Abstract: In recent years, global warming led to frequent occurrence of extreme hydrological events, which caused severe disasters in terms of aggravated soil erosion. Therefore, studying the impact of extreme precipitation on sediment transport is of significant importance towards a better understanding of the influencing mechanism to minimize the impacts of extreme precipitation events. Based on the daily precipitation data of 20 meteorological stations in Jialing River basin and the surrounding areas, this paper selected 7 extreme precipitation indexes, and calculated each index by RClimDex model. The trend change and spatial distribution characteristics of extreme precipitation were explored by using linear tendency estimation method and Kriging interpolation method. Mann-Kendall catastrophe test and Lee-Heghinian catastrophe test were adopted to determine the catastrophe point. Finally, the double cumulative curve method was used to quantitatively analyze the contribution rate of extreme precipitation change and the contribution of human activities to the change of sediment discharge. The results showed that: (1) The intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events tended to increase, while the duration of extreme precipitation events tended to decrease. In terms of spatial distribution, most of the indexes showed a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest. (2) The sediment discharge showed a significant downward trend in the past 45 years, with an abrupt change in 1984. (3) Extreme precipitation and human activities jointly led to the decrease of sediment discharge. Human activities were the main factor, contributing up over 90% of the changes. Compared to the contribution rate of annual precipitation, extreme precipitation demonstrated a greater contribution to the reduction of sediment discharge. This study provided a theoretical basis for improving the ability of disaster prevention and management of water and sediment transport in the area.