Agriculture is the second artificial source of GHG emission. Therefore, it's of significance to reduce agricultural carbon emission and to explore the factors of agricultural carbon emission. In this paper, the method of IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is used to calculate the planting carbon emissions of central China from 1994 to 2013. Based on the Kaya model and the grey system theory model we identified the drives of planting carbon emission and the relationship between carbon emission and its influencing factors. The result showed that:(1) there was an increasing trend year by year of planting production carbon emission in central China, the planting carbon emission reached 11257.63 million tons of carbon dioxide in 2013, an increase of 101.29%, 24.88%, 21.73% compared to 1994 in Henan, Hubei and Hunan province, respectively. (2) In the past 20 years, the factors of efficiency, structure and labor scale can restrain carbon emission. But the factors of economic development is urge carbon emission, it played an important role in planting production carbon emission. (3) In 20 years of agriculture development, the dominant factors is planting structure, and the next is population of agriculture worker, the value of planting, and per capita agricultural material consumption, respectively.

The road networks of 38 counties in Chongqing were chosen as the research object in this paper. Under the principle of the shortest distance and on the basis of the road network topology structure, the weighted average travel time index and the accessibility coefficient were calculated to measure the accessibility level and its spatial pattern of the road networks in Chongqing. The conclusions are as follows:(1) The accessibility of the 38 counties shows the characteristics of the radial concentric circles with the main urban area as the center of the circle. With the increase of the radius from the concentric circle, accessibility level gradually reduces and forms obvious annular differentiation situation. The main districts and the near districts and counties around maintain high accessibility level and the accessibility level gradually reduces with the increase of distance, while the remote districts and counties have low accessibility and inconvenient transportation.(2) The level of road network topological connectivity is low, which leads to the system of the level of road network not perfect enough and low efficiency of the network radiation. The transportation axis with high connectivity are scarce and the dense parts are mainly distributed in the main districts, which contributes to relatively weak network structure and low effectiveness of the network. The overall network is low and "blind spots" exist in the network the high grade road, which weakens the efficiency and level of the existing network. The road network is expected to extend and expand. (3) The network of the high grade road is in disequilibrium, which leads to sharp differences in the accessibility among different districts and counties affecting the regional coordinated development. High grade road especially highway has significant impacts on regional accessibility. The expressway ring built up in the main districts extends outward presenting a radiation structure. The core city circle has high accessibility, but the radiation area is limited.

In the context of political economy, the forces from government and market are reciprocal, resulting in the periodic evolution of urban morphology. Based on historical phases of urban morphological evolution of the Kunming Metropolis from 1909 to 2008, we found that:(1) from the view of the rational micro-process or individual behavior and macro-process or urbanization practice, the evolution of urban morphology follows a Minimum Cost-Cyclic Growth model (MCCG), presenting a cycle of a dual phase of expansion, low density based expanding versus high density base infilling; (2) The MCCG model is periodically and reciprocally derived by a set of vis-à-vis dualistic dynamic, in which low density expansion pattern is led by state based pro-growth infrastructure investment, while the high density infilling movement is activated by collective and rational action of individual enterprise/economic behaviors.

