Due to region uneven development, even some areas have the same geographical conditions, they still have significant economical gap. Some areas become parts of the centre metropolis because they have full development with the elements diffusion from centre metropolis. But the some areas become the metropolitan shadow because they lose their economical elements like surplus labors.This paper is an empirical attempt to measure the metropolitan shadow of Shanghai. It reviews a number of metropolitan shadow theories regarding evolutionary mechanisms. Based on the methods of breaking point formula, Kmeans clusterand spatial correlation, it defines the ranges and changes of metropolitan shadow areas between 1990 and 2010 in the YangzeDelta, which were formed due to the influence of Shanghai. An analysis of GDP per capita in county level was used to carry out this study. The results showed as follows. ①“Metropolis shaded area” is a universal phenomenonas as a result of the central city and its surrounding area concentration, radiation effect relationship between different combinations to form, its structure can be divided into two types, namely the “shadow areas” and “penumbra.” “Metropolis shaded area” is not static, but a dynamic regional presence, this dynamic change and urban centers, as well as outlying areas shaded area cities (counties, cities and towns) of the three changes in the spatial pattern of economic development of the state, etc. closely related. ②The range of metropolitan shadow area has high correlation with the centre city, outlying area and shadow city which is in the shadow area. This is not only as a regional center of the city with Shanghai polarization effect, but also with the surrounding counties through its own development initiative to abate. ③The shadow area and semishadow area range of Shanghai have been reduced. ④The shadow areas exist in the southern and northern of Shanghai city. To reduce the effects of metropolitan shadow, it need the centre city to optimize its regulation as well as the shadow areas to adopt positive strategies.

 Under the impact of industrialization and urbanization， more and more rural residents are immigrating from countryside to cities In Chongqing， about 149 million rural residents in remote areas immigrated to the metropolitan developed economic circle in 2011 The migration of rural residents provide an opportunity of improving the rural land use intensity While with the limitation of property system and other factors， a decrease in agricultural labor induced by emigration maybe have a negative effect on the rural land use In a research in Chongqing， 1136% of emigration abandoned cultivated land， while in another research， 168% rural housing land was discarded for the rural households emigration Based on the population actuality of Chongqing in 2011 and “Chongqing urbanrural master plan （2007-2020）”， in this paper， the trend of population migration of Chongqing in the following 10 years was analyzed and the scenario analysis was employed to study the impact of rural residents emigration on farmland and rural housing land use Some advices to resolve the rural land use problem were proposed at last Conclusions are summarized as follows. （1） The rural residents emigration includes four parts： rural residents in metropolitan developed economic circle migrate to central city； rural residents in other county migrate to central city； rural residents in other county migrate to regional central cities and central towns； rural migration return （2） Growth rate of metropolitan developed economic circle population （Rct）， growth rate of other county urban population （Rot） and rural migration return （W4） has relation to the [JP2]population affect on the rural land use （3） In the following 10 years， about 464 million rural residents will [JP]migrate to cities in scenario 1 while in scenario 2 and scenario 3 which is 477 and 485 （including metropolitan developed economic circle and regional central cities）. （4） In the following 10 years， there are 364 to 425 million rural residents emigrate to city which will affect on the rural land use in different [JP2]scenarios （5） Supposed 10% households abandoned their farmland according to the research of Zhangbailin [JP]in Chongqing， about 412 to 480 thousands hectare farmland may be abandoned in the following 10 years which account 168% to 196% of farmlands in Chongqing （6） Supposed 168% households discarded their housing land according to the research of Zhaoyaping in Bishan county of Chongqing and according to the standard of 140 square meters per capita， and about 92 to 99 thousands hectare rural housing land may be abandoned in the following 10 years The total abandoned housing land may be up to between 597 to 611 thousands hectare which include the potential idle housing land in 2011 About 10741 to 10994 billion Yuan can be transferred to village from city according to the compensatory of land coupon which was explored in Chongqing In order to improve the rural land use intensity， the government should： （1） reform the land management system and encourage the households participate in land transfer； （2） explore the heterogeneous methods to resolve the idle rural housing land which include reclamation and transfer

