In order to improve population capacity of the Yangtze River Delta,this paper aimed to seek some ways to enhance support ability of resources and environment.Based on the experience of international megalopolis,authors of this paper considered that influential factors of population capacity of the Yangtze River Delta are industry assembling scale，resource support ability and environment capacity.According to the result of population project achieved through institution of population and development in Zhejiang University，population will reach 107×108~117×108 in the Yangtze River Delta region in the future.By analyzing support factors of economicpopulation capacity of Yangtze River Delta,it was considered that it is possible for the region to have a population beyond 100 millions，if problems of resource supply and 〖JP2〗environment capacity can be resolved.We also considered that key factors in determining population 〖JP〗capacity in the Yangtze River Delta are levels of land use supply for economic development,supply ability of mineral resources and environment capacity.In order to ensure the stable expansion of population capacity in the region，it is significant to improve safeguard of land use for economic construction by adjusting land use policy at national level,and to strengthen supply ability of strategic mineral resources by establishing the system of oil resources reserve.Meanwhile,the authors suggested that circular economy strategy should be implemented in the Yangtze River Delta region at first.

Given the limitation of traditional method to express the distribution of population,we put forward a new interpolation method to identify the spatial variability of population in certain counties.We used this method to spatially interpolate the population census data at county level based on assumption as well as the regression analysis between population and the land cover information.A case study in Jiangsu Province shows that we can get the spatially interpolated population density with 1 by 1 square kilometers with high accuracy,with the largest overall accuracy being as low as 874%.The distribution of the population in Jiangsu Province has two characteristics:first,the population is dense in cities and sparse in rural area;second,the level of population urbanization of South Jiangsu is higher than Central and North Jiangsu.The two characteristics are consistent with the status of the development of economy and the urbanization of the three regions.By using this interpolation method,we can generate the surface data of population density to accurately and spatially express the regional difference of population distribution.It can be important to provide decisionsupporting information in the planning of resource exploitation,environment protection and constitute the sustainable development strategy.

Regional disparity study is a core content of both regional economic science and government administration since the 1990s.For a long time,regional economic disparities analysis focuses on a single econmic index or a few integrated indices related to economy.Many of them reveal the driving mechanism of regional economic disparities from the aspects of nature,society and economy.However,from the view of sustainable development,regional development is a pattern that contains the coordination development of society,economy and resource and environment.With theories of sustainable development,the authors set up an assessment framework on regional development disparities research,consisting of 27 subindices in three categories — social improvement,economic development,and resource and environment support.Two variables are put forward i.e.comprehensive development index and coordinate development index.Finally,Jiangsu Province is taken as a case study in the assessment and analysis with the proposed framework.

Based on the economic and industrial pollution data in ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan region in the period from 1990 to 2006,a quantitative model was proposed to analyze the relationship between economic growth and the change of industrial pollution.In ChangshaZhuzhouXiangtan region,a heavy industry district,the environmental degradation has been partially controlled with the economic growth since 1990.The relationship between some environmental indicators and GDP per capita in Changsha City shows itself like an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC).However,the relationships between some environmental indicators and GDP per capita in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City unfold like the “U” curve.It appears that the industrial pollution has been improved to some extent,but it rebounded subsequently.In order to further promote coordinate development of environment and economy in the three cities,some measures should be adopted.On the one hand,the government should take measures to adjust industrial structure and optimize industrial arrangement continuously.On the other hand,the government should carry out some positive systems and policies of environmental protection,such as “emission trading institution” and “beneficiary pays” principle etc.

t is very important to analyze the status of the carrying capacity of land resource,to keep balance of the economic development and environment protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.In this paper a simple calculation method was designed to calculate the carrying capacity of land resources,with the latest relevant data in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.The method is based on the analysis of the development process and the detailed definition of the concept of carrying capacity of land resources,which can be divided into three stages:the population carrying capacity stage,the comprehensive carrying capacity stage and the ecological footprint stage.The carrying capacity of cultivated land,forest vegetation,and the forage were calculated and analyzed with the method.The results show that the manland relationship is inconsistent,the distribution of forest vegetation is uneven,while the forage is rich.In the end,countermeasures to improve the carrying capacity of land resource,including forest vegetating which can conserve soil and water,developing traditional industries,such as livestock cultivation,citrus planting and tourism,etc were put forward.

