State-Level New Area construction is an important means to promote new industrialization and urbanization strategy in the period of transition in China, and it also promotes spatial and functional reconstruction, which becomes a hot topic in urban geography and urban planning field. This paper compares social-economic development heterogeneity between Pudong New Area of Shanghai and Jiangbei New Area of Nanjing from three dimensions, such as economic development, population agglomeration ability and construction land expansion. Based on dynamic mechanism analysis, we find that the cause of heterogeneity is the stage of development disparities. However, the reason is deeply due to the differences in the dynamic mechanism of regional development. Transportation infrastructure improvement is the foundation of healthy development of New Area, and meanwhile it strengthens its relationship with mother town. Perfect transportation system in Pudong New Area is playing a critical role in rapid growth of economic. Moreover, global capital, integration of industrial park and city and city marketing by mega-events are all important forces in rapid development of New Area, while the comprehensive benefits improvement of Jiangbei New Area is restricted by lacking of market forces and mismatching with industry and city. In the period of transition, the influences of the development state and political elites are also important driving forces towards the development of New Area in China. At last, this study putting forward proposals and measures based on the above results, for healthy development of New Area under the background of new industrialization and urbanization.

The implementation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt strategy has important significance for promoting the economic development of our country, and the Yangtze River Economic Belt innovation ability to promote the development is the key factor. Based on the quantitative research methods of standard deviation index, variation coefficient, location Gini coefficient and concentration index, the regional innovation differences of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in the urban agglomeration level, provincial and municipal level and its reasons were studied. The research showed that the regional innovation had a sustained growth trend, and the regional innovation difference increased with the increase of the regional scale. The main causes of different regional scales affecting the innovation of the Yangtze River economic belt were different. The social environment factor was the main factor that affected the innovation of urban agglomeration. The economic environment was the main factor affecting the innovation of the province. Urban innovation was the main external factors affecting the differences. Innovation concentration decreased with the increase of regional scale. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the Chengdu-Chongqing city groups were in the stage of innovation activities toward to the center of the city agglomeration. However, the Yangtze River Delta city group began to enter the diffusion stage of innovation activities, and the Yangtze River Delta city group would form a huge innovation cluster system.

Since there is no united energy price index in China, this paper constructs a comprehensive energy price index that combines industrial and nonindustrial price indices and can reflect the regional difference. Based on this, with the methods of Panel Date Model and Hierarchical Cluster analysis, this paper constructs the direct, regulatory and dynamic models respectively to test the effect of energy price lever on carbon intensity using 30 provinces' related historical data during 1995-2012 in China. The result shows that: firstly, energy price can impact on carbon intensity through industrial structure, technical level and energy intensity, the depressing effect is 0.576% 0.048%, and 0.787% respectively. Secondly, compare with the direct effect, carbon depressing effects of the former two paths are improved when considering regulatory effect of price lever, in which effect of structure path improved by 44.4%. And there are few changes of technology path. However, the depressing effect of reducing energy intensity decreases by 7.91%. Thirdly, carbon intensity has certain inertia, provincial carbon intensity of last year has a certain influence of it in current year, and the effect is about 70%. Under this condition, when regulatory effect of price lever is considered, carbon depressing effect of industrial structure optimization and energy intensity reduction is far more significant than technology improvement. It indicates that the reductions of carbon emission mainly relay on structure path in short term, but technology improvement is the key in the long run. In general, a reasonable rising energy price benefits energy saving and emission reduction, but the price leverage effect on carbon intensity shows obvious regional difference. Besides, resource tax also has significant effect on carbon intensity decreasing. According to the difference of price leverage, considering the effect of coal tax policy, provinces in China can be divided into five categories: weak, relatively weak, medium, relatively strong, and strong regulatory effect. In the sample period, depressing effect of energy price on carbon emission energy price in eastern and mid-eastern provinces is greater than that in western and mid-western provinces. Generally speaking, there is no direct relationship between the effect of price lever on carbon intensity and regional economic development, but it is influenced by economic development speed, provincial carbon intensity, technical conversion efficiency, characteristics of energy production and consumption and etc.. Besides, in the region with high market level, regulatory effect of price lever on carbon intensity is relatively high, while effect of tax policy is limited; conversely, in the region with low market level, depressing effect of tax policy on carbon intensity if significant, and regulating effect of price lever has not brought into full play.