Using the questionnaire and contingent valuation methods， this study analyzes the perception of beneficiaries on Guangxi Maoershan National Natural Reserve， their willingness to pay for its ecological compensation， factors influencing willingness and ways of the willingness to pay from the perspective of beneficiaries The results are as follows.（1）Beneficiaries were not familiar with the reserves basic situation and aim， but most of them thought that Maoershan National Natural Reserve was closely related to the water resources of the middle and lower reaches of the Lijiang River More than half of the beneficiaries thought that the ecological environment in Lijiang River Basin has become worse， 7643% of the respondents believed they have benefited from the natural reserve， 2197% of them didnt think that they benefit from the protection zone It should be noted that 16% of the beneficiaries could not answer the question， because they dont understand the relation between the reserve and their lives （2）8558% of the beneficiaries were willing to provide help for the reserve The reasons why they were reluctant to help include low income； the management of the protected areas is the responsibility of the government； and they distrust that the government or relevant organizations can rationally use and manage the funds and they did not benefit from the reserve The willingness to pay of beneficiary was 28789 Yuan per year per household （3） The aggregate economic value of Guangxi Maoershan National Natural Reserve ecosystem service is [XCd1.tif]202×108 yearly Since we investigated urban residents in the benefited region and the average willingness to pay of beneficiary is in fact the urban residents willingness to pay But in the calculation of total ecosystem value of reserve， the article multiplied the average willingness to pay by the total number of households， including urban families and rural families， so there may be a higher result （4）The chisquare test revealed that except for the influence of age and gender， the level of education， annual household income and occupations affected willingness to pay in different degrees The willingness to pay monotonously changed with educational attainment and annual household income The willingness of the beneficiaries with annual household income of 100 000 Yuan was 5 times more than those of under 12 000 Yuan The influence of occupation on the average willingness to pay was different The highest willingness to pay was from enterprise employees， the second was from the teachers， the lowest one was from peasants， only up to 55% of the enterprise employees （5） The beneficiaries preferred to pay in different ways They favor to pay for the ecological benefits provided by the reserve through participating in environmental protection activities and tax， contrast to cash payment 5558% of the beneficiaries favor to pay for the ecological benefits provided by the reserve through participating in environmental protection activities， 2834% of the respondents thought that using tax as the compensation funds is a good choice， 1497% of the beneficiaries choose to pay cash for the ecosystem service.

Pinus dabeshanensis is an endangered plant species， and an endemic species of Mount Dabie Its [JP2]endangerment mechanism is complex and unclear In order to objectively understand interspecific relationship [JP]between Pinus dabeshanensis and other dominant species， a study was performed to investigate the interspecific relationship between Pinus dabeshanensis and fourteen dominant species in the community at [JP2]Tianma National Nature Reserve， Jinzhai County， Anhui Province The community with Pinus dabeshanednsis [JP]was surveyed Fifteen 20×20 m2 quadrats were set Tree species， tree height， diameter at breast height， clear bole height， crown width， coverage， number were investigated and recorded χ2test， Ochiai association index， Persons correlation coefficient and Spearmans rank correlation coefficient were used to analyze the interspecific relationship Results showed that it was higher sensitivity by Spearmans rank [JP2]correlation coefficient test than any other tests There was very significant positive interspecific relationship at 001 level between Pinus dabeshanensis and Pinus taiwanensis， Quercus glandulifera var brevipetiolata， [JP]Quercus variabilis， Rhododendron fortunei， and it was significant positive interspecific relationship at 005 level between Pinus dabeshanensis and Castanea seguinii， Acer mono There was very significant negative interspecific relationship at 001 level between Pinus dabeshanensis and Symplocos paniculata， and there was significant negative interspecific relationship at 005 level between Pinus dabeshanensis and Corylopsis sinensis， Viburnum dilatatum According to these interspecific relationships between Pinus dabeshanensis and the other fourteen species， an ecological species group was established， including Pinus dabeshanensis， Pinus taiwanensis， Quercus glandulifera var brevipetiolata， Castanea seguinii， Acer mono When protecting and managing Pinus dabeshanensis， the plant species that showed the positive interspecific relationship can be symbiosis and reciprocal to some extent Using this principle， Pinus dabeshanensis can be protected and managed Some species of non ecological species group， such as Symplocos paniculata， Corylopsis sinensis， Viburnum dilatatum should be controlled These species invaded obviously the communities which Pinus dabeshanensis was in， and interference seedlings and saplings growing of Pinus dabeshanensis Therefore， plant species of the negative interspecific relationship should be controlled as soon as possible， forest canopy of Pinus dabeshanensis can be promoted Further， population of this species can be restored

Riparian zones are the interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems We examined the vegetation of riparian areas in Gan River of the Poyang Lake Stream， focusing on how persistent human disturbance and riparian geomorphology influence the structure and composition of groundflora vegetation We collected data from 109 standard samples among three different disturbance types and reaches in Gan River Stream Along each samples we measured： （1） overstory basal area， species composition， and canopy closure on a series of 400 m2 plots； （2） under story species composition and canopy on a series of 36 m2 plots； （3） herb communities on a series of 1 m2 plots； （4） disturbed and physiographic data （eg longitude and latitude， elevation， gradient， river width， bank height， flow velocity）. Based on the field survey data， the communities on Gan River riparian were classified and ordinated by multivariate statistical analysis of twoway indicator species analysis （TWINSPAN） and detrended correspondence analysis （DCA）. As a result， the vegetation of Gan River riparian classified the samples into six vegetation types： riparian ruderal grasses， riparian deciduous communities， floodplain meadow， riparian broadleaved evergreen communities， riparian temperate mixed forest， Pinus massoniana communities Using correlation analysis for DCA two axis and environmental factors， the factors of gradient， height of riparian， disturbance methods， slope has the significant correlation with AX1， but the factors of elevation， gradient， slope has the significant correlation with AX2. It is suggested that soil moisture， landform and disturbance were the important factors for understanding the Gan River vegetation patterns This six vegetation types has obvious distribution pattern， rivermargin tussock， floodplain meadow and riparian deciduous communities distributed in middle and lower reaches， and other three types of vegetation distributed in upper middle valley riparian The riparian zone vegetation of Gan River is a typical intrazonal ecosystem dominated by Cynodon dactylon， Vitex negundo var cannabifolia， Cinnamomum camphora and so on， but it has its only zonal characteristic， such as C camphora， Celtis sinensis， Phyllostachys heterocycla etc are the dominant species of overstory， and this species are typical subtropical forest component species Additionally， affected by human activities， such as the nonpoint source pollutant input from agricultural production and bank duratect from urbanization， the riparian degraded in structure and function. Thus，we suggest that riparian areas may require reestablishment or restoration solution and different management strategies