In order to evaluate the coordination level of a system,the method of coordination assessing is designed.Its key procedures are as the followings.Firstly,the system is divided into several subsystems and a number of representative factors that can be easily measured by specific indexes for every chosen subsystem.Secondly,based on the certain criterion the factors are divided into two classifications:satisfactory and dissatisfactory.Counting and summing up the factor numbers of each classification in a subsystem,they are used for calculating the state degree of the subsystem by the normalized process.Thirdly,the location of the state point of the system,depended on the state degrees of the subsystems,is determined in the certain space,in which numbers of dimension are decided by the number of subsystems.In the space there is a line named completely coordinated growth;the state points fallen in the line indicates that the state degrees of various subsystems are equal and develop in the same proportion.Fourthly,the tow distances,one is the distance between the state point and the line of completely coordinated growth (named deviation degree) and the other is the distance between state point and the origin (named advancement degree),can be calculated.Finally,based on the two distances the development synchronism among subsystems and the coordination of the system composed of the subsystems can be evaluated.The method presented by the paper is used to evaluate the coordination among land use subsystem,natural environment subsystem and social and economic subsystem in Tongzhou town.The evaluation results indicate that the method is suited for assessing the coordination of complex system because its meaning is clear and definite,its calculation is standard and simple and its results are objective and constant.

China is one of those countries rich in hydropower resources.However,the rate of hydropower harness is no more than 21% in China.China is at an important strategic stage of constructing a welloff society,which has triggered an increasing demand for energy.So hydropower development has seen an unprecedented opportunity and,at the same time,has to tackle relevant problems such as reservoir resettlement,ecology,environment,etc.Based on the indepth research on such issues as the greenhouse gas emission of the reservoir,whether large scale hydropower belongs to renewable energy,reservoir resettlement and the sustainable development of reservoir area,this paper makes an analysis on the externalities of the hydropower project with the application of the theories of economics,and presents a coordinate mode for the development of hydropower,regional economy and community as well as the protection of ecology and environment.

A series of conflicts have emerged due to the status of Beijing as a capital city in China,resulting in the failure of Beijing to fulfill its function which should be expected for a capital city,and these problems have been increasingly deteriorated.The idea to alter the city,to have dual cities or to expend,has not provided a real solution to solve the problem with the trend of centralization in Beijing in many aspects.This article proceeded with the problems in Beijing and pointed out the necessity of relocating the capital city in China.Then,it analyzed the feasibility for relocating the capital city,in terms of historical lessons,previous experiences,economic viability and workability.Finally,through the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,the authors established an ideal location model for choosing capital location.It is concluded that the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the best choice as place for capital city.The incomparable advantages of this region were analyzed as a capital from such aspects as security,cost and location,and problems with measuring the scale for the model and those deserving attention during the process of relocating the capital were also examined.

Fifteen ostracod species were collected from Tai Lake during the period from September 2004 to August 2005.Their abundance and biomass showed a similar seasonal pattern:autumn>summer>spring>winter.Among 15 species,the abundance and biomass of 〖WTBX〗Physocypria kraepelini〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Fabaeformiscandona〖WTBZ〗 cf.〖WTBX〗fabaeformis〖WTBZ〗 were the highest and played important roles in composition of ostracods community in Tai Lake.The mean abundance of ostracods was 1 590 ind/m2,and the mean biomass of ostracods was 46 495 μg(dwt)/m2.There was the same horizontal distribution for the abundance and biomass of ostracods in 9 sampling areas,and then the high abundance and biomass appeared in the east of Tai Lake (such as East Tai Lake,Eastern Coastal Belt and Gong Bay) because of the feeding and behavior habits of ostracods.Among the 9 areas,except for Meiliang Bay and Gong Bay,there was similar seasonal pattern for abundance and biomass in Tai Lake.The differences in Meiliang Bay and Gong Bay were mainly because of high reproduce energy of eurythermal species.Results of Pearson correlations analysis showed:water temperature,transparency,plant density and dissolved oxygen (DO) were important environmental factors affecting abundance and biomass of ostracods in the lake,but there were a few differences with seasons.