In the strategic context of‘One Belt and One Road’, the research on the urbanization of Yangtze River economic belt, one of the most important economic strategic support regions of China, is extremely meaningful. This paper selected urban resident population, urban built-up area and the gross of secondary and tertiary industries during 2000-2013 years as urbanization expansion index, to systematically analyze population urbanization, spatial urbanization and industrialization urbanization temporal evolution pattern of coordinated coupling of upper middle and lower reaches by constructing coupling coordination model. According to the studies:in the time dimension, the regional urbanization degree of coupling Yangtze River economic belt was on an overall upward trend, there still exist differences in regional coordination coupling, while the most volatile is the upstream coupling coordination degree of urbanization.‘Population-space’coupling coordination degrees of urbanization in Yangtze River Economic Belt regions generally lags behind the‘Space-industry’urbanization coupled coordination. At the same time, spatial urbanization process of urbanization is faster than population. Meanwhile, population urbanization, spatial urbanization and industrialization urbanization coordination need to be optimized. In the spatial dimension, there exists spatial variation phenomenon among‘population-industry’,‘population-Space’urbanization and‘space-industry’urbanization of coupled coordination in the regions of Yangtze River Economic Belt. We can see the whole trend is from east to west and the worst area of the coupling coordination is the upstream region in Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Using the index system made up with the integration of urban and rural areas' development, the coordination of the city and its industry, the balance among different regions, the coupling of the urbanization and the eco-environment, we performed a case study of the coordination of the new urbanization of 105 Cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. By using the Theil Index and the ESDA methods, we found that, 1. An inverse-topography distribution and an obvious "metropolitan-club" feature were founded. 2. Prominent differences were found between the eastern, mid, and western areas of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and they becomes bigger with time. The main differences in the eastern areas are contributed by the differences of the non-capital cities, the main differences in the mid areas are contributed by the differences between the capital and non-capital cities, the main differences in the western areas are contributed by the differences in the capital cities and the differences between the capital and non-capital cities. 3. A significant positive spatial correlation was found, which means the high coordinated areas turn to gathered, and the trends becomes stronger belong time, at the same time, the space spillover effect was also founded.

Observation on radiation and energy budget over lakes are important for meteorological and hydrological studies. Based on the eddy covariance and micrometeorological system, the radiation budget over lake surface, sensible and latent heat flux between lake and atmospheric interface, water temperature and meteorological variables were observed in 2012. Temporal variability of radiation and energy budgets and the environmental controlling factors were analyzed. The results indicated that:(1) Annual mean of the four components of radiation balance in Lake Taihu in 2012 (i.e., downward and upward shortwave radiation, downward and upward longwave radiation) were 146.5 W m-2, 9.4 W m-2, 359.7 W m-2 and 405.4 W m-2, respectively. Annual mean albedo was 0.06. There were obvious diurnal and seasonal variations for each radiation budget. (2)The diurnal pattern of water heat storage was similar to that of net radiation with maximum and minimum values at noon and midnight, respectively. With comparison to net radiation and water heat storage, the diurnal variation amplitude of turbulent energy flux was smaller. The energy distribution is different between sunny and cloudy days:latent heat flux dominates an sunny days, while water heat storage dominate on cloudy days. (3) Correlation analysis between turbulence energy flux and environmental variables indicated that sensible heat flux was mainly controlled by the product of the wind speed and temperature difference at the interface between lake and air; and the product of wind speed and water vapor pressure at their interface was the main driving factor for latent heat flux. This study can provide scientific reference to understanding the mechanism of lake-atmospheric interaction and to identify the contribution of lake in global energy budgets.

Healthy ecosystem is an important foundation for the sustainable development of regional social economy. Studying the changes of landscape pattern and the driving forces of ecological risk is helpful to diagnose the ecosystem status and reveal the source of ecological risk, which can provide a basis for taking measures to manage and control the changes of ecological risk in Chaohu Lake Basin. In this paper, the changes of landscape pattern and ecological risk of 9 administrative units in Chaohu Lake Basin were analyzed based on spatial information technology, and the driving forces of ecological risk were discussed by using econometric analysis model during the phase of rapid urbanization from 2000 to 2013 in Chaohu Lake Basin. The results showed that:(1) The landscape structure changed obviously from 2000 to 2013 in Chaohu Lake Basin, the farmland, woodland and water landscape decreased gradually, but the construction land increased significantly. On the landscape level, the Shannon's diversity index and Evenness index decreased, but the Dominance index increased, which presented the reduce of regional landscape heterogeneity remarkably. (2) As a whole, the ecological risk of the nine administrative units in Chaohu Lake Basin was on the rise, the overall elevation of ecological risk means that the regional ecosystem experienced strong disturbance from human activities. Therefore, measures should be taken to control the rising of regional ecological risk in Chaohu Lake Basin. (3) The driving force analysis of ecological risk indicated that the changes of ecological risk during the rapid urbanization stage in Chaohu Lake Basin were mainly affected by second industrial value, urbanization rate, population density and fixed asset investment, and the increase of per capita GDP would reduce the level of ecological risk to some extent.

