarm employment will have negative attitudes, and households with more labors, lower annual per capital income, more reforested area and ecological forests will also have negative attitudes. Results suggest that it should establish ecological compensation mechanism closely related to the provision of the Program ecological services as soon as possible during the late stage of the present direct economic subsidy and use multiple nonmonetary compensation methods to safeguard farmers economic interests. Based on the research results, this paper also gives several concrete measures to consolidate the Program achievements

Carbon emissions from planting industry in China during the period of 1992-2010 as well as those of 31 provinces in 2010 were first estimated in this study. Based on the estimation, to explore the relationship between planting industry development and its carbon emissions, some econometric methods, such as the sequence stationary test, agricultural carbon emissions, were applied into the analysis of the relevant data of planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions in China during the period of 1992-2010. The results showed as follows. （1）Planting industry carbon emissions in the year of 2010 was 183668 4 million tons, showing an increase of 3562% compared to 1992. Carbon emissions caused by agricultural material inputs, paddy fields and soil accounted for 5326%, 3492% and 1182% of the total, respectively. It existed obvious regional difference. The top ten regions accounted for 6297% of the total planting industry carbon emissions, while the last ten regions accounted for only 718%. And the planting industry carbon emission intensity of Jiangxi province was the highest, reaching as high as 1 19786 kilograms per ten thousand Yuan value of planting industrial output, while Beijing was the lowest, as low as 21986 kilograms per ten thousand Yuan value of planting industrial output. （2）It existed cointegration relationship between planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions, suggesting a longterm equilibrium relationship. The planting industry development by 1% led to an increase of 0413 5% of planting industry carbon emissions, resulted in that the longterm elasticity of planting industry carbon emissions for planting industry development was 0413 5. According to the shortterm error correction model, the shortterm elasticity of planting industry carbon emissions for planting industry development was 0641 7, and a dynamic adjustment mechanism existed between them. The error correction coefficient (-0423 4) was negative, in line with the reverse correction mechanism. With the existence of shortterm deviation of planting industry carbon emissions from the longrun equilibrium, 4234% of shortterm deviation will be adjusted in order to achieve equilibrium in long term, while longterm deviation of planting industry development cannot be adjusted by system factors except external force. （3）The Granger causality test showed that planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions were reciprocal causation relationship. It respectively existed unidirectional causal relationship of planting industry development to planting industry carbon emissions at the lag length of 1, and unidirectional causal relationship of planting industry carbon emissions to the planting industry development at the lag length of 2. At the lag length of 3, there was a twoway causal relationship between planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions. Therefore, it can be broadly considered that planting industry development and planting industry carbon emissions are mutually reinforcing. （4）The analysis of impulse response function showed a weak response of planting industry development to a standard shock of planting industry carbon emissions, and a more intense reaction of planting industry carbon emissions to a standard shock of planting industry development. 3757% of the change in planting industry carbon emissions could be explained by the impact of planting industry development, while only 680% of planting industry development could be explained by the increase in planting industry carbon emissions