en vegetation transects were surveyed along the QinghaiTibet Railway between Xidatan and northern slopes of Tanggula Range on Tibet Plateau.The trends of species richness and vegetation coverage along the latitude were analyzed.Besides,the relationship between the species richness and coverage was analyzed.In the high altitude region of Tibet Plateau,just as other low altitude region,the species richness gradually rose from the northern latitude to southern latitude of the study area.The coverage of plots rose in the same condition.The species number was 5 or 6 in the northern transects,but it was 9 or 10 in the southern transects.The altitude of the study area was 4 400~4 900 m,so high altitude and the altitude difference between transects did not influence the change rule of species richness.Transects were arranged beside the railway,so the topography was gentle,belong to piedmont,plain or valley.All transects located on the gentle topography reduced the influence of altitude and topography on species richness.So it was propitious to sum up the influence of latitude on the species richness.The vegetation coverage gradually rose as the latitude shifting from northern to the southern part.The relationship between the species richness and coverage was positive correlation in three northern transects,but the correlation between the species richness and coverage was low in the southern transects.The reason may be that few species dominated the community in the southern transects.At last,the vegetation ecology study foreground of Tibet Plateau was described in the paper.The distribution pattern of species richness and the environmental cause may be an important study direction in the future.

he research on the extinction of renewable resources caused by human exploitation should be based on individual rationality and benefitmaximization in the short run.Following this rule,this paper analyzed the extinction of precious renewable resources (PRR) by modeling.The renewing speed of renewable resources increases at first as the stock of resources decreases.However,it will decrease if the stock is less than a certain amount.Accordingly,its function is constructed.The total cost function of exploitation is built on the condition where the activities follow the rule of Diminishing Marginal Product.The concept of PRR is defined and the selling price function is built on the basis of PPR's two characteristics,i.e.nonsubstitution and unproducibility by people.From the two functions above,this paper deduced the speed function of exploiting PRR when the exploiters' profit maximized in the market economy.Based on these models,the extinction of PRR is explained theoretically.In the end,some pertinent measures are proposed according to the model.Besides,we argued that people may avoid the extinction and get more resources permanently if the government manages to control the exploitation and that the ultimate solution resorts to the development of technology.〖

The Three Gorges Project will bring us great benefits;at the same time,it may cause some harm to the environment,which has attracted scholars' attention.In this paper,we monitored the land use change using Landsat TM and MSS imagery in Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1970s to 2005,which were divided into five special historical periods:the end of 1970s,the end of 1980s,1995,2000 and 2005.Based on the known land use data of 2000 and the change detection result,utilizing ARCGIS spatial analysis software,we obtained other times land use data.Using these monitoring data we studied the spatialtemporal changes of land use for 5 different periods in several indexes.It is hoped that this work can help to protect the environment,land use and land layout in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

he water resources shortage and water pollution problems are quite serious in our country,the fundamental reason of these problems lies in the unreasonability of the water resources property rights system,especially the water resources ownership rights system.Therefore,from the perspective of the efficiency and fairness of water resources allocation,also based on the property rights economic theory,this paper mainly discusses the problems about water resources ownership rights and their allocation:firstly,this paper distinguishes the differences between the property right of water resource owners and their real right,the ownership of water bodies and the ownership of water resources in water bodies;secondly,according to the fact that water resources are the natural material foundations of people's living and development,the rivalry property of water resources in usage and regional property of the supply of water resources,this paper also discusses the definition of water resource ownership in water bodies such as river and lake,the reasonable distribution of water resource ownership among social members,the relationship between the state and the water resource ownership rights,and the nature of the stateowned water resource ownership rights;at last this paper brings forward one ownership of water resources which is mainly possessed by social members that can not only guarantee the survival and development right of social members,but also achieve both efficiency and equity of resources allocation.〖