Schistosomiasis， a parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical areas， has serious threats to human health Hubei Province is a serious infected area A large number of schistosomiasis patients distribute in Jianghan plain in this province According to annual schistosomiasis statistics， the number of schistosomiasis patients in Jianghan plain made up approximately 90 percent of the population of schistosomiasis patients in Hubei Province So， the difficulty of controlling Oncomelania hupensis in Jianghan plain is both general and representative in our country In recent years， the achievements of schistosomiasis control work are remarkable in Hubei Province， but outbreaks still occur Some efforts have to be made to achieve the goal of interrupting schistosomiasis transmission Oncomelania hupensis serves as the only intermediate hosts， whose distribution is strongly associated with the transmission of schistosomiasis So， accurate understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis and discovering environment factors that affect the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis from the results is advantageous to the prevention and control of Oncomelania hupensis diffusion， which can provide spatial analysis and supported decision for department of schistosomiasis control quickly In this paper， we applied ArcGIS to establish the Oncomelania hupensiss distribution database based on Oncomelania hupensiss area distribution data in Jianghan plain for five years from 1990 to 2009 The global autocorrelation analysis， cluster and outlier analysis and hot spot analysis are applied to present the spatialtemporal distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis in 1990， 1995， 2000， 2005 and 2009 The results of global autocorrelation analysis with time series data based on GIS indicate that the distribution areas of Oncomelania hupensis are highly clustered from 1990 to 2009 The cluster and outlier analysis showed that different villages present the distributional patterns of Oncomelania hupensis as follows. The high values are clustering（HH），the high value is mainly surrounded by low value（HL） and the low value is mainly surrounded by the high value（LH）， and the number of villages with HH type is large The distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in other administrative villages without statistical significance is randomly distributed And the spatial positions of different distribution patterns are displayed obviously “Positive hot points” areas of high distribution rate are identified in this area The distribution of Oncomelania hupensis is larger in adjacent area between Xiantao and Honghu for five years Besides， the results of spatial autocorrelation analysis show that there are some timevarying regulations about distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis from 1990 to 2009 Its much cluster before 2000 The distribution patterns and hotspot area of Oncomelania hupensis in 1990 is different from other four years But its similar in 1995 and 2000， 2005 and 2009 respectively Thus， 1990， 2000 and 2009 is the important timing notes The results of the research are of great theoretical and practical significance for controlling the diffusion Oncomelania hupensis and reducing the spread of schistosomiasis

In recent years, the wind power of southern island was developed fast, and the wind resource rich area is mainly concentrated in mountainous areas. This paper has deeply analyzed the feature of wind energy resources of hills and mountains in Hubei Province by using the wholeyear observed data of twelve anemometer towers in different altitude at the height of 70 m or 80 m, and the results showed as follows. 1) The mean wind velocity is the maximum in spring while the minimum in summer and autumn in a year; the diurnal mean wind velocity is big during day and small at night, the variation amplitude of diurnal wind velocity is between 10 m/s and 27 m/s, and the variation range of diurnal mean wind velocity is bigger in low hill and middle hill regions. 2) Available wind speed frequency is between 79% and 92%, the wind speed frequency above 10 m/s is between 8% and 18%, the wind power frequency above 10 m/s is between 39% and 67%, and the appearance of destructive wind speed is low. 3) The average gustiness factor calculated by the extreme wind speed above 15 m/s is between 12 and 135, so the gustiness factor of hills and mountains is lower than 14 which is recommended by the international wind turbine design standards. 4) The wind direction frequency is concentrated at tow opposite direction that is south and north, and the wind energy direction frequency and wind direction frequency is mainly coincident. 5) The rule of wind velocity changed with height is complex, and wind velocity from 10 m to 30 m increases evidently, and wind velocity from 30 m to 80 m changes little or reduces with height in some areas. 6) The turbulence intensity of available wind speed interval and gale and dominant wind direction are all at middle level, and the variation characteristics of the turbulence intensity in different wind speed interval is basically consistent, namely turbulence intensity during 3-6 m/s decreases sharply with increasing wind speed, and turbulence intensity above 6 m/s is basically stable. Based on these results, it can be found that the high concentrated wind direction and wind energy, and low appearance of destructive wind speed and middle level turbulence intensity are all propitious to wind power generation. The wind energy resource of Hubei province is mainly concentrated in hills and mountains areas, so the particularity of wind in hills and mountains must be considered when we develop the wind resource. The particularity includes that the icecoating in winter significantly affect the wind power, and the selection of hub height of draught fan must fully consider the influence of wind shear exponent, furthermore, the changed character of season and diurnal wind speed is propitious to make use of wind and solar and water energy together. In summary, the research results help wind energy exploitation in Hubei Province, especially in south mountain areas