There is an indivisible relationship between employed pattern and industry development. Evolution of industrial structure and layout is always accompanied by employed population migration phenomenon between regions, between urban and rural, between industries. So it is important to study the evolution process of employed population, and to reveal the law and summarize the characteristics in Wuxi. Moreover, it can reveal the situation of regional industrial development and urban function division from another angle. The purpose of this paper is not only to guide and optimize the rational distribution of population and industry, but also to provide theoretical significance about achieving the coordinated development of population, economy, and society. Thus, this paper took Wuxi as the study area, and used the published data from Statistical Yearbook and National Economic Census from 1985 to 2010. Through utilizing some methods including spatial Gini coefficient and spatial autocorrelation, we analyzed the evolution process and summarized the characteristics of the pattern of employed population in Wuxi at global and local scales. The original census data was collected from the corporate data, including the company name, address, administrative district where the enterprises are located, business scope, industry code, established year, the number of employed population, operating income, the main income, total assets, and so on. This paper used the information of administrative district where the enterprises are located to determine the spatial positions of the enterprises, and discarded the enterprises without clear information. Finally, we derived the map representing all enterprises. The results of this paper showed as follows. (a) The total employed population grew steadily and showed a trend of suburbanization; the pattern of employed population showed a circle structure, and changed little over time, however, the volatility increased; the overall agglomeration characteristic was obvious, but the degree declined year by year; employed population gathered to the core urban area in the earlier stage, and spread to the south of Huishan District and the northwest of Binhu District in the later stage. (b) Employed population of secondary industry grew, and the fastest growing region was suburb; the population moved from the center to northwestsoutheast direction quickly, and the pattern changed from gathering to dispersion. From the perspective of the typical industry, the employed population of lightindustry, laborintensive industry and highpollution industry moved to the north of the city; the employed population of heavyindustry, technologyintensive industry and lowpollution industry moved to the south of the city. (c) In terms of tertiary industry, the number and the proportion of employed population was growing year by year, and the fastest growing region was the center of Wuxi; employed population moved slowly from the center to surrounding, but still kept a gathering trend. From the perspective of the typical industry, it showed the characteristics that employed population diffuse from the center to surrounding, and the core of employed population is always in the center of the city. In addition, this paper introduces the classic research methods about industry pattern evolution to the study of employed population, and it enriches the research methods about employed population. Practices have proved that these methods are feasible, and achieving the expected results, thus, the methods should be promoted

Wetland and wetland environment problems attract a great attention from the international and national levels It is an ideal techniques to research wetland on a large regional scale using the remote sensing macro，for its efficient，timeliness and multitemporal advantages Based on multitemporal satellite remote sensing data （MSS，TM/ETM，CBERS02 and so on） and software platform （ERDAS，ARCGIS，MAPGIS and so on），from the different phases 1975，2000 and 2007，the paper carried out the remote sensing information extraction of wetland，the mapping results and the statistical analysis work according to sub watersheds unit systematically It has predominated fully in the type，the area，the structure，the current distribution status and change rule of the wetland for 30 years in the Yangtze River Basin This paper analyzed the natural and human geological force mechanism and predicted its evolution tendency And the results provids the basic data of large regional wetland research for the rational development and utilization of land resources The results show that the total area of wetland current status in the Yangtze River Basin was 7931 9×104 km2，in which the river wetland accounted for 4233%，the lake wetland accounted for 2093%，the marshland accounted for 1853%，and the artificial wetland accounted for 1821% The wetland type developed fully，and its spatial distribution was wide，but sub basin or local wetland distribution was seriously uneven and its type structure was incomplete；In the 30 years from 1975 to 2007，the total of lake wetland and marshland reduced 889×102 km2 and 591×102 km2 respectively，the total of river wetland and artificial wetland increased 350×102 km2 and 6302×103 km2 respectively ，so the total increase of wetland was 5172×103 km2. The main way of wetland change was increase or decrease of area and type conversion，and its change was subject to the natural and human activities of geological force. The wetland change displayed the stage characteristics，before 2000，the wetland was in the adverse change period，however，after 2000，it was in the benign change period. After 2000，the overall performance of wetland environment was getting better and better in the Yangtze River Basin，but the local situation had more problems