By using a set of balance equation,this paper analyses the production,consumption,input and output of crude oil in 26 provinces in China,in which the oil flow exists.With the ratio of selfsufficiency,these 26 provinces are divided into four productiondemand balance types:basic selfsufficiency,half selfsufficiency,net payout and net supply.After calculating the flow ratios,the 26 provinces are divided into three flow function types:output center,input center and exchanging center.The spatial distribution of output center appears like a rightangle triangle.The spatial distribution of input center appears like an isoscelestrapezium.The spatial distribution of exchanging center appears like an obtuse triangle.According to the main source of crude oil,this paper divides the oilflow space into four flow fields:the North,the Northwest,the East and the South.Among them,the North and the Northwest flow fields are national ones.The route types of oil flow are diversiform,including pipeline,railway,waterway and highway.And the oil flow routes in China form five cluster regions.In the Northeast,the oil flow routes appear like a dendriform network with Tieling as a major node.In North China,the oil flow routes appear like a monaxialbintree with Beijing as a major node.In East China,the oil flow routes appear like a “IIIshaped” pattern.In the Northwest,the oil flow routes appear like a “Xshaped” pattern.In South China,the oil flow routes appear like a “Yshaped” pattern.The different routes of oil flow are either parallelconnected or serially connected with each other,bringing into the multiflowroute benefits.In summary,this research analysed the spatial structure of oil flow,forming a base for the optimization of the spatial organization of oil in China.

The advance of industrialization and urbanization has a huge influence on quantity change in cultivated land;however,difference exists about the influence mechanism of industrialization and urbanization on quantity changing rate of cultivated land.Vector auto regression model was built in this article,and according to the data of Jiangsu Province (1990~2005),the influence variation of industrialization and urbanization on quantity changing rate of cultivated land was analyzed with the application of impulse response function and variance decomposition.It is shown that changing rate of cultivated land,industrialization and urbanization level show nonstationary changing trend,but the influences of industrialization and urbanization on the quantity changes of cultivated land are different with each other.Industrialization has a negative effect on changing rate of cultivated land;urbanization has a positive effect on this rate.At the same time,the influence of urbanization on quantity change in cultivated land will be greater than that produced by industrialization，and the influence of urbanization will be more permanent than that of industrialization,indicating that urbanization plays an important role in changing quantity of cultivated land in the period of industrialization and urbanization's soaring increase in Jiangsu.Therefore,considering the imbalance development of industrialization and urbanization in Jiangsu,the conclusion that controlling industrialization reasonably and advancing quality of urbanization will be greatly meaningful for cultivated land protection.〖

Based on the productive value of crop cultivation and agricultural means of production input data per kilo ha of 11 provinces in main food producing area of China,the treated arable land production efficiency was investigated,and production efficiency value of arable land in each province per year was also calculated using stochastic frontier production function method.It is shown that in the current period,labour and material cost's input dominate the production mode in arable land production.Compared with mechanization production mode,fertilizer and labour intensive production mode is more adapted with small scale farmer household production.There are great differences between the actual output of arable land and potential output under present input level.Arable land production efficiency has no obvious relation with economic development level and interprovincials gap reduced continuously.Over the last 15 years,production efficiency of arable land improved,but its speed slowed down gradually,indicating that maintenance of high agricultural yield required plentiful material input.The cost of production is getting higher and higher.Continued increase in material input has little significant effect on the improvement of production efficiency of arable land.So,to make the best use of existing resources and technical conditions,and to rely on biotechnological advancement,that is to depend on crop varietys betterment to improve the output of arable land should be the major path to improve arable land production efficiency and increase farmers，income in our country.

Cultivated land decrease is an important issue in the process of economic development.This paper aims at analyzing the applicability of the hypothesis of Kuznets Curve between cultivated land decrease and economic development.The authors analyzed the relationship of cultivated land decrease and GDP per capita in seven sample areas—Shanghai,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Hainan,Ningxia,Hebei and Henan —by collecting and analyzing the data of cultivated land loss,GDP per capita and industrial structure.The results showed that cultivated land kuznets curve is not a general discipline regarding that the relationship between cultivated land loss and GDP per capita in some areas is like the curve of inverted “U”.In different areas and different economic development stages,the trend of cultivated land loss has different features.We should take strict measures for the protection of cultivated land,keep a rational economic growth rate,improve the quality and efficiency of economic growth and perfect the policy of cultivated land protection so as to promote the sustainable,stable and healthy development of economy.〖

