Abstract: Based on survey data from Hubei Province, this paper focused on the behavior and behavioral effects of farmers participating in village domain environmental governance, and the Heckman two-stage model was used for empirical test. The results show that whether it is the village cadres, the total family population, family annual income, family arable land area, behavioral cognition, environmental status assessment, climate change perception and government incentives are the key factors for farmers to participate in village domain environmental governance.Besides, the years of education, environmental tolerance, behavioral cognition, environmental status assessment and climate change perception have a significant impact on the effects of farmers’ environmental governance participation behavior. On these basis, so having considered about the behavioral motives of farmers who participate in environmental governance, this paper discusses the differences between the effects of active participation and passive participation with the help of Oaxaca-Blinder counterfactual decomposition method. And then trying to find the cause of the differences.  Finally, the findings reveal that both the difference in endowment and the rate of return on endowment resulted in the mean behavioral effect of active participants (3.729) being significantly higher than the mean of behavioral effects of passive participants (3.027). Among them, the differences in years of education, behavioral cognition and climate change perception are the main factors that influence the behavioral effects of active participants and passive participants.