 Farmland protection is the foundation of national food security and social stability In China，rapid industrialization and urbanization has catalyzed farmland resource deterioration To assure a stable supply of farmland，we need a comprehensive plan In a longterm food production plan，both quantity and quality of land are important Prime farmland，which is defined as highquality farmland in terms of fertility，location，and equipped irrigation system，is the most critical category of farmland as it can guarantee stable grain productivity Due to its important role in food production in China，prime farmland should be reserved for agricultural use and thus requires continual monitoring and defragmentation Conventional demarcation method of prime farmland planning，which has set a target in both quantity and quality of the farmland，often overlooks the productivity and location aspects，and thus has resulted in suboptimal efficiency This paper aims to explore new demarcation method of prime farmland based on productivity and spatial clustering To describe farmland quality，indexes for each land unit are constructed by three elements that consist of twelve factors These factors，according to their attributes，can be categorized into productivity and spatial diffusion type As each indicator has a value on a different scale，to eliminate the scale effect，the value of each indicator is normalized，based on which a comprehensive value is calculated for each land unit by weightadding models The comprehensive values of each unit are then used to describe the spatial differences of farmland quality in a region We use Kmeans spatial clustering method and landscape fragmentation measure in the defragmentation process The Kmeans spatial clustering method reduces fragmentation by accounting for both spatial proximity and attribute similarity of the land units The optimal number of land categories can be determined by the point where the marginal reduction in the fragmentation index is maximized as the number of categories varies Once the optimal category of farmland is found，the landscape fragmentation index can be calculated The value of this index changes depending on the minimum size of defragmented areas，the optimum of which corresponds to the largest marginal reduction in the fragmentation index We apply our demarcation method in Hefeng County，Hubei Province，China The resulting defragmented prime farmland in the county encompasses an area of 1617235 hm2 and the associated comprehensive quality indexes are all above 73 The fragmentation index is 126，which is significantly lower compared to the values obtained from the other two conventional methods This study can serve as a reference for future theoretical and empirical research on prime farmland

 Natural population of grass carp， a species of Cyprinidae commonly found in China， has been declining in recent years Interruption of free flowing river by dams is one of the important factors The degree of fatigue influences fish swimming capability and determines whether the fish could pass the fishways To understand the effect of  fatigue degree on swimming capability of grass crap， a laboratory study was conducted in a flumetype respirometer equipped with a high speed video camera system to [JP2]record swimming behavior The fish， body length （BL） ranging from 80 to 97 cm and body mass ranging from 96 to [JP]134 g， were selected in experiment The critical swimming speed （[WTBX]Ucrit [WT]） was 711±06 BL/s [JP]in the control group A power function accurately describes the relationship between oxygen consumption rate （MO2） and swimming speed （U）.The function was [WTBX]MO2=4705+419U123 （R2=0976）[WT]， showing oxygen consumption increased with swimming speed The critical swimming speeds after  activity cost （[WTBX]Upcrit[WT]）were compared futher Four kinds of different previous activities cost （06/08/10/12 [WTBX]Ucrit [WT]， in one hour） were measured at the 18±1oC The [WTBX]Upcrit[WT] was found to be 725±135， 633±060， 626±080， and 560±042 BL/s， respectively It is found that [WTBX]Upcrit[WT] was mostly smaller than [WTBX]Ucrit[WT]，while the cost speed was greater than 08 [WTBX]Ucrit[WT]. The fish fatigue at high flow rate used great proportion of anaerobic metabolism and led to a large number of lactic acid accumulation， resulting in a big percentage of anaerobic metabolism This would [JP2]damage the swimming system The function of oxygen consumption rate was described as： MO2=38269+[JP]465U144，MO2=44526+4223U146，MO2=46611+4790U149 and MO2=60034+3883U151 The speed exponents indicate that the efficiency was becoming lower with increase of velocity during activity cost period It is therefore suggested that continuous swimming would not be harmful to swimming capability when the swimming speed was lower than 08 [WTBX]Ucrit[WT] This investigation is expected to provide the basic science of fish swimming behavior and the data required for the design of fishways The fishways depending on special fish could bring a better passing rate.[HJ1][HJ]