Revealing the spatial matching pattern of supply capacity and accessibility of cultivated land landscape recreation function can provide the basis for rational distribution, development and utilization of cultivated land landscape recreation function. Taking Wuhan as an example, this paper used the index evaluation method and expert scoring method, combined with spatial analysis, to establish the research framework of spatial pattern of cultivated land landscape recreation function in Wuhan, from the supply potential of farmland landscape recreation function, accessibility and their spatial match. The results showed that:(1) The spatial distribution of the cultivated land landscape recreation supply potential in Wuhan is gradually decreasing from the center of the city edge; (2) The accessibility of cultivated land landscape function in Wuhan generally shows a distribution pattern of "mid-west high, edge low"; (3) According to the spatial matching of supply potential and accessibility, the cultivated land landscape recreation service in Wuhan is divided into four categories:high supply-high accessibility, high supply-low accessibility, high accessibility-low supply and low accessibility-low supply; and these four categories accounted for 26.17%, 25.24%, 17.33%, and 31.26% of the research area, respectively. The study of the cultivated land landscape recreation function has important practical significance on reasonable development and utilization of cultivated land resources, promoting multi-functional use of cultivated land.

Water resources and water environment carrying capacity are important indicators for measuring regional sustainable developmentand are very important to the development of regional economy. Here we took the population and GDP as the bearing capacity to calculate water resources and water environment carrying capacity of different levels in Wuhan City. We used the per unit GDP comprehensive water consumption evaluation method and assimilative capacity model based on one dimensional water quality simulation and homogeneous mixing model for lake. We used carrying capacity to evaluate the water resources and water environment. Results show that, in 2012, 2020 and 2030, the water resources carrying capacity of Wuhan city circle is in reasonable bearing state, but its water environment carrying capacity is in a mildly overload state. So, water environment carrying capacity of Wuhan city is a more stringent restriction. With the development of social economy and the progress of wastewater treatment technology, water environment will be improved. But Water environment is still the key factor to restrict the economic and social development of Wuhan compared with the quantity of water resources.

We used 2013 remote sensing images and topographic maps to derive the terrain map, and divided the Wanzi Lake wetland into five terrain ladder including <27 m, 27~28m, 28~29m, 29~30m and >30m. We used 1983-2013 daily average water level data of the Wanzi lake wetland to analyze flooding features of different terrain ladder in spring flood period, flood period, recession period and dry period. We combined biological characteristics and human disturbance analysis to determine the Wanzi Lake wetland ecosystem management ranges and strategies. The results showed that the ecosystem management boundaries in those four periods are 29m, 31m, 29m and 28m terrain ladder dividing line, respectively. These are three key time periods and areas. In the spring flood period, the management target is protecting spawning fish and the key area is the river beach below 28 meters. In the recession period, the management target is protecting fish migration and the key area is migration channel. In the dry period, the management targets are restoring and protecting fish spawning grounds, feeding grounds and migratory bird overwintering grounds, while the key area is the river beach below 28 meters. The key point of ecosystem management is removal of excessive human disturbance (including over exploiting and over fishing) and restoration of wetland ecology function. Human interferences need to be prohibited in the key areas such as contracting beaches and waters for aquaculture, using flood to silt beach and low-lying land, river beach plantation, etc.

Point pattern analysis of species in a community is important for gaining a better understanding of the underlying ecological processes controlling the observed structure. In this paper, univariate and bivariate spatial point pattern analysis based on the pair-correlation function were used to evaluate the spatial patterns and associations of Cunninghamia lanceolat in Chongqing Simian Mountains. We found that:(1) There were 65 tree species, 31 shrub species and 20 herb species in the study plot. The population of Cunninghamia lanceolat was declining. The mature individuals were dominant, middle-aged were second in Cunninghamia lanceolat species and no young individuals; The young and middle-aged individuals were dominant, no mature individuals in Rhododendron bachii、,Castanopsis orthacantha and Castanopsis fargesii, these population were increasing. (2) At the 0-25 meter scale, the population of Cunninghamia lanceolat showed a random distribution, Castanopsis fargesii and Castanopsis orthacantha exhibited a clumped distribution, while the individuals of Rhododendron bachii, Eurya loquaiana, Symplocos lancifolia and Rhododendron stamineum were significantly clustered and as the scale increased, the distribution became random. (3) Because of biological properties and habitat factors, there was a big difference of spatial association between the main species. Cunninghamia lanceolat showed negative associations with Castanopsis orthacantha and Rhododendron bachii, but no associations with Rhododendron stamineum, Castanopsis fargesii and Symplocos lancifolia. So Rhododendron stamineum,、Castanopsis fargesii and Symplocos lancifolia should be given priority in near-natural reform of pure Cunninghamia lanceolat forest.