The paper analyzed the influencing factors of water resources security, and used the water poverty index to evaluate the water resources security of Yangtze River basin. Water poverty index included measures of water resources, access to water, capacity for water management, water use efficiency and environment aspects, and the evaluation index system was established. The improved water poverty index is applied to evaluate the 17 provinces water resources security of Yangtze River basin, and discussed the main reasons that led to water resources security deterioration. The results shown that water poverty index was a useful tool to monitor water resources security, which could provide a basis to development of early warning mechanisms of water resources security.

The Huangpu River is a multifunctional plain tidal river connecting the Taihu Lake and the Yangtze River Estuary, which flows through all central area of Shanghai city. Its main stream is 113.4 km long. From ecological perspective, this article used biotic integrity index of fish (F-IBI) to evaluate the water pollution and health impact of Huangpu River. Fish samples were collected from 7 sampling sites in the Huangpu River from November 2013 to July 2014. Large net cage, three layers of drift net and bottom trawl were used by the same effort. Totally 8816 fishes were caught. These fish were classified into 6 orders and 12 families, mostly 2 families and 24 species belonging to Cypriniformes. Next were the Perciformes and Siluriformes, which have 7 species nd 4 species respectively. According to dipartite degree and correlation analysis, the F-IBI evaluation system was established with 9 indicators. The evaluation results showed that the water ecological system of the Huangpu River was good in upper section, fair in the middle and poor in the lower section. The evaluation results also indicated that owing to the poor state of Xietang section which connected to the Taihu Lake water, the water ecological system of Songpu Bridge was poor or fair state. As Songpu Bridge area provides about thirty percent water for Shanghai, protection the water quality of the Dianshan Lake and the Taihu Lake is the key to ensure the water source security of the Huangpu River upstream. Moreover, in order to improve ecosystem situation of the middle and lower reaches, comprehensive water ecological restoration measures are required.

The spatial distribution optimization of construction land in central urban area which is helpful to bring the maximum benefits of construction land is related to the rational utilization of land resource and socio-economic sustainable development in whole region. In this paper, principal component analysis was used to evaluate the suitability of construction land on raster scale, and emphasize economic suitability according to the characteristics of land use in central urban area. Then, the spatial distribution of construction land in central urban area based on suitability evaluation was realized, using GIS technology. The results suggested that it was scientific and rational to distribute the construction land in central urban area of Hangzhou based on the suitability evaluation of construction land which emphasized economic suitability. This spatial distribution was useful to determine preponderant location for future urban development, and control city's spread development along main roads. Otherwise, the spatial distribution based on suitability evaluation was top-down type, and it was difficult to reflect the space pattern which was caused by the dynamic impact of neighborhood, the interaction between partial rules and decision-making behavior of urban development of different agents. Thus, the deviation between distribution results and the actual city development was lead probably, and the further study was needed.

Land using procession will produce the expected and unexpected output. In the past, evaluation of land use structure ignored the unexpected output which was produced by environment. In this paper, we used the information entropy model to evaluate the land use structure in Qingpu District of Shanghai city during 2005–2014, and used the SBMUndesirable model to evaluate the land use structure efficiency in this area. On the basis of that, we try to find the reasons for the loss of regional land use structure efficiency and the improving ways. The results showed as follows. (1)The land use structure information entropy in Qingpu District was significantly different from that in the central to East and West. The land use structure information entropy sequence showed "M" trend and fluctuation obviously during 2005–2014. The value of spatial information entropy declined from the city center in the middle to the two sizes, the value of spatial information entropy in the western region was lower than that in the Eastern region. (2)Land use structure efficiency in Qingpu District was significantly different from that in the central to East and West. The Land use structure efficiency sequence showed "W" trend and fluctuation obviously during 2005–2014. The value of spatial Land use structure efficiency declined from the city center in the middle to the two sizes, and the value of Land use structure efficiency in the eastern region was lower than that in the western region. (3)If putting the negative output of the environment into the SBMUndesirable model to evaluate the land use structure efficiency, it could more accurately reflect the authenticity of the land use structure of the efficiency. (4)The key factor of affecting the land use structure change efficiency in Qingpu District was the pure technical efficiency, and superfluous resource consumption and environmental pollutant emissions were the main reasons for the improvement of land use efficiency in Qingpu District. Excessive consumption of resources and environmental pollutant emissions were the main reasons for the improvement of the efficiency of land use structure in Qingpu district. Aiming at the reasons for the loss of land use structure and regional differences, the efficiency of the proposed method was put forward. The research results could provide scientific reference for the optimization of land use structure and sustainable development in Qingpu District.