 Soils were sampled in rape field， native wetlands， and wetlands returning from farmland to lake within different periods （3， 7， 9， 11 and 21 years） to analyze changes of soil physicochemical properties and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen The results showed that soil bulk density decreased with the increase of periods since farming abandoned For example， the soil bulk density in abandoned farmland within 3 years was 151 g/cm3 while that in abandoned farmland within 21 years was 079 g/cm3. Soil moisture and clay content increased gradually with abandoning period， moreover the water content of abandoned farmland in 21 years was 2100% higher than that of rape field， and 687% higher than that of 3 years abandoned farmland. The clay content of 21 years abandoned farmland was 258% higher than that of rape field， and 434% higher than that of 3 years abandoned farmland. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen content increased gradually， such as the soil organic matter content of 3 years abandoned farmland being 2124 g/kg and that of abandoned farmland in 21 years being 5266 g/kg. The total nitrogen content of abandoned farmland in 3 years being 105 g/kg and 11 years abandoned farmland being 252 g/kg The total phosphorus reduced with the increase of farming abandoned periods， such as that in 3 years abandoned farmland being 054 g/kg and that in 21 years abandoned farmland being 040 g/kg. The soil microbial biomass carbon content range was 33377-70075 mg/kg，while the soil microbial biomass nitrogen range was 3080-6401 mg/kg Soil microbial biomass carbon was highly significantly correlated （P<001） with soil organic matter， total nitrogen and pH， and was significantly correlated （P<005） with the soil clay content. The soil microbial biomass nitrogen was highly significantly correlated （P<001） with soil organic matter， total nitrogen and bulk density， and was significantly correlated （P<005） with soil pH The analyses and discussion of results indicated that with the hydrological regime and vegetation condition of wetland recovering after farmland abandoning， the soil physicochemical properties were improved towards the native wetland， which promoted soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increasing， but had not reached native wetland condition yet

Forest hydrological research plays a critical role in alternative landuse practices （eg， restoring farmlands to forests） and  management Mathematical simulation models have often been applied to hydrological processes in forest soils Based on longterm field experimental data， in this study， numerical simulation （NS） method was adopted to construct soil water movement model in typical woodland in land consolidation district of Jiangnan plain， and to predict soil water storage A total of 100 days of observed soil moisture data at four depths （400 observations） were adopted to calibrate the Richards equation by using the inverse option in HYDRUS1D The calibration was for the assessment of the Richards equation to simulate soil moisture content in the experimental site The result of NS model showed that the coefficient of determination （R2） between simulated and observed value of soil moisture in 10， 20， 40 and 60 cm depth was 0863，0870，0865 and 0665， respectively， indicating that soil moisture dynamics in woodland can be effectively predicted by this model It is noteworthy that the 60cm depth was found to have the lower accuracy than the other three depths This may be attributed to the “free drainage” bottom boundary condition at this depth， which often leads to the overestimation of the simulated drainage during the relatively wet periods Therefore， the simulated soil moisture contents at the lower depth （ie， 60 cm） tended to be systematically underestimated [JP2]In addition to NS， the artificial neural network （ANN） [JP]was also applied in this study Four independent variables including precipitation， daily maximum temperature， daily minimum temperature， and antecedent soil water storage were used to construct ANN model to predict the soil water storage as well When predicting the soil water storage of 0-60 cm layer， Root Mean Square Error （RMSE） for training period and validation period in NS model was 1109 and 829 mm， respectively， while that in ANN model was 417 and 408 mm， respectively， indicating that the prediction result of ANN model was better than NS model However， ANN model is not capable of estimating soil moisture variations for a long time Therefore， using a ensemble method， which has the ability to take both physical and statistical modeling and obtain better prediction results， can be an interesting avenue for future research At last， result of sensitivity analysis showed that the predicting precision of ANN model was most sensitive to antecedent soil water storage， followed by precipitation， daily maximum temperature， and daily minimum temperature

