Abstract: In the context of the “dual-carbon” goal, it is of great significance to explore the impact of digital village development on agricultural carbon productivity. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2022, we empirically examined the effect of digital village development on agricultural carbon productivity. The results of this study showed that: (1) the level of digital village development and agricultural carbon productivity in all provinces showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2022. A spatial distribution pattern of “strong in the east and weak in the west”was indicated. (2) Digital village development promoted the increase of agricultural carbon productivity, and this conclusion still held after a series of robustness tests such as instrumental variables. (3) Digital rural development affected agricultural carbon productivity through two paths: one was through the improvement of the level of green innovation. The other was through the increase of farmers′ income. (4) Heterogeneity analysis showed that digital rural development had a significant effect on agricultural carbon productivity in the eastern, central and western regions, but not so in the northeastern region. There was a significant promotion effect of digital village development on agricultural carbon productivity in the main grain production area, the grain production and marketing balance area and the main grain marketing area. The promotion effect was the greatest in the grain production and marketing balance area. There was a significant promotion effect in both steep and gentle zones, however, the promotion effect was more obvious in the steep zones. (5) The results of the threshold effect showed that the positive impact of digital rural development on agricultural carbon productivity was characterized by a non-linear increment.