Soil heavy metal pollution is one of the environmental issues that paid much attention in recent years. It's not only directly destroy the environmental quality, but also do great harm to the human health indirectly. So it's significant to study the accumulation and distribution of heavy metal in the city soil. In this study, we analyzed the accumulation status and the pollution source of Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the topsoil in the different traffic circles in Wuhan, and estimated the level of pollution and ecological hazard of the heavy metal, also obtained the spatial distribution map of the elements with the spatial interpolation by ArcGIS. The conclusion is as follows. (1) The mean of heavy metal of Ni, Cr, Cu are lower than the background value of Hubei province, the average value of Cd is almost ten-fold of the national second-level standards. Its accumulation is the most serious. (2) The multivariate statistical analysis shows that the six elements can be clustered into two kinds. One kind is Ni and Cr, the other is Cd, Cu, Pn and Zn. The former's pollution source is mainly the soil-forming factors such as climate, parent material and decades, the latter is mainly affected by the influence of parent material and human activity such as traffic and industry. (3) The pollution conditions varied from different research area. The accumulation in the inner ring is the most serious, the third ring's pollution is the second, and the second ring's pollution is the minimum. (4) The assessment results of heavy metal pollution and ecological risk showed that the research area was serious polluted or highly ecological hazarded, and the degree of inner ring was bigger than that of the third ring, and the degree of third ring was bigger than that of the second ring.

Soil conservation is considered to be an important part of ecosystem services, and is by far the greatest factor for reducing soil erosion, surface sediment and agricultural non-point source pollution. The aim of this study is to investigate the spatio-temporal variations of soil conservation in Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing, which is of great significance to national ecological security. Evaluation results of soil conservation services during 2000–2013 were analyzed by using the InVEST(Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Sevices and Tradeoffs tool) model. We find that: (1) the annual average of soil conservation was 604.39 t/hm²·a with a remarkable variation, increasing gradually along the Yangtze River from west to east. Six counties in the eastern hinterland were the dominant area for soil conservation in Three Gorges Reservoir (about 56%), which was accord with the target of the ecological conservation and development areas of the Chongqing's five major functional areas. (2) For the past 14 years, the annual soil conservation changed significantly, and presented a downward trend overall. As national key ecological function areas and crucial ecological barrier of Yangtze basin, the eastern hinterland found remarkable declines in the average soil conservation. (3) The soil conservation services structured a clear pattern of vertical differentiation, followed a decrease-increase-decrease law along with the increase of elevation. Anthropogenic activities, especially the agricultural activity was the primary cause for the formation tendency. Meanwhile, the soil conservation services rose gradually with increasing gradient, yet the trend decreased. (4) Forest is absolutely one of the most important land cover for soil conservation, while the shrub forest achieved 675.01 t/hm²·a, slightly stronger than the arbor forest with 608.37 t/hm²·a. The terrace fields reached up to 741.97 t/hm²·a, which were much stronger than dry land with 504.84 t/hm²·a. Combining with the fact that soil conservation services were improved during the Grain for Green Project (2002–2008), The results show that it can significantly improve the soil conservation services and reduce soil loss by increasing the forest cover area. On the other hand, the implement of the terracing engineering can effectively prevent soil erosion and improve the ecological environment and agricultural conditions.

