Abstract: Promoting the coordinated development of new urbanization and urban residents’ quality of life is an important part of implementing the people-oriented urbanization strategy. By constructing the evaluation index system and using the coupling coordination model to measure the coupling coordination relationship between the new urbanization and the quality of life of urban residents in the urban agglomeration of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2010 to 2019, this paper uses the kernel density estimation method and the ESDA exploratory method to analyze the temporal and spatial coupling coordination relationship between the two, and uses the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method to measure the regional difference of the coupling coordination relationship. Finally, the grey correlation model is used to analyze the influence of the new urbanization on the quality of life of urban residents and the change of the coupling coordination relationship between the two, the results show that: (1) The comprehensive index of new urbanization and urban residents’ quality of life is increasing year by year, and the spatial and temporal evolution of the two shows a high degree of fitting. (2) The coupling and coordination relationship between new-type urbanization and the quality of life of urban residents is gradually strengthened, but the overall level is not high. The coupling and coordination index of provincial capitals headed by Wuhan is higher, and the coupling and coordination relationship of other cities is unbalanced. (3) In terms of regional differences, from 2010 to 2019, the imbalance in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River gradually narrowed, but the coupling and coordination relationship within the sub-urban agglomerations was significantly different. The internal differentiation characteristics of Wuhan metropolitan area were the most significant, and the development synergy between cities was low. (4) From the calculation results of grey correlation model and Pearson correlation coefficient, the urbanization rate, per capita GDP and the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP have the greatest impact on the quality of life of residents and the coupling and coordination relationship between the two. Therefore, in the process of new urbanization development, we should relax the urban settlement restrictions of agricultural transfer population, improve the settlement policy, provide free labor skills training for agricultural transfer population, increase residents’ disposable income through multiple channels, improve the supply capacity of production and living service industry, optimize the industrial structure, and promote the coordinated development of new urbanization and urban residents’ quality of life with the goal of high-quality urban life.