This study estimated the cultivated land use efficiency of all cities in Yunnan Province by using the stochastic frontier production function, and investigated the spatial pattern and evolutionary trend using the ESDA-related analysis techniques and the Gini coefficient. We analyzed the influencing factors by constructing economic models from 2009 to 2013 after the second land survey. Results showed that:(1) the average cultivated land use efficiency in all cities in Yunnan Province has been increasing annually, but inconspicuously. Low-value areas increased obviously, while high-value areas had no significant rises. (2) The overall difference of cultivated land use efficiency in Yunnan Province was obvious, which basically decreased from southwest to northeast. The diversity of land use efficiency of all cities presented a reasonable rate, and the degree of dispersion and variance among cities had been gradually decreasing. (3) The influences of cultivated land use efficiency were complicated and various. Flat land proportion and secure land areas were greatly influenced at the major grain producing areas in the middle and southwest Yunnan, but the east Yunnan was mainly affected by steep hill areas and GDP per capita. The northwest Yunnan was influenced by combined impacts of flat land proportion and GDP per capita.

Based on the daily precipitation data of 115 rain gauging stations from 1963 to 2013 in the Yangtze River Basin, the multi-scale characteristics of spatial-temporal variability of precipitation in Yangtze River Basin during 1963-2013 are revealed by combining the wavelet multi-resolution analysis and the information entropy theory. The results show that, spatially, the variability of daily precipitation series exists obvious local clustering, significant heterogeneity along the latitudinal direction, and quasi uniformity along the longitudinal direction. There exists an obvious dividing line at approximately 103° longitude, and the variability in the west of this line is significantly higher than that in the east. The variability of daily precipitation has a strong linear correlation with elevation, and a weak linear correlation with mean annual precipitation and average number of rain days. Temporally, an obvious dividing line can be observed at approximately 103° longitude from the spectra of the relative contribution of each subseries to the total variability of the original daily precipitation series. In the west of the line, the contribution of each subseries at different temporal scales is higher than that in the east. And there exists an abruptness at the time scale of 256 days in the mutual information spectra. In addition, the time scale of the precipitation variability can be divided into three distinct scaling regions:(1) synoptic (2-16 days), (2) monthly to annual times (16-256 days) and (3) inter-annual (more than 256 days).

The new-type land consolidation and rehabilitation include arable land consolidation, rural residential land consolidation, disused land rehabilitation and unused land reclamation. It is an important prerequisite for realizing the regional master planning and food security guarantee to evaluate accurately the regional land consolidation and rehabilitation potential. This paper firstly selected characteristic indicators which could reflect the internal and external potential of four types of land consolidation and rehabilitation. Secondly, it brought in ecological security and socioeconomic constraint indicators and built a constraint evaluation model to quantitatively evaluate the land consolidation and rehabilitation comprehensive potential under ecological security and socio-economic constraint in the study area, combined with analytic hierarchy process method. At last it partitioned the study area by the K-Means clustering algorithm based on the evaluation result. The results show that the high ecological security condition and socio-economic development can promote the regional land consolidation and rehabilitation potential, oppositely low ecological security and the slow economic development restricts that. At the same time the study area was divided into high potential zone, less high potential zone, general potential zone and low potential zone based on the evaluation values from high to low. The evaluation result and partition under constraints were in more accord with the actual land consolidation and rehabilitation potential. On one hand this study can provide a new method for evaluating land consolidation and rehabilitation potential under ecological civilization, on the other hand it also can provide effective basis and reference for the new round of master planning of land consolidation and rehabilitation.