By the analysis on the heavy mineral in eolian loess in the upper Han Jiang river valley, we get many characteristics of the heavy mineral. There are more than 20 kinds, including opaque minerals such as hornblende, magnetite, ilmenite etc. They are the advantageous minerals, accounting for 60% of all. The stable minerals are 47.95% of the total heavy mineral, which are the main mineral in loess on Hanjiang River. The kinds of heavy minerals in Hanjiang are similar to that in the Loess Plateau. They are resembled to the stability, indicating the same resource between them. However, the content of stable minerals is relatively high and that of instable minerals is relatively low. The reason is that the distance between the Hanjiang River and the main sourced regions are higher than that between Loess Plateau and the sourced regions. It resulted in the difficult reservation of the instable minerals because of the wet climate. The mineral compositions in different stratigraphy of the loess profile in the upper Hanjiang River are same, indicating the same resource in loess and palaeosol in the late Pleistocene, and the composed materials in the S0 succeed to that of L1 and different content between each other. There are higher content of instable minerals in L1 than that of S0 but relatively low in the stable minerals. The surface of the minerals is fresh and clean, and the clay is relatively less than that in palaeosol. The instable minerals were made into clay minerals because of the strongly weathering and pedogenesis during the formation of palaeosol.

Karst rocky desertification is a serious problem in Southwest China. For better monitoring and evaluation of rocky desertification present situation by remote sensing, a new method for classification of rocky desertification based on thermal infrared remote sensing has developed. Taken Pingguo County in Guangxi province as the study area, Landsat 8 thermal infrared images in 2014 was acquired in summer and winter, brightness temperature was extracted and the difference of brightness temperature was calculated. After analyzing the different levels of brightness temperature rocky desertification threshold, rocky desertification was conducted to grading in Pingguo country. The results of the proportion of the total karst area of Pingguo County in 2014 were as follows. Severe rocky desertification was 3.87%; moderate rocky desertification accounted for 9.19%; mild rocky desertification accounted for 22.26%; potential rocky desertification accounted for 57.46%; non-rocky desertification accounted for 7.22%. By determining the appropriate threshold of temperature difference between summer and winter, it could divide effectively the rocky desertification degree grade. Compared with other methods, the new method has the characteristics with clear physical meaning, simple and effective, objective results etc.

The development of hydropower has destroyed the integrity of the basin ecological system. In order to evaluate the effects aroused by cascade development of hydropower stations to the health of watershed eco-system through quantitative analysis, this paper constructs a comprehensive watershed health evaluation index system within 6 aspects, which separately is based on the integrity of hydrology, the integrity of physical structure, the integrity of chemicals, the integrity of terrestrial organism, the integrity of aquatic organism as well as the integrity of ecological service function. Relying on this system, the structural entropy method is used to calculate the weight of the index and the weighted average method is used to calculate the overall health index of river basin. In order to know the variation relationship among the indexes after cascade reservoir construction, the property of the indexes are analyzed and used to demonstrate the variance ratio. Then this paper sets a case study taken an example of the downstream of Ya-long basin and compares all indexes' variation in high flow period, normal level period and rainless period before and after the construction of cascade hydropower station. At last, the paper is aimed at evaluating the health condition of the eco-system health in the downstream of Ya-long basin after the standardizing treatment of the data. The data shows that the overall health index of the Ya-long river in the downstream is 0.69. While the health index in different stages are different as follows: in high flow period the health index is 0.72; in normal level period is 0.69; in rainless period is 0.68; all of them are in the state of subhealth. That is to say, the study demonstrates that the physical structure integrity and biological integrity in this region are seriously damaged while chemical integrity and hydrological integrity vary relatively small to some degree. However, the integrity of ecological service is improved largely. Seeding from different period, we can conclude that the comprehensive index in high flow period is relative high, so the ecological flow that aquatic organism needed is insured, the biological integrity maintain in a high degree, the ecological benefit improve a lot and the ability of basin water purification is strengthened; while in normal level period and in rainless period, the chemical index changes a lot compared with high flow period, so the integrity of chemical decreases relatively. Moreover, the flow in normal level period is close to nature condition, the index like water temperature and dryness degree variance ratio is low, so the hydrological integrity is relative high. In rainless period, these index vary within wide limit, so the comprehensive health index in normal level is a litter more higher than rainless period. In brief, this paper furthers the study of elements that influenced watershed eco-system by cascade hydropower stations. And some suggestions are provided to serve as reference in evaluation of watershed and reason in restoration.