The study is aiming at assaying the soil fundamental nutrients under typical vegetation（Miscanthus sinensis，Arthraxon lanceolatus，Glycine soja Siebet Zucc）dominant in the reclamatted copperminetailings in Tongling City， Anhui Province By analyzing the characteristics of the nutrient contents as well as the correlations among these nutrients under different dominant vegetation， this study is expected to provide a scientific basis for choosing the right vegetation in the ecological restoration of copper tailings and the development of soil biodiversity The results are as follows. （1） Among the three dominant vegetation， the content of soil organic matter （180-286 g/kg）， total phosphorus （0276-0438 g/kg） and total potassium （160-207 g/kg） were significantly different， while little variation of total nitrogen （41-46 g/kg） was found The highest organic matter content was found under M sinensis followed by G soja， and A lanceolatus is the lowest A highest total phosphorus content was found under A lanceolatus， followed by G soja and M sinensis The regular pattern was quite similar between total nitrogen and total phosphorus under different vegetation The highest total potassium was found under M sinensis， followed by A lanceolatus and G soja （2） The nutrients under G soja showed close relationships among each other， moderately or highly significantly positively correlated and the differences between them were not significant  Under M sinensis，organic matter content showed highly significant correlation to total nitrogen （r=099）. The correlations between total phosphorus and organic matter， and between total phosphorus and total nitrogen were not significant Under A lanceolatus， highly positive close correlation was found between organic matter and total nitrogen （r=097）， while close negative correlations of total phosphorus， with organic matter and total nitrogen， and between total potassium and total nitrogen was found （3） Highly close positive correlation between total phosphorus and total potassium was found （r=090，r=097，r=099）for all the three dominant vegetation （r was 090， 097 and 099 for  M sinensis， A lanceolatus  and G soja， respectively）. Furthermore， the ability to degrade pH and metal Cu ranked in the following order： G soja>A lanceolatus>M sinensis This study further indicates that the change of vegetation types has important effects on the nutrient， circulation and restoration of soil

Groundwater environment is facing more and more dynamic and complex factors caused by human economic activities. The present study was carried out aiming at a better understanding of the present situation of groundwater environment and a reasonable utilizzation on the groundwater resources in Jingzhou City. According to the field investigation on shallow groundwater environment, sixteen evaluation indexes were selected to form the index set. Fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method and F value method were successively used to complete the comprehensive assessment. Based on the previous analysis and comparison of the two methods assessment result, this paper accomplished the shallow groundwater environmental zoning and pollution analysis. Assessment result showed that shallow groundwater environmental quality was not optimistic, with Ⅳ or Ⅴclass in quite a part of the monitoring point and the overall situation was in poor condition. Main overproof components were Fe, Mn, NO-3, NO-2, As, Ba, etc. and the overlimit ratio of which were 4149%, 7142%, 2143%, 1191%, 714%, and 2929%, respectively. Comparative analysis of the main overproof components averaged from year 2006 to year 2011 showed  that average content of Fe, Mn and NO-2 exceeded the Ⅲ class groundwater quality standard; average content of NO-3, As and Ba were in average range of the Ⅲ class water quality standard yet, but their average content showed an increasing tendency. Results of environmental quality zoning depicted that high risk area was 3 50192 km2, being about 305% of the total area 8 600 km2, and the medium serious area covered 1 33128 km2 with a percentage of 1548%, while qualified area was 3 07192 km2 with a percentage of 3572% and good groundwater quality area was 1 57380 km2 accounting for only 1830%. Shallow groundwater environmental quality, to a great extent, not only is affected by the local characteristic of regional primary geological environment, but also has close relationship with human activities. In order to improve risk forecast and warning capability of high risk area and medium serious area, the safety operation and management mechanism of groundwater and a longterm monitoring network should be established. Seepage control work should be well done in the related large industrial region to prevent effects from sewage infiltration to the groundwater environment. Fe, Mn pollution problems of groundwater should be highly emphasized in rural area. Conditional places are suggested to build centralized drinking water plant and adopt engineering measures to solve the water pollution problems caused by primary geological environment