As one of the three economic hubs in China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) experiences serious air pollution due to the huge energy consumption in recent years. The air pollution in this region became more and more serious with increasingly frequent haze. The main pollution source is respirable particulate matters (_PM2.5). Based on this, data of _PM2.5 from 214 automatic air quality monitoring stations of YRD and surrounding buffer regions from January 2013 to May 2015 were analyzed to examine the temporal and spatial characteristics of _PM2.5 at year, season, month scales. Using Ordinary Kriging interpolation method, we found that (1) The distribution of _PM2.5 concentration was obvious in the YRD region and displayed high values in the north and low values in the south. The annual average concentrations of _PM2.5 was 57.08 μg·m^-3 in the YRD region. From a regional perspective, the annual average concentrations of _PM2.5 in different sub-regions decreased in the order of Jiangsu province, Shanghai Municipality and Zhejiang province, which were 65.84μg·m^-3, 47.31μg·m^-3 and 51.53 μg·m^-3, respectively. The average concentrations of _PM2.5 in this three regions all exceeded the national ambient air quality standard of 35 μg·m^-3. The main reason may be related with the regional industrial structure, regional agricultural pollution, meteorological characteristics and etc. (2) The average concentration of _PM2.5 in different seasons decreased in the order of winter, spring, autumn and summer, which were 82.73 μg/m^-3,54.02 μg/m^-3, 49.71 μg/m^-3 and 41.72 μg/m^-3, respectively. The main reasons caused the obvious differences in seasons were the atmosphere conditions (air mass source, precipitation, etc.), human activities and the condition of natural ecosystems. For example, in winter more stable atmosphere, high frequency and intensity temperature inversion were not conducive to pollution dilution. But in summer more plants grow and flourish, this was conducive to the adsorption of particulate matter in the atmosphere; secondly, the precipitation increase in summer can also conducive to the wet deposition and dilution of atmospheric pollutants; therefore, the concentration of _PM2.5 was the lowest in summer relatively.(3) Monthly average concentrations of _PM2.5 showed a U-shaped curve; the peaks of which appeared in December; after March, the average concentration of _PM2.5 showed a gradual decline; In 5-9 months, the average concentration of _PM2.5 in the bottom of U-shaped curve and reached to the minimum in September; but in June, the average concentration of _PM2.5 concentrations increased slightly because of the straw burning; in October the average concentrations of _PM2.5 rose rapidly and continued to rise in November and December. In this study, the result based on the method of GIS spatial interpolation may cause a few errors; the achievements based on the space statistical method may not represent the real phenomenon completely. But overall, the spatial interpolation method based on GIS provided the way to understand the spatial distribution characteristics of regional _PM2.5; the spatial statistical method based on GIS provided the basic data and material science for the discrimination of regional _PM2.5 concentration level. This paper has important practical significance for the remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants, product validation and local governments to carry out environment management decision-making and so on.

Total amount control for a complicated river-lake system should consider water quality objective of rivers and lakes simultaneously. Zhushan Bay watershed to the northwest of Lake Taihu was selected as the research area. Pollution loads discharged into rivers were estimated by the discharge coefficient approaches. Water environmental models for the One-dimensional river network and two-dimensional lake were constructed and calibrated. Water environmental capacity of river network was calculated based on the calculation method of multi-objectives, and assigned to each control unit. The reduction amount and reduction rate under the condition of total amount of each control unit reach water quality standards were quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the reduction amount of COD, NH₃-N, TN and TP is 834.4 tons, 226.1 tons, 724.8 tons and 108.9 tons, respectively, and the reduction rate is 13.8%, 36.5%, 55.2% and 73.4%, respectively. This paper played a guiding role for total amount control and water environmental protection in the study area, and more importantly, provided important reference for total amount control in a complicated river-lake system.