Based on the annual runoff and sediment load data observed at four hydrological control station of Four Water basin (Xiang River, Zi River, Yuan River and Li River) in Hunan province from 1951 to 2011 of four representative gauging stations (Xiangtan, Taojiang, Taoyuan, Shimen), the Periodic regularity and characteristics of mutation of annual runoff and sediment changes fluxes into the Dongting Lake from Four water basin was analyzed using MannKendall trend test, moving average value, Wavelet analysis and double mass analysis. The results show that the annul changes of runoff and sediment was different in a great scope. ①The annual runoff of Four water basin has a plurality wave phenomena of rise and decline, but no significant change. And sediment discharge has certain fluctuation with the overall downward trend, and the downward trend is obvious. The annual runoff is highest in Xiang River(653.7×108 m3), intermediate in Zi River (2269×108 m3)and Yuan River (6362×108 m3), and lowest in Li River (1461×108 m3). The annual sediment is highest in Yuan River(1 003×104 t), intermediate in Xiang River (9389×104 t)and Li River (5299×104 t), and lowest in Zi River (2191×104 t).②The runoff and sediment of Xiangtan Station, Taojiang Station and Taoyuan Station have a primary period of 20-25 years. But the Runoff and sediment of Shimen Station of the first main period is not consistent. Annual runoff and sediment discharge cycles of Xiangtan, Taojiang and Taoyuan is more consistent. Among them, the runoff and sediment discharge in Xiangtan station of Xiangjiang River also has the second main cycle of seven years. And the annual runoff and sediment discharge of Taojiang also exist the periodical characteristics of seven years. The annual runoff and sediment discharge of Taoyuan station also has the main cycle of 14 years and 12 years respectively. But the annual runoff and sediment discharge of Shimen station in the first cycle is not consistent. The runoff has the main period of 2 years, and the sediment discharge has the main cycle of 13 years. Runoff and sediment discharge of Shimen in the second cycle change law is basicly consistent, which is about 3-5 years period. The cycle of the annual sediment discharge lag than the cycle annual runoff 2-3 years. ③The construction of water conservancy project is a major cause of sediment reduction

Litterfall, nutrient content and nutrient return in subtropical Pinus massoniana plantations were analyzed based on literature collection to quantify litter nutrient dynamics and regional characteristic of the major conifer species, which would help to provide more comprehensive and universal reference for production practice and ecological management at a regional scale for P.massoniana plantations. The results showed that: the difference of annual litterfall of P.massoniana plantations between different regions was significant and the litterfall was 331-1143 t/hm2〖DK〗·a with an average of 53 t/hm2〖DK〗·a. The litterfall difference was significant by stand age, the difference of litterfall between the class age within 10-20yearold and 20-30yearold was greater than in 0-10yearold and 30-50yearold, and the most litterfall with 10-20 and 20-30 class age were 293 times, 274 times as much as the least, respectively, while the most litterfall in 30-50 class age was only 137 times and 163 times, respectively. Litterfall in Wuxuan, Guangxi Province was increased first and then decreased with stand age, and 7yearold stand was highest in Liuzhou, Guangxi Province and following decreased first and then increased with stand age, while in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area increased with increasing stand age. Litter monthly model was bimodal in Liuzhou, Guangxi province, the deciduous peak was in February and least in March, April, while the model of the total and leaf litterfall was similar and single peak mode in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area with the highest in November and the lowest in February. The litter model in Guanzhou was different per year, the first year peak in August, there was two peak periods in the second year with in July and October, the third year in June. The difference of the same organ with the same element in different regions was lager and the litter nutrient content difference with K, Ca and Mg was higher than the N and P content. Litter nutrient content with nitrogen element was highest in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, while P, Ca, Mg elements were highest in Sanming, Fujian Province, and K element was the highest in Longli, Guizhou Province. Nitrogen return in 23yearold stand was 345 times of that in 8yearold stand, while potassium return in 23yearold stand was 1013 times as much as in 8yearold stand in Wuxuan, Guangxi province. Nitrogen return was 1.36 times more in 7 year old than in 31 year old stand, potassium return in that was 256 times in Liuzhou, Guangxi Province. Litter decomposition rate was not significant in shortterm (one year) decomposition. Litter of different tissues and organs were affected by different environment factors and different stand with various site factors, which can be attributed to the time lagging effect and more responsive to local than to regional environment

