Abstract: The Poyang Lake Basin of Jiangxi Province is an important part of the inland aquaculture area in China. Exploring aquaculture economic efficiency is conducive to the utilization of fishery resources and the sustainable and high-quality transition of fisheries in this area. Based on the input-output panel data of aquaculture, this study integrated the SBM-XTTobit-GWR model to explore the spatial-temporal evolution of aquaculture economic efficiency from 2016 to 2021. The spatial differences of influencing factors in the Poyang Lake Basin were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The spatial difference of aquaculture economic efficiency was significant, showing a fluctuating upward trend. The average value of efficiency increased from 0.30 to 0.56, and efficiency value in the north was obviously higher than that in the south. (2) The scale of aquaculture, GDP per capita, population density, fishery economic conversion rate and elevation were positively correlated with the aquaculture economic efficiency. The effect of GWR regression coefficient of these factors increased or decreased in steps from the north to the south. The positive effect of mechanization degree on aquaculture economic efficiency was more obvious in the large surface aquaculture area in north Jiangxi. The proportion of professional aquaculture employees and the utilization degree of natural waters were positively or negatively correlated with the aquaculture economic efficiency. (3) In the future, government should reassign fishery resources according to the efficiency zones and the spatial differences of influencing factors, promote the specialization and high efficient development of fishery industry in large-scale.