Phosphorus is the main nutrients to eutrophication in the Chaohu Lake, the study on the content and spatial distribution of phosphorus in sediments can help to guide eutrophication reduction of the Lake. A large number of water and sediment samples were collected from entire lake including its main river entrances. The temporal and spatial variation of total phosphorus and its occurrence characteristics in the Chaohu Lake were investigated. The results showed that the seasonal change trend of total phosphorus contents in Nanfei River and Yuxi River entrances presented a pattern of August May March December. The annual average of total phosphorus content was more than Grade Ⅴ in the Nanfei River entrance, significantly higher than that of the Yuxi River entrance. The spatial distribution indicated that total phosphorus contents in surface water and sediment had a similar trend, the patches of highest contents confined in the entrances near the Hefei City, while there was no significant river input in the eastern lake. Spatial characteristics of total phosphorus in the topsoil (mg·kg^-1) of Chaohu Lake and its watershed showed agricultural pollution in the Hangbu river basin and surface runoff in southeastern lake might be the primary nonpoint phosphorus pollution. The correlation coefficient of total phosphorus between surface water and sediment was 0.515, and the total phosphorus contents in surface sediment were significantly decreased during the algal bloom period, suggesting that endogenous phosphorus cycle was key to Chaohu Lake eutrophication. Our results can provide scientific basis for the comprehensive treatment of the pollution in the Chaohu River Basin and the control of blue algae.

A method of discriminating thermal convective short-duration heavy precipitation was developed, based on the characteristic of ground temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation, according to the statistical analysis on factors such as precipitation and temperature, ground temperature, sunshine duration, during May-Aug from 2008 to 2012 in Anhui Province. Frequency of thermal convective short-duration heavy precipitation was significantly higher than other times. The characteristics of specific humidity, radar echo, stability and energy indexes in thermal convective short-duration heavy precipitation in Anhui province was analyzed based on the Statistic of LAPS (Local Analysis Prediction System) data. A typical case was analyzed about the mechanism and characteristics of precipitation. Finally, the characteristics of thermal convective short-duration heavy precipitation was summarized:The maintenance time of rain is short, the rainfall is heavy, the range is small, with high ground temperature, the difference between the ground temperature of afternoon and morning is big, and the instability index value before precipitation is high, but the low-level wind convergence and shear is significant.

By using the load duration curve (LDC), we studied the water environmental carrying capacity to determine the total maximum daily load (TMDL) based on the target of water quality protection. Using the hydrological and water quality data of 2008-2011 in Liangzi Lake watershed, we employed the main pollutant COD as an indicator to apply the LDC to Liangzi Lake, and analyzed the variation characteristics of the TMDL, and put forward the amount of pollution load reduction under different hydrological conditions. Results show:Liangzi Lake was greatly influenced by non-point source pollution. For Gaoqiao River, Xujia River, Zhangqiao River, Shanpo River, Ning River in the Liangzi Lake Basin, the actual COD load was beyond the permission in high flow period, the reduction amounts are 61.36t/d, 4.33t/d, 12.98t/d, 3.84t/d, 7.13t/d, respectively; For Xujia River and Ning River, the actual COD load was beyond the permitted load in the wet season, the reduction amounts are 0.16t/d and 0.17t/d, respectively. This study would be valuable for the management and pollution control.

We select three meteorological stations and six automatic weather stations which are located along the three gorges valley (in Hubei Province) nearby Xiangxi Yangtze River Highway Bridge (Guojiaba meteorological station). We collected wind speed and wind direction data for comparative analysis, and analyzed the different influence of wind speed in different regions of the valley. The results showed that, in the horizontal direction, the three automatic weather stations of Yandunbao, Guojiaba and Miaobao are near the river, presenting an obvious funnel effect, where average wind speeds are larger, and the frequencies of high-value of maximum wind speed and extreme wind speed increase. The rest of stations located not near the river are affected by the local terrain where average wind speeds are smaller, maximum wind speed and extreme wind speed in large frequency are low; In the vertical direction, the wind speed under 150 meters not change in height, the measured wind-profiling index is approximately zero; At the location of bridge, the value of gust factor is 1.56 where gustiness is strong.