Yangtze Delta is facing some serious landuse problems in recent years, for example, the land resource is used without effective regulation on the condition of that the land resource is so precious and rare for the economic and social development. It is of great significance to achieve the goal of the scale land use for the development of rural economy and better protection of rural land resource in this area. The new concept of scale land use is proposed in this paper.It is a kind of change of land use structure and optimization of spatial patterns to maximize the benefit of land use. The goal of the scale land use is to distribute and use the land intensively and manage the land resource effectively. Based on this new concept of the scale land use, the authors build an index system for the evaluation of the scale land use of villages from for aspects of focus in this paper, such as concentration, collection, intension and efficiency of agricultural land and constructive land, to assess the level of the scale land use in Taicang city in 2010 based on the fuzzy synthetic evaluation model. The result showed that it has achieved the goal of the scale land use in Taicang city basically, but the phenomena of the fragmentation of agricultural land and decentralization of the constructive land were still serious, and the levels of the scale land use of both agricultural land and constructive land in Taicang city need to be improved in the future. Based on the evaluation results, it is necessary to regulate the fragmentation of agricultural land for the villages which lied around the construction area and the port area of Taicang city, because its level of scale land use of constructive land is higher than agricultural land due to the effective exploitation of constructive land. At the same time, large villages should reinforce the consolidation of rural residential area because large scale of agricultural land break up the accumulative of large scale of residential land. Some effective measurements are proposed in the end of this paper, including reinforcing the management of the distributed agricultural land, working out conscious land use planning which integrate immediate benefits with longterm benefits contemporarily, completing the transformation mechanism of land use through the way of weakening the intervention function in the procedure of land use management, and improving the social security system to relieve the anxiety of giving up the ownership of the rural land for farmers

Rural water environment is an important part of water environment. The Poyang Lake basin is an important area of agricultural production. Because of disorder emissions of untreated Sewage, garbage and solid waste, dispersed livestock pollution, water quality deteriorates and the eutrophication index increases in the Poyang Lake basin. By using pollutants equivalent algorithm, rural area pollutions were estimated and trends were analyzed from 1991 to 2011. On the basis, the trends and impact factors of water quality were analyzed in Poyang lake basin. The results showed that from 1991 to 2011, the rural area pollutions increased in the Poyang Lake Basin. TN, TP and COD emissions from rural sewage grew 1268% respectively, and the average annual growth rates were 3 600 tons, 200 tons, 1681 tons and 2 100 tons. TN and TP emissions from solid waste emissions increased by 1268%, and the average annual growth rates were 36 200 tons, 7 600 tons and 8 000 tons. TN, TP and COD from dispersed livestock pollution increased by 9913%, 6384% and 7227% respectively, and the average annual growth rates were 2 200 tons, 300 tons and 900 tons. Since 2000, the water quality declined in Poyang Lake basin and the trends of the water quality and eutrophication index declined significantly in 001 and 005 levels. Rural living area pollution had a certain influence on the water quality in Poyang Lake basin, and dispersed livestock pollution was relatively large

Rural nonpoint source pollution is serious and environmental problems intensified in Poyang Lake small watershed. It is of great urgency to control agricultural pollution, because the pollution from agriculture is more wide and serious compared with others. Agricultural pollution is principally transported from agricultural land. The harm is more serious than point source pollutions and hard to be monitored and controlled, because the indefinite quantity of agricultural pollutants are discharged during uncertain period through uncertain process. The rural life and farming are the main source of rural nonpoint source pollution through the background investigation and analysis of pollution sources in Poyang Lake small watershed. Farming in the demonstration area is one of the main sources of rural nonpoint source pollution, the proportion of total, nitrogen and phosphorus load more than 50%, 48% and 49%, respectively. Country life is also an important source of rural nonpoint source pollution. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss can be intercepted effectively by integrated BMPs, in which source control and end treatments are combined, buffer, ditch wetland, artificial wetland, facultative pond are added into a group rationally. Pollutant cutting quantity per area of the whole system is 71017 kg of CODcr, 11491 kg of SS, 408 kg of TP, 1918 kg of NH+4N, 474 kg of NO-3N and 3593 kg of TN respectively, while the total investment is less than 27 thousand yuan, i.e. investment cost of less than 2 700 yuan/m3, and the operation cost less than 01 yuan/m3. The cutting quantity of SS through buffer zones is 63.07 kg, accounted for 50% of all. The surface flow constructed wetland has the highest removal capacity and impact resistance, through which total nitrogen can be cut down more than 30 g per unit area. Adsorption capacity of phosphorus by wetland soil is also high. Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration (EPC0) of Wetland substrate is lower than 0.05 mg/L. If inflow concentration of SPR of wetland is higher than EPC0, wetland is for phosphorus “source”; by contrast if inflow concentration of SPR of wetland is less than EPC0, wetlands is for phosphorus “collect”. But the reduction of nitrate nitrogen ability is not strong; the followed facultative pond just make up for the defect, reductions of nitrate nitrogen stay above 013 g/m2. Overall, decontamination ability of ditch wetland is not low, but the capacity of resisting impact load is weak, easily affected by external factor. Decontamination ability can be enhanced by improving the ecosystem, the emergent macrophytes especially