Assessment of river habitat quality is one of the keys to the assessment of river ecosystem healthIn this paper, an assessment system of river habitat quality was established according to environmental characteristics of rivers in Xuzhou Reach on east route of South to North Water Transfer Project in Northern Jiangsu. This system included 10 indices of river habitat quality for three different habitats (channel, bank, and riparian habitats). The results indicate that the habitat quality assessment score ranged from 33 to 91. According to the criteria of habitat quality, the scores are classified into five categories, namely excellent, good, fair, poor and very poor. The behaviors of 16 reaches were 8 "excellent", 4 "good", 1 "fair", 1"poor" and 2 "very poor", respectively. The rivers in the regions of the project possessed favorable habitat quality which varied mostly between levels of excellent and good. The comprehensive river habitat assessment indicator was negatively correlated with NH₄⁺-N , COD, TN, and positively correlated with DO. Most of habitat quality indices were also correlated with the water quality index. It was indicated the interaction between habitat quality and water quality.

This research takes the Hypophthalmichthys molitrix as the object in the study toexplore the technology for inducing fish to swim cross the ship lock in a home-made Gezhou Dam ship lock mode. All fish are with an average length of 12.5±2.4cm and height of 21.3±3.5 g. The temperature is controlled in the range of (20±1)and DO is larger than 7 mg/L. One hundred fish were randomly selected for each experiment and tested for only once. When viewed video processing data, each region took a 2 hour continuous observation with 1 min intervals for a screenshot to record the distribution of fishes. The fish average aggregation rate (P), trapping efficiency index (I), gate crossing frequency (f) and the upstream and downstream residence time ratio (Tr) were the evaluation index to evaluate the actual effect of luring fish. The results show that an appropriate range of flow velocity had a certain attraction effect to induce the fish into the lock. When the average flow velocity at the gate section was about 0.45 m/s, the average aggregate rate and trapping efficiency index on the both side of the lock reached the maximum value, the rate of fish through the gate recurrence was the highest. When the flow velocity was 0 m/s (control group), the activity routines of fish was not obvious ,only given a certain flow rate, the activity of fish was regular, that was, the phenomenon of the top flow. When the flow velocity was between 0 and 0.45m/s, barycenter of fish mainly concentrated in high velocity area of the gate. When the velocity was greater than 0.45 m/s, then gradually increased, the frequency of the fish into the lock was on the decline, barycenter of fish mainly concentrated in the downstream side of gate, in where the flow velocity was relatively stable. When the velocity reached to 0.75 m/s, the fish reached the limit rate of swimming velocity in the silver carp. To through the gate of high-speed flow area, the fish must accelerate the tail beat frequency or burst slide. Because the gate guide wall distance is long and and the fish need to consume a lot of energy to get through the gate upstream, high-speed flow of fish produce certain drive effect. Therefore, appropriate velocity on the gate region downstream of fish had a certain induction, and fish trapping efficiency between the frequency and velocity of the ship lock showed significantly correlated. When the velocity was greater than 0.75m/s, fish failed to against the stream gradually, and no longer gathered around the gate, then escaped. This paper is expected to provide basic data for the feasibility study of low-head hydro project combined with fishway, and also offer reference for the study of the fish behavior in the future.

Based on the data from the first census of geographical information, Deqing County has been divided into 58 assessment units of water environment space by combining the division of small watershed and polder area. Using spatial analysis and statistical analysis in GIS and choosing sewage production from livestock and poultry, sewage discharge of key enterprises, pesticide and fertilizer input, urban and rural domestic sewage discharge, water pollution load was comprehensively analyzed and water pollution pressure was divided. This study attempted to divide target regionalization of water environment using the outcome of function zoning of both water environment and ecological environment. Meanwhile we conducted a spatial matching analysis by combining water environment target and water environment pressure of each spatial evaluation. Totally, Deqing County has been divided into seven types of water environment risk regions including low-target and low-pressure region, medium-target and low-pressure region, low-target and mediumpressure region, high-target and low-pressure region, low-target and high-pressure region, medium-target and mediumpressure region, and medium-target and high-pressure region, respectively. Then main administrative villages distributed by various pressure and risk regions are identified. This research would improve the pertinence of sewage governance in Deqing County and provide certain reference for guiding industry promotion and spatial distribution.