Using the daily 08-08 precipitation data of 56 national weather stations in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River Basin from 2000 to 2012, the daily areal rainfall of the five subbasins is calculated by an arithmetic average method. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the areal rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River basin and its five subbasins were analyzed, focusing on the analysis of the statistic characteristics such as seasonal distribution, frequency distribution, grade distribution, extreme value distribution of the days of heavy daily area rainfall. The results show a great temporalspatial variation of precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Jinsha River basin. The annual areal rainfall varied between 600 and 980 mm and averaged 812 mm. The highest annual average areal rainfall was found in  HuatanPingshan subbasin (876 mm) and the lowest value was found in the subbasin of the lower reaches of the Yalong River (723 mm). The precipitation peaked in summer, followed by autumn, spring and winter. The precipitation was concentrated from May to October, contributing 91% to the total. The frequency of heavy precipitation shows obvious seasonality: highest in summer  followed by autumn and zero was found in winter. Days with heavy precipitation of above 20 mm in the five river subbasins in thirteen years was 383 in total, averaged 29.5 days per year. The frequency of heavy precipitation was at most in HuatanPingshan subbasin, followed by Hengjiang River subbasin and the lowest was found in the subbasin of the lower reaches of the Yalong River. The heavy precipitation was concentrated from June to September, with a total of 340 mm, accounting for 88.8% of the whole year. The heavy precipitation between 30 mm and 50 mm was concentrated on the HuatanPingshan and Hengjiang River subbasins, and heavy precipitation exceeding 50 mm was concentrated on the Hengjiang River subbasin. The monthly maximum of Hengjiang River subbasin was greater than else and the subbasin of the lower reaches of the Yalong River was significantly smaller than else in the period of heavy precipitation. The highest frequency of simultaneous heavy precipitation was found in HuatanPingshan and Hengjiang River subbasin, counting for 52.1% of the total. This phenomenon should receive attention for areal rainfall forecast

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the land surface energy balance system and hydrologic processes. Analysis of spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of ET is of great importance to evaluate the growing environment for crops and to effectively use water resources in Anhui Province. The traditional methods are based on point measurement, while remote sensing provides extensive surface information. The development of remote sensing has promoted the study of regional ET. SEBAL model is based on Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land and its physical meaning is clear. This model was developed to show the spatial variability of surface evapotranspiration. SEBAL model was applicable to large areas in conjunction with Moderateresolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data products (i.e., MOD11A1, MOD11A2, MOD13A2, MOD43B3, and MCD43B3). According to the shortcomings of the traditional method of calculating ET, based on SEBAL model, the daily regional evapotranspiration of Anhui Province was estimated with 1 km spatial resolution by using MODIS products and meteorological data (including temperature and wind speed) collected in meteorological stations distributed across the study area. Firstly, the estimation results of March 26th and August 5th, 2010  were taken as examples in the analysis of daily ET characteristics of different land covers in the study area by using the spatial analysis module of GIS. Secondly, based on meteorological data of March 26 th, 2010 and August 5 th, including daily temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed of 80 meteorological stations in Anhui province, crop reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was calculated by using the PenmanMonteith (PM) formula, which was nominated by FAO in 1998 and Kriging method. Because of lacking observed data from the lysimeter, the results of PM were compared with the estimation results based on SEBAL model in this research. The comparison of the evapotranspiration estimated with MODIS products and field observation showed that the former results were lower than the latter results on the whole, and demonstrated that there existed a certain correlation between the two results, the average relative error was different at different land surfaces. The average relative error was below 20%. It was concluded that evapotranspiration of water body was high, which was 36 mm. It was followed by paddy field, which was 20 mm. Evapotranspiration of dry lands was the lowest, which was only about 165 mm. The ET computation method based on Remote Sensing proves that this model has strong practicality in Anhui Province, and it will show great potential in this field with better optimizing the model parameters