Evaluation of water poverty is a new angle of view and method to estimate the water resources synthetically.In order to evaluate the present situation of rural water poverty in Hunan Province comprehensively, and find out the effective measures, this paper is based on the theory of water poverty which is the latest foreign theory.We structured water poverty index system of Hunan rural firstly, after that acquired and organized 6 villages data in 3 types of terrain area which is required for water poverty assessment by field investigation and interview.Finally, a nonequilibrium method was applied to calculate the water poverty value in 6 villages, and analyzed its driving factors.The results show that the water poverty in Hunan rural has obvious regional differentiation, implying that the mountain area of the northwest Hunan is the most serious area.Their value of RWPI are both less than 20; while RWPI value in the plain area of northern Dongting Lake is 55-56, stating that their water poverty is weakened clearly.And water poverty degree in hilly area of central Hunan is between above two areas.The comprehensive score of water poverty in each system is different from other regions, in other words, the contribution rate to water poverty assessment is also different.So its the only way that comprehensive score of every system is improved and balanced to reduce the area of water poverty degree effectively.Poor water supply facilities and low capacity of using water are the main driving factors, and the situation of water resources is their secondary driving factors  leading to diverse degree of water poverty in different regions.Rural environmental problems and inefficient utilization of water in Hunan different villages both are short plate or common driving factors of its water poverty assessment.On the one hand, landform types influence the level of regional economic development and the distribution of natural water resources.On the other hand, regional economic development level has effect on its water supply facilities, capacity utilization of water resources, status of the water environment and water use efficiency.Therefore, area water poverty is the result of a complex of regional water resource natural endowment and the development of society and economy.According to the results of evaluation, some suggestions is put forward to lighten rural poverty problem.One is to overcome the natural development of resistance, speed up economic and social development and enhance comprehensive strength of the rural.Another one is to pay attention to environmental problems, do a good job in environmental protection and ensure the safety of rural drinking water.In addition, it is an effective measure as well for mitigating water poverty degree to raise awareness of water conservation and develop watersaving agriculture.All above measures can provide a new idea for water resources management in the new rural construction

There are many rivers and lakes in China, which are widely distributed with abundant water quantity. They are the important drinking water sources for nearby towns. But rivers and lakes have the characteristics of open water. Apart from providing drinking water, they have other functions such as blowdown, shipping, irrigation, which are potential threats to water quality. In Taihu Lake Basin, the rapid population growth, the acceleration of urbanization and rapid industrial development, and the increasing demand for water generated a lot of sewage and wastewater. How to protect the lake water environment has become a focus of public concern. Understanding hydrodynamic characteristics and contaminants transport and diffusion processes in Taihu Lake is helpful for people to use water resources carrying capacity rationally, and optimize water pollution control measures. It can also provide a strong scientific and technological support for develop a reasonable plan of water resources protection and engineering decision making along the lake. Based on the practice of clean water diversion from the Wangyu River to the Taihu Lake and a large amount of investigation and monitoring data, a 2D model of water quantity and quality in Taihu Lake was established. The hydrodynamic model preferably reflected the dynamic characteristics of the study lake region. On the impact of the flow direction, clean water transport process distribution of the study lake region was zonal, and distribution relied on the shore, the lower water concentration of the distance is near the outfall of the Wangyu River. The spatial variations of each water quality index concentration before and after the water diversion were obtained. The results indicated that the water diversion could improve the lake water quality. The concentrations of CODMn, NH3N and TN were decreased by 60%, 160% and 92% respectively, but the concentration of TP rose by 44%. The quality of 37% of the total area of the Taihu Lake was improved. These areas were concentrated in the Gonghu Lake,the Meiliang Bay and east regions of the Taihu Lake which were all across by water transfer route. The transport processes were closely related to diverted water quality,the tide type, flow rate, flow, and underwater topography. Under the same conditions, the higher the tidal water level, the stronger the dilution of lake water capacity was, and the increase of pollutant concentration was relatively small; the greater the flow rate, the stronger of the effect of lake water migration was. The water diversion project was very important to the improvement of the water quality in part of the area and to secure water supply in Taihu Lake. This study may provide scientific bases for water pollution control in other similar water bodies.