he hypothesis on the Kuznets Curve of agricultural water use and economic growth in China has been put forward in this paper.Based on the analysis of the trend of economic growth and agricultural water use after reforming and openingup,the authors collected China's panel data of agricultural water use per capita and economic growth indexes from 1999 to 2005,and examined the existence of Kuznets Curve of agricultural water use by econometric model,then analyzed the relationship quantitatively between the agricultural water use and economic growth.The empirical evidence demonstrates that the increase in GDP per capita and added value of farming,animal husbandry and fishery per capita may be associated with the increase of agricultural water use at first,and the quantity of agricultural water use will decline when arriving a point,which basically conforms to the characteristic of Kuznets Curve.China has already located on the right side of the curve now.However,the speed of decline is slow.So,the development of watersaving type agriculture based on the measures of management and technology must be paid more attention,which will be helpful for the improvement of the water use efficiency and the reduction of water use in agriculture.〖

Datong Hydrometric Station and Sediment Monitoring Profile are located in the landward limit of the Yangtze Estuary. The river channel from Datong (tidal limit) to the river mouth is as long as 680 km. The increasingly intensified human activities since the 1980s have significantly changed the sediment and water discharges from the Yangtze River into the estuary, therefore greatly influenced the sediment dynamics and morphodynamics from the lower Yangtze River to the Yangtze Estuary. This paper mainly examined the longterm variations in the grain size of bottom sediments since the 1950s at Datong, the landward limit of the Yangtze Estuary. There is an increasing trend in grain size (〖WTBX〗d〖WTBZ〗50) of bottom sediments from 1977 to 2004 mainly in response to a sustained decrease in suspended sediments from upstream. It is noticed that the riverbed coarsening process has been occurring under the background of local riverbed aggradations. The increasing trend in grain size was mainly caused by an increase of grain size of bottom sediments from the adjacent upstream reaches and by the local sediment exchange between suspended sediments and bottom sediments during the erosion and deposition process. It is expected that the grain size of bottom sediment at the landward limit of the Yangtze Estuary will increase further in the coming decades due to a more dramatic reduction of suspended sediment after the Three Gorges Project and other upstream largescale reservoirs.〖

In this paper the influence of dams on flow regime is analysed.Taking Yichang hydrological station located in the downstream of Three Gorges Dam as an example,ecohydrological season,ecological water requirement and other runoff regime characteristic parameters of Yichang hydrological station were calculated.The results show that dry season is from January to March,subordinate flood season is from April to June and from October to December,and flood season is from July to September;minimal ecological water requirements in the dry,subordinate flood and flood season occupy 24%~27%,30%~50% and 30%~45% of the same period total water quantity,respectively；optimal ecological water requirements in dry and flood season are 30%~42% and 50%~70%,respectively;optimal ecological flows of four major Chinese carps and Chinese sturgeon in the spawning period range from 6 540 m3/s to 12 700 m3/s and from 9 130 m3/s to 16 300 m3/s,respectively,almost occupy 50%~70% of the same period total quantity;average swelling times are 53 and 34,and average falling times are 50 and 51 respectively,and so on.The study provides foundation knowledge for Three Gorges Reservoir operation in the spawning period of four major Chinese carps and Chinese sturgeon.〖

Water quality and the distribution of phytoplankton were investigated in lower reach of Jialing River in the spring of 2006,to analyze the characteristics of phytoplankton and water pollution.The results showed that there were 42 genera and 98 species (including varieties) of phytoplankton belonging to 7 phyla.Xanthophyta and Chlorophyta had high abundance,and became dominant groups together with Bacillariophyta.The dominant species are 〖WTBX〗Tribonema vulgare〖WTBZ〗 of Xanthophyta,〖WTBX〗Chlorella〖WTBZ〗 of Chlorophyta and 〖WTBX〗Cyclotella〖WTBZ〗 of Bacillariophyta.In May the algae species and abundance were both lower than that of in April because of more rain in May.At Shimen Bridge the water flow was fast,the algal density was the lowest;at Hualongqiao the water flow was slow,the algal density was the highest, indicating that water velocity contributed some effects of phytoplankton species and abundance.At each sampling site ammonia contents were very high,so ammonia pollution was the main pollution of the Jialing River.And the phosphate contents were also high,nutrient contents all transcended the lowest limited standard of water eutrophication,the water pollution was serious in the Jialing River.Water pollution was evaluated by saprobiologic analysis and algae diversity index.The pollution belonged to medium type and the agriculture and industrial pollution could not be neglected.〖