Intensive breeding is an inevitable trend in the development of livestock industries in China. Increasingly serious environmental pollution is brought by livestock intensive breeding. By calculating the total amounts of national animal matures and total emissions of nitrogen, phosphate (N,P) nutrients over the past decade, the alarm grade of livestock carrying capacity of cultivated land was established, taking EU livestock carrying capacity of cultivated land as the standard. The situation of environmental pressure of intensive livestock breeding over the past decade is analyzed. In the past five years, from a national aspect, alarm value of carrying capacity of cultivated land measured by nitrogen was about 07; the alarm value grew year by year during 2007-2009, while it remained 071 during 2009-2011. Likewise, alarm value measured by phosphorus exceeded 1, and the alarm value grew from 105 to 114. Since 2007, the state has invested substantial capital to support the constructions of intensive livestock breeding operation, including livestock waste treatment. It is found that national governance measures played a certain effect on livestock waste emission. From specific regional livestock pollution situation in 2011, most of the provinces had some pollution threat of livestock waste to the environment. The alarm value measured by nitrogen was less than 04 only in Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi provinces, indicating basically no environmental pollutions; alarm value was between 04-07 in 11 provinces, indicating fewer pollutions to the environment. Alarm value was more than 07 within 18 provinces, of which alarm value had been over 1 in Henan, Hunan, Guangdong, Sichuan provinces. Alarm value of nitrogen reached 152 and 309 respectively in Beijing and Qinghai provinces, indicating serious environmental pollutions. The alarm value of phosphorus was less than 04 in Shanxi and Heilongjiang, indicating basically no environmental pollutions. Alarm values of 9 provinces were between 04-10, indicating some extent of environmental pollutions. There were 21 provinces had an alarm value higher than 1. The alarm value in Beijing, Guangdong, and Qinghai had been close to 3, indicating very serious phosphorus pollutions. With a combination of arable land each region, alarm values of nitrogen and phosphorus reached 3-6 in Beijing, Qinghai and Tibet, partly because these three provinces own less arable land, only between 200×103-500×103hm2. When compared with developed countries, livestock environmental governance policy requires a corresponding improvement measures in China

Mixed pixel is a mainly factor that causes inaccurate classification results. In this paper we extracted the planting information of summer harvesting crops (mainly wheat and rape) in Shigu region of Hubei Province from HJ CCD data using the linear mixed model with an improved stepwise regression method. The detail process was as follow: preprocessing (radiometric correction and geometric correction) three HJ CCD remote sensing dates (spatial resolution is 30 m) in 2013, and created hyperspectrallike images with 15 bands using the layer stacking technique. Extracted four spectral characteristics curves of wheat rape water and uncovered land in hyperspectrallike images using EARMSE (endmember average root mean square error) methods combined with pure pixels index and GPS survey. According to time series characteristics of crop phenology, we extracted spatial distribution of summer harvest crop fields using  NDVI threshold. Finally according to four types of endmember spectral characteristics curves and hyperspectrallike images with 15 bands that only include summer harvest crop, we used the Linear Mixture Spectrum Analysis method that replace multiple regression with improved wise step, and calculated abundance value of four types of endmember in each mixed pixel. The calculated values was compared to ground truth data that were derived from ZY03 image (spatial resolution is 21 m) using maximum likelihood classification method in subarea that area is 522 square kilometer. The result shows that the error rate of rape area is 67% and that of wheat is 95%, indicating that this reversing method is accurate in Shuhu region. The paper provids a new method with high precision to extract crop planting information with low spatial resolution data, especially in southern part of China where most of pixels are mixed pixels

In Hubei plain area, there is intensive rainfall in summer. During this season, rice field is liable to suffer from flooding disaster. In order to find out the influence of flooding on growth of hybrid rice and put forward relative drainage index, flooding depth and flooding duration representing  different flooding stresses were individually simulated in the booting and tillering stages of hybrid rice. The results show that after flooding treatment, rice height, the 3th and 4th internode length all presented elongation. Significant linear positive relationships of these three indexes were also found with the accumulated value of flooding depth and duration time (SD). However, the rice height was found to be shorter than the control when harvested, and the heavier the flooding degree was, the shorter the rice height was at harvest. Flooding was the cause of rice yield loss, longer flood duration and deeper flood depth caused more serious rice yield loss. Using the yield as an appraisal index, flooding stress in booting stage was more sensitive than in tillering stage. As far as yield component is concerned, flooding stress in tillering stage lead to yield loss mainly in the following aspects. Firstly, the decline in effective ears followed by the decrease in seeds setting percentage; while in the booting stage 1000grain weight and seed setting rate decreased followed by the decline in effective ears. The regression equation for the parameters of elative yield (Ry) dramatically showed the relationship between Ry and SD, Ry and the flooding depth, flooding duration, which can be used as rice drainage equation in tillering and booting stage. As for the flooding components, flooding depth had a greater influence on the yield than flooding duration in tillering stage; while in booting stage flooding depth and duraiton had the same effect on yield.If the rice yield decreased by 20%-30% as the drainage flooding standard, the corresponding values of SD was 1106-1944 cm/d in tillering stage(flooding depth≥18 cm) and 265-805 cm/d in booting stage(flooding depth≥25 cm). The exact drainage days about the concrete flooding depth was put forward as well