Through field investigation and laboratory analysis, distribution characteristics of soil microaggregates and organic carbon under different tea plantation age were studied.The results showed as follows.(1) The tea garden soil microaggregate concentrations decrease with the decrease in the particle size in general, indicating that tea garden soil in the study area has stronger ability of protecting fertilizer.In the upper (0-20 cm) soil layer,along with the extending length of planting tea,concentrations of microaggregates in the sizes of > 005 mm，001-0005 mm and < 0001 mm  show a “∧” type changing pattern，concentrations of the remaining fraction present an increasing trend.In the lower soil layer (20-40 cm)，graded levels of microaggregates in the sizes of > 005 mm and 005-001 mm varied obviously with plant tea length extended，while concentrations of the remaining three grades of microaggregates  remain stable with increases in years planting tea.(2) Tea garden soil organic carbon concentration with microaggregate fraction increases with the decrease in the microaggregate concentrations.This is because the soil microaggregate fraction is smaller，the specific surface area is larger，and the organic carbon adsorption ability is stronger.Along with the increase in planting tea fixed number of year，the organic carbon concentration in the microaggregate graded increases.This is mainly due to fact that in the natural soil after planting tea，a lot of old leaves return soil，bringing large amounts of carbon sources.Total organic carbon concentrations of different fixed number of year of the tea garden soil decrease with the increase in soil depth，mainly because of the mobility of the soil organic matter and organic matter source of the differences.(3) Microaggregate contribution to > 005 mm of soil organic carbon fraction is given priority to，granule grades of 005-001 mm，0005-0001 mm grade at least.With increasing years of planting tea，microaggregates in the size of > 005 mm decrease their contribution rate of soil organic carbon，microaggregates in the size of 005-001 mm increase their contribution of soil organic carbon，whereas microaggregates of the other particle sizes present a changing trend of first increases and then reach a maximum in 21-23 years tea，suggesting that in the 21-23 years tea,31-33 years of soil microaggregates structure is gradually stable

Forest ecosystems play an important role in water conservation.The ecosystems of subalpine coniferous forest zone in western Sichuan Province (SCFZ) play an important role in water conservation for China.In the last decades,the explosive hydropower exploitation of western Sichuan Province has been developed on the large rivers,and the 〖JP〗trend would be continued for a long time because of  the high electricity demand.However,fewer study focused on the ecosystem waterholding of SCFZ.After the devastating floods of 1998,China launched the Natural Forest Protection Project,and we also need to know whether it is conducive to enhancing ecosystem water conservation.Therefore,we evaluated the potential waterholding capacities of soils and ground covers of five typical restoration vegetation in Wanglang National Natural Reserve in the upstream of Shuiniujia Hydropower Station of Fujiang River,western Sichuan Province.Using the method of replacing space with time,five typical restoration ecosystems of grassland (dominated by Deyeuxia scabrescens),shrub (dominated by Salix paraqplesia),broadleaf forest (dominated by Betula platyphylla),mixed forest (dominated by Betula spp.and Abies faxoniana),and the climax forest (dominated by Abies faxoniana) were selected to quantify the waterholding capacity of soil and ground cover (litter and moss) in SCFZ.The results indicated as follows. (1) The soil bulk density increased with the depth and decreased with vegetation restoration,and the trend was mixed forestclimax forest>shrub>broadleaf forest>grassland.Furthermore,the drainability of broadleaf forest was stronger than else because of stronger grazing disturbance.(4) Following the vegetation restoration,the storage of ground cover increased from 800±146 t·hm-2 at the grass to 4528±772 t·hm-2 at the climax forest,the waterholding capacity of ground cover increased 〖JP+1〗from 2856±598 t·hm-2 at the grass to 19768±4383 t·hm-2 at the climax forest,and the composition of ground cover changed from the litter at the grass to moss at the climax forest,respectively.(5) As for the total waterholding capacity of soil and ground cover at the ecosystem scale,it increased largely with the vegetation restoration,and the trend was mixed forest > climax forest> shrub > broadleaf forest>grassland.The waterholding capacity of ground cover was far less than that of the soil in all the studied ecosystems.However,the ground cover could increase the soil water retention through improving soil physical characteristics,and such effect in mixed forest was significantly better than elsewhere.In conclusion,the present paper highlighted that vegetation restoration could significantly increase the waterholding capacity of soil and ground cover at both ecosystem and regional scales.Furthermore,this paper pointed out that moderately introduced broadleaf to the restoration vegetation and reducing human disturbance would be beneficial to the ecosystem water conservation of SCFZ