To understand the characteristics of road erosion and find effective control measures,runoff plots were set up on QinghaiTibet roadside slopes (fillslope).After twoyear study (2003 and 2004),it is found that (1) It is obvious for engineering measures to control runoff and soil loss.The reduction percent of runoff (soil loss) was 3883％（8189％）and 4872％(9581％),respectively in 2003 and 2004.The effects of drain water from road surface showed that road surface water was also an important driving force for erosion on roadside slopes.To predict soil loss more accurately,runoff from road surface should be considered in building erosion prediction model.In addition,controlling road surface runoff would efficiently minimize soil erosion on roadside slopes. (2) Grass measures only showed some effects in controlling erosion;however,the effects of natural grass proved that planted grass would have great potential effects on soil erosion control if they were well established. (3) Engineering control measures could intercept runoff and sediment at initial stage just after construction,keeping water and nutrient and promoting vegetation growth,which would increase the capacity of vegetation in intercepting runoff and sediment.So the combination of two measures is the most effective way to control runoff and soil loss,all combined measures could reduce more than 40% of runoff and more than 97% of soil loss.〖

Fixed ecological observation plots were established to study the effects of four vegetation patterns—〖WTBX〗Betula luminifera+H. compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f), 〖WTBX〗Pleioblastus+H.compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f), pure 〖WTBX〗H.compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f) and 〖WTBX〗Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocala mopsis+H. compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f)—on soil physical properties. The results showed that the percentage of soil sand and coarse silt of four vegetation restoration patterns declined at the layer 0~40 cm, reversed the trend of soil coarseness of the slope farmland to some degree; the soil physical clay granule content of the four vegetation restoration patterns at the layer 0~40 cm was higher than that of slope farmland, the ability of soil nutrient holding was strengthened to some degree, and 〖WTBX〗Pleioblastus+H. compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f) exhibited the best effect at this aspect. Compared with the farmland, the soil bulk density of four vegetation restoration patterns was higher or lower at the layer 0~40 cm, and 〖WTBX〗Pleioblastus+H. compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f) and 〖WTBX〗Bambusa pervariabilis×Dendrocala mopsis〖WTBZ〗 showed relatively better effect. Despite of 〖WTBX〗H. compressa〖WTBZ〗(L.f), the other three vegetation patterns showed better effects on soil porosity than farmland at the layer 0~40 cm, but in general the soil porosity was still low, especially the ratio between noncapillary porosity and capillary porosity, indicating that soil improvement was unable to be achieved in short time after cease farming and vegetation recovery. Vegetation restoration was just the first step. Only with long period of vegetation root system accumulation in the soil, underground creature amount increased and microorganism built up, can soil have a better structure in full range. Reasonable management and utilization of the vegetation is also important.〖

The rapid economic growth has aroused environmental pollution and deterioration of environmental quality,which is becoming the big obstacle of sustainable development.On the database of the change of environmental quality,the authors analyzed the impact factor on deterioration of environmental quality as well as its driving mechanism.According to the theoretical framework of functional mechanism of economic performance and institutional discharge on environmental quality,econometric method was applied in the experimental analysis on the case of mixed section data from 1999 to 2004 in China.The analysis result showed that economic growth，industrial structure and urbanization level had exerted much impact on deterioration of environmental quality.Whereas,environmental protection investment,public participation,bylaw and environmental administrative manage were helpful for pollution control.Finally the paper put forward the suggestions of reducing and controlling pollutant,including integrated environmental management means,industrial structure and distribution adjustment and institution innovation,etc.〖

A good and harmonious environmental law institution is the base of environmental legal system building.Environmental Protection Act (EPA,1989) needs reform,because some institutions of EPA cannot suit the new market economy system and the scientific development idea,such as responsibility of environmental aim,levy system of pollutant discharge,EIA,undertaking treatment within a prescribed limit of time,public participation.At the same time,many new effective institutions are in dire need of affirmation by legislation.The conclusion is reached that the EPA plays the role of integrated environmental legislation,so,the amendment of EPA should keep the whole environmental idea.Based on skeleton investigation and theoretical thinking,we put forward six suggestions on the amendment of EPA 1989:to upgrade the legal level,establish the environmental priority,restrict the administration,advocate environmental selfdetermination,encourage public interests litigation,promote cooperation and efficiency,in order to provide reference to amendment of EPA and perfection of environment law institution〖