Achieving largescale cultivation of microalgae and accessing effectively to the target product are the significant foundation for suitable culture conditions. But it lacks the strategy on absorption and utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus for largescale breeding of Chlorella. This study did experiment on the growth of Chlorella and the consumption of nitrogen, phosphorus under the condition of static culture, ventilation and aeration external carbon source culture, using fedbatch sampling methods on training process. The results showed that the pH of algal liquid slightly decreased and changed between 7 to 9. Absorption of Chlorella on nitrate was rapid at first and then slowed down. The solution of ventilation cultured and glucose plus nitrate nitrogen in the early and midexponential stage dropped to 32284 mg/L rapidly, but the consumption was slowed later. The nitrate of ventilation rapidly declined to 44510 mg/L in the exponential growth stage, and then tended to steady declined stage. The nitrate of static culture stage consumed slowly at first, and it decreased to 66605 mg/L rapidly, then the consumption was stable at the later stage. The absorption and utilization of Chlorella on phosphorus was rapid, leading to a rapid decline of phosphorus to 3948-8219 mg/L at first and then a relative stable concentration. Under the static culture conditions, the growth rate of Chlorella was influenced mainly by concentration of nitrate and level of pH. Under the conditions of ventilation, the growth rate of Chlorella was mainly affected by the concentration of nitrate. Under the condition of carbon culture, the growth rate of Chlorella was mainly colimited by the concentrations of phosphorus and nitrate. In the algae culture of ventilation and carbon source in fedbatch sampling optimization, the growth rate was affected slightly in the middle and the highest biomass was up to 3 565 mg/(L·d) per unit of time. 

Waterlogging is one of the natural disasters frequently occur in Yangtze River Basin Cotton Area,which could cause abscission of cotton,blocked photosynthesis,reducing root absorption capacity,and result in production cuts. In order to elucidate the genetic variation of waterloggingtolerance related cotton germplasm,145 SSR markers spanning the whole genome were picked out.After screening,we chose 44 simple sequence repeat (SSR) makers which were explored to analyzed 48 upland cotton varieties.The results indicated that a total of 170 alleles,with an average of 3.86 alleles per locus were detected by the polymorphic 44 SSR primers.For the waterlogging tolerant accessions,mean polymorphism information content (PIC),the average effective numbers of alleles (Ne) and the average genotype diversity index (H′) were 0632,1710 4 and 0393 7 and 0628,respectively.For the waterlogging sensitive accessions,the PIC,Ne,and the H′ were 0628,1721 6 and 0399 4,respectively.The mean value of similarity coefficients were similar between waterloggingtolerance germplasms and waterlogging sensitive germplasms,varied from 0462 to 0925,and from 0462 to 0925,respectively.Relatively,the waterlogging tolerant germplasms exhibited relatively larger variation range.When the threshold value 058 was used in the UPGMA cluster analysis based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient,48 accessions were divided into two groups,in which the first category contained 39 varieties and the second category consisted of 9 accessions.NTSYSpc 22 and Excel software were applied to calculate the similarity coefficient between each two accessions,and the similarity coefficient was between 0355 and 0925,with an average value of 0629. The similarity coefficients of 23 waterlogging tolerant accessions were between 0580 and 0856,with an average value of 0665,The similarity coefficients of 25 waterlogging sensitive accessions were between 0580 and 0850,with an average value of 0663.The high genetic similarity coefficients we observed in most of the germplasms analyzed in the study indicated the waterlogrelated cotton accessions own narrow genetic base.The current study should be helpful for assessing cotton pedigrees in breeding elite varieties with high waterlogging tolerance,and studying the mechanism of waterlogging tolerance in upland cotton