Understanding the influence of land use change on ecosystem service value and the interaction relationship has great significance.Land use and land cover change (LUCC) is the important components in global environment change and the important factor causing environment changes all over the world, and is especially significant in rapidly developing regions in the world. Assessment on ecosystem service values based on land use change in Sichuan Provinceis is essential for policy makers to support sustainable development. In this paper, based on referencing to different evaluation methods of the ecosystem service values（ESV）both at home and abroad, the ESV coefficient is revised on the basis of all kinds of ecosystem types, the ESV of different ecosystem types and ecosystem services value in Sichuan Province was calculated，and effect of land use change on the ESV in Sichuan Province was analyzed, using ESV evaluation methods, sensitivity index and value change rate model. The results showed as follows. (1) The farmlands, unused lands, grasslands and water areas were decreased, while forested lands, construction lands and garden plot areas were increased, forested lands and grasslands accounted for more than 69% of the total area in Sichuan Province over the past 10 years. (2) The ESV provided from the forest lands, garden lands ecosystems continued to increase, while the ESV of the farmlands, grasslands, water and unused lands continued to decrease. (3) The spatial pattern of the total ESV was unevenly distributed across the study area, with significant regional differences. The ESV of land use presented spatial distribution pattern that the west area was more than the east area, the total ESV of the western mountain or plateau regions and the mountainous regions surrounding plain in Sichuan Province was bigger, and the total ESV provided by Chengdu plain, Sichuan basin or the hilly region was less. (4) The sensitivity analysis showed that the ESV in study area was inelastic; the forest land area change reflected by the value change rate of the ESV had a great influence. This research helps to understand the mutual relation between the land use and ESV under the background of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and provide scientific basis for the regulation of regional ecological security and ecological environment protection and sustainable development in Sichuan Province.

Under the background of global warming,there have been more and more extreme weather events which have also become frequent and intense.Research on extreme events and their impacts have been more focused than before,especially on the drought.The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is an important agricultural production base of China,and one of regions with relatively abundant water resources,but droughts and floods are frequent.In recent years,the extreme precipitation events such as drought sharp reversal to flooding occurred occasionally in this region.In this research,drought was defined as qualitative extreme event,new approach of assessing the vulnerability of ecosystem to drought was attempted in a regional scale for a case study in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The processesbased model (CEVSA) was used to simulate the dynamic responses of ecosystem to the drought and to assess the impacts of drought.According to the definition of vulnerability from IPCC,the key ecosystem function which correlated with the rainfall was selected as the indicator,the variability of indicator and its tendency of change were defined as the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of ecosystem to the drought,respectively.NPP in summer was regarded as the receptor of the drought events in this study,to assess the vulnerability of the ecosystem to drought.Specifically,the fluctuation degree of NPP in summer was used to indicate the sensitivity of the ecosystem to drought,while the trend of NPP fluctuation was used to reflect the adaptability of the ecosystem to drought.The vulnerability of ecosystems to drought in ecosystem scales was calculated and assessed by comparing with the average status in the reference period.The results of this study suggested that the spatial distribution of ecosystem vulnerability to drought had more obvious regional differences in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Most of the ecosystems were low vulnerable and took about 65% of middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River over the period of 1961-1990, and the higher vulnerable ecosystems took about 20%,mainly distributed in the northwest of research area.Drought can increase the vulnerability of ecosystem distinctly.The main change of vulnerability was the shift from very low vulnerable ecosystems to low vulnerable ecosystems induced by drought.The medium vulnerable ecosystems and above were mainly located in the north of middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and its percent was little changed due to drought.The response of different ecosystems to drought had a little difference,the vulnerability of agricultural ecosystem and forest ecosystem had increased according to the drought,but the vulnerability of agricultural ecosystem to drought was higher than the forest ecosystem.
The vulnerability of the agricultural ecosystem and the forest ecosystem would continue to rise further in subsequent years after the drought.But there was no significant difference by comparing with the baseline.It indicated that the vulnerability of the two ecosystem types could go back to the mean level of multiyears in the next year of drought generally

The Southwest region is one of the most serious areas of mountain hazards in China, and the shortterm extreme precipitation is one of the critical control factors for the evolution of mountain hazards. In this paper, daily precipitation data of 110 meteorological stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2011 were employed, with the 95th percentile of the annual rainfall as threshold of daily extreme precipitation was established, spatial analysis of GIS technology and linear trend, MannKendall trend test and Morlet wavelet analysis method were used to study the spatial and temporal variation of the extreme precipitation events in Southwest China. The results show as follows. Since the 1960s, extreme precipitation frequency increased with a rate of 0017/10 a in Southwest China, and the proportion of extreme precipitation in total precipitation was increasing. Extreme precipitation frequency changed in different decades. The significant increase area showed a patchy distribution, and reduce area in the region showed a pronounced banded distribution. Southwestern of Yunnan, most areas of Guizhou and central of Sichuan Basin are the high incidence of extreme precipitation area, while the border of Yunnan and Sichuan at YuanmouHuili and northern mountainous areas of Sichuan Basin are less likely to occur. Extreme precipitation frequency showed a significantl increasing trend with a rate of 0031 times/10 a during the summer monsoon, and a decreasing trend with a rate of -0014 times/10 a during the winter monsoon. There was no obvious abrupt year in summer monsoon and annual extreme precipitation frequency. However, there were three abrupt years in winter monsoon, 1969, 1983 and 1994 respectively; summer monsoon and annual extreme precipitation showed periodic oscillations of 27, 15 and 7 years time scale, while the cyclical oscillation on the winter monsoon is mainly concentrated in the 27 and 12 years time scale