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and is also the largest single area of habitat for migratory birds. The water level of Poyang Lake continues to decline, and extreme droughts have frequently occurred in recent years, so that the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem are destroyed. In this paper, stable oxygen isotopes were used as a tracer to identify composition of soil water, lake water, ground water and plant water. The focus was on characterizing the variation with depth of the stable oxygen isotope composition and identifying the main sources of oxygen in soil water profiles, groundwater and plant water, understanding the mechanisms of water movement among them. Soil water sampled at 10 cm intervals over the top 100 cm at two sites in the Poyang Lake wetland, and water samples collected from the plants, lake and river water and ground water were analyzed for stable oxygen isotope composition, to explore the recharge and discharge of relationship between them. The results indicate that the range of the stable oxygen isotope value of soil water from two sites varied from –10.48‰ to –5.23‰ and –12.39‰ to –6.55‰, respectively, average value of which were –8.36‰ and –8.63‰. The value of δ¹⁸O at depth of 0 to 30 cm at one site declined with increasing soil depth, however, the value of δ¹⁸O at depth of 0 to 40 cm at another site had unchanged with increasing soil depth. The value of δ¹⁸O of groundwater at one site was smaller than that of Xiu River, at another site was nearly close to that of the Gan River. Thus, the groundwater at one site was mainly influenced by precipitation, at another site by precipitation, lake and river water. The average value of δ¹⁸O of the domain plant Phalaris arundinacea Linn leave at two sites in Poyang Lake wetland were the largest, –0.9‰, Crex cinerascens, –4.23‰, and Phragmites Adans the smallest, –5.25‰. The value of δ¹⁸O of the same plant leave was different at different sample points at same site, maybe due to different characteristics of migration of primary elements such as Ca, Mg at different geomorphological positions(depression, slope) inducing the different impact on plant transpiration. This study provided reference data that could make a useful contribution to the assessment of ecosystem in the Poyang Lake.

The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake induced a huge scale landslide in Huangdongzi gully, part of the sliding mass accumulation in the channel, provided abundant loose materials to the later formation of debris flow, changed the debris flow formation conditions of Huangdongzi gully, and made it from a non-debris flow gully to a high frequency of debris flow gully. Gaochuan village is near the fault, and the seismic esthesia is strong. After earthquake, in every rainy season Huangdongzi gully had different scale of debris flow. On September 24, 2008, July 17, 2009, August 13, 2010, August 17, 2012, July 9, 2013, debris flow happened, and the "7.09" debris flow had the largest scale and damage. This paper focused on the analysis of the debris flow formation characteristics of Huangdongzi gully, and compared Huangdongzi gully with Wenjia gully from terrain, rainfall and geological, and finally obtained the relation of the particle diameter and the formation of debris flow. The impact of earthquake on the terrain conditions mainly included two aspects: the destruction of the slope vegetation and blocking channel to change longitudinal ratio. Huangdongzi gully and Wenjia gully are similar in terms of terrain, and are conducive to the formation of debris flow. Both Qingping town of Mianzhu City and Gaochuan village of An county are in heavy rain area, and rainfall scale in Huangdongzi gully is greater than that in Wenjia gully. The water source and water dynamic condition of Huangdongzi gully are more favorable for the formation of the large scale debris flow disaster. The landslide accumulation in Huangdongzi gully is mainly based on the large grain size, and Wenjia gully is mainly based on the small grain size. Thus, debris flow development level and scale in Huangdongzi gully is smaller than that in Wenjia gully. The results showed that particle size played an important role in the formation of debris flow, more content of coarse particle (>24cm) was not conducive to the formation of debris flow, but more fine particle (<5cm) was benefit to the formation of debris flow. Huangdongzi gully still had a lot of landslide clastic accumulation which could develop to debris flow, thus we should be vigilant in heavy rain season.

Based on acquiring rainfall return period and pumping rainfall of Xiangyang center city, submerged depth and scope of disaster-causing areal rainfall in different return period were obtained by using GIS Rainstorm Flood Inundation Model. Waterlogging flood risk distribution of urban roads was made according to the actual impact of urban waterlogging on the roads. The results indicated that this method could directly show the waterlogging flood risk distribution of different threshold rainfall in different area, quantitatively assessed the submerged depth and scope of flood. Meantime, the method could provide waterlogging flood risk distribution of urban roads, combined with the urban roads information and positioning high-risk waterlogged street, and put forward scientific basis for government.