The most serious low temperature,raining and snowing,icing disaster since the winter of 1954/1955 appeared in the beginning of 2008 in Hubei,which caused direct economic loss up to more than 11 billion yuan.Analyzing characteristics of this disaster and its impact on every trade will provide information and suggestions to similar or other disaster resisting in the future.The results are as follows:（1）the disaster has the following characteristics:a large number of people are affected,severe losses,the destruction of the third and fourth snow process accelerated,strong and long term delaying effect,great burden on the farmers.（2）the affected trades can be clearly classified to 9 types,that is,transportation,electrical network and supply system,communication,agriculture,forest industry,enterprises and municipal facilities,people′s daily life,lake and river freezing,which can be further divided into 24 small types,involving in every aspect of society and common life,demonstrating that the disaster has large scale of influences and serious destruction.（3）the affecting factors mainly contain low temperature,freezing (road or power line icing),snow load,together with strong winds,snowing fog,frozen lakes,snow and ice melting.（4）the longterm snow with low temperature and large quantity of snowfall cause a great harm to the agriculture and forestry industry,and the serious freezing of the electricity,communications,construction facilities,road construction and traffic have greatly 〖JP2〗affected the electrical network,power supply,public safety,social production and daily life.〖

The Huaynaputina eruption (Peru) in AD 1600 is one of the greatest historical eruptions in the world during the past 1000 years.Here,the possible climatic impact of the AD 1600 Huaynaputina eruption in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is investigated utilizing Chinese historical sources.Valuable relevant records are found in the Notes on Experiences (Jianwen Zaji),Collected Works of Hongdao Yuan and the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is shown that the climatic impact in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River should be complicated.According to the records in the notes on experiences and the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it snowed and was abnormally cold in the summer of AD 1601 in the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.According to the records in the Collected Works of Hongdao Yuan and the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it snowed abnormally heavily and was also abnormally cold in the beginning of AD 1602 and spring of the year in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.These climatic anomalies agree with the records in European historical sources and tree ring chronologies in the northern hemisphere.In addition,it was abnormally hot in the autumn of AD 1601 according to the records in the Notes on Experiences and the local chronicles of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Not all of the climatic anomalies can be attributed to the Huaynaputina eruption,but the Huaynaputina eruption should be a major cause.〖

There are so much serious disasters caused by the debris flow which blocking the mainriver that more and more scholars pay their attention to it.In order to offering the references to controlling of debris flow disasters,such as the assessment of debris flow and the danger degree of debris flow division,the characteristic of the blocking main river type of debris flow and estimating the danger degree of a blocking main river type 8 debris flow gullies were studied in the paper.4 blocking main river type of debris flow gullies,2 semiblocking main river type of debris flow gullies and 2 nonblocking main river types of debris flow gullies in the upper reach of Minjiang River were analyzed.Based on the analysis and comparing characteristics of 8 debris flow gully samples,representational fluid characteristics of each debris flow gully and the characteristics of main rivers where debris flow gully converge,and combining with the works of some scholars,the experiential equation of assessing the possibility in debris flow blocking main river was concluded.

Fractional integral is an essential branch of fractal theory.In this paper,the authors adopted fractional integral in the evaluation of time series dimension,which has a higher accuracy than other methods such as box dimension,gauge method and so on.The characteristics of flood event series were then analyzed by using fractal theory.It is shown that the flood events have the character of selfsimilarity.The authors applied fractional integral in the classification of seasonal flood periods,and compared with the method of capacity dimension by taking the discharge data of Shigu station in the upriver of Jinshajiang as the major objective of research.The classification results using fractional dimension method turned out to be more objective for less subjected to experiences and anthropogenic influence.However,due to the large demand of flood peak points,the workload of analysis and calculation is enormous.Fractional integral is conveniently operated with the production of accurate results;in addition,the established fractal function relationship provides convenience for further analysis.〖