By introducing the concept, principle, system and legal base of spatial planning in Germany, this paper summarized the characteristics involved in the planning. The spatial planning system in Germany combines not only tightly with the legal system, but contains various kinds of plannings at different spatial levels for different purposes, which may be divided into comprehensive spatial planning and functional planning. The spatial planning system can be further classified into the formal planning, which has legal effect, and the informal planning which has special purpose. The concept of sustainable spatial development was applied in the whole spatial planning system. Regarding the problems existed in the land use planning system in our country, the paper proposed some possible improvements and suggestions.

Under the condition of China's entry into the World Trade Organization and the deepening of marketoriented economic reform, the development of service industry is very important to the further growth of Jiangsu's national economy and the solution of employment, and it is also an effective way to improve the competitiveness of Jiangsu's manufacturing which has been an key sector of economic development. Through the shift share analysis method, this paper analyzed the structural benefit and competitiveness of Jiangsu's Service industry from 1990 to 2002 by comparing with Shanghai City and Zhejiang Province both in the Changjiang River Delta Region. Before the application of shift share analysis method, this paper reviewed some published literature and pointed out that there are shortcomings in some of these studies, mainly due to the selection of base period and frame of reference. The authors then have improved the application of shift share analysis method to make the results more reliable. The research results showed that the growth rate and structural benefit of Jiangsu's service industry are superior to Shanghai and Zhejiang, but the competitiveness is inferior to Shanghai's service industry and Zhejiang's service industry, and the latter will restrict the sustainable and rapid development of Jiangsu's service industry. For further enhancement of structural benefit and competitiveness and faster development of Jiangsu's service industry, the government from now on should start to solve problems in relation to the localization of Jiangsu's service industry development, the internal structure and the optimization of Jiangsu's service industry, the construction of talented people and the enhancement of competitiveness of Jiangsu's service industry as well as service industry deepened reforming. If the above problems were resolved in the future, the competitiveness of Jiangsu's service industry should become much better improved, and its service industry will undergo a much faster development.

In the 21st century, the hubandspoke logistic network, which should be a reasonable and highly efficient spatial system, will be of supportive value in the development of an open economical system. It is thus necessary to consider the riverside area along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province for the construction of hubandspoke logistic mode. Based on the survey on hubandspoke logistic modes at home and abroad, this paper explains the competitive superiority and negative impact of hubandspoke logistic mode. By selecting ten indexes and using R type factor analysis, this paper calculates logistic central indexes of 41 central towns and chooses Hefei, Wuhu and Anqing as logistic centers in the riverside area in Anhui Province. At last, this paper constructs main routes and lateral routes according to three hubs and three principles, thus forming hubandspoke logistic network for central towns in the riverside area of the Yangtze in Anhui Province.

The coordinated development of Guiyang City has aroused much concern especially with the implementation of the national Western Zone Development Strategy. In this paper, characteristics of the environmentaleconomic system for Guiyang city were analyzed. Four kinds of basic characteristics covering economy, population, technology and environment were presented. Then, a framework for the coordinated development strategy is proposed, in which methods of system dynamics (SD) model, scenario analysis and coordinated degree analysis are integrated. With its guidance, a SD model was built for Guiyang City. Five scenarios were also identified, considering the driving factors such as gross domestic product (GDP), resource, pollution and environmental protection facility. Accordingly, under these scenarios, prediction and coordinated degree analysis were conducted. Resting on repeated processes of simulation, feedback, adjustment and analysis, the fifth scenario was consequently identified as the optimum development mode. Corresponding principal strategies were then proposed, providing scientific base for decisionmaking during the coordinated development in Guiyang city.

As Dongting Lake is one of the two biggest lakes still linked with the Yangtze River, its fish resource study becomes important and valuable for the evaluation of lakes in the river basin. Therefore, a monthly survey of fish resource was carried out from September 2002 to June 2004. 111 species belonging to 9 orders and 21 families were recorded, including some cherish and rare species, e.g. Acipenser sinensis Gray, and Myxocyprinus asiaticus. The number of fish species varied within the year, with the highest number 69 species, the lowest 26. The dynamics of diversity index matched well with the number of species, with its fluctuation being relatively even at an average of 2.84±0.38. The number of species and then diversity in connecting areas with water flowing into lakes were higher than those in opening water areas of the lake. The limnicolous fishes accounted for over 50% of individual fishes, among which the common carp Carassius auratus auratus was the most abundant, accounting for 16%. In conclusion, as a linking lake, west Dongting Lake acts as shelter and intercourse grounds for fishes and is a place for the protection and restoration of fish diversity in the lake and also in the Yangtze River. The fact that the percentage of limnicolous fishes increased over recent years at west Dongting Lake should be considered in any project in order to protect the natural fish resource in the lake and also in the river.

Based on fisheries dynamic monitoring data during April~June from 2000 to 2004, the paper analyzed the effect of springfishingban season on fishery community structure and species biodiversity in Changshu section of the Yangtze River. The results showed that fishes of 11 orders, 18 families, and 46 species were represented in Changshu section of the Yangtze river. After the season, the total catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased sharply in the section; the dominant species were mainly commercial fishes such as Coilia ectenes, Mugil cephalus and Parabramis pekinensis and the annual change of dominant species was not obvious. The CPUE of Coilia ectenes had risen up and the trend of resource deterioration had been kept within limits. The caught rate of pintsized and juvenile fish rose markedly. The Margalef's index and Wilhm's index had an evident tendency of rising, while McNaughton's index and Pielou's index waved slightly. The ecological effect of springfishingban season on the protection of fishery resources has been obvious: the interspecific structure of fishery resources has improved to some degree and the biodiversity ascended after fishingban season.

In a study on the vegetation in Jiuding Mountain, the source of Tuojiang River, we analysed the law between species diversity and the altitude and identified the factors influencing the vertical distribution pattern of vegetation and biodiversity. In the east of Jiuding mountain, arbors dominated the upper layer of the community, and their shade has a significant effect on shrubs and grasses underneath from the valley to the forest borderline. In communities with a higher coverage of arbors, shrubs and grasses are sparsely distributed; in secondary forests with lower coverage and areas of higher altitude above the forest borderline, species and quantities of shrubs and grasses increase to a large extent. Similar change was found in Hill index, N1 and N2 indices: below the forest borderline, the value of diversity index decreases in the order of arbor>grass>shrub. This becomes much more significant at the altitude of more than 3 500 m, where the diversity index of grasses is the highest, second to it is shrub, while arbors no longer exist.

Since the idea about the sustainable development was proposed in 1990s, much research has been carried out in relation to sustainability in land use at the county and /or city levels. But, little is known in respect to the sustainability of land use at the level of development zone. In combination with the special functionoriented development zone, the index system for evaluating land use sustainability in development zone was constructed in this paper. The fuzzy mathematics is applied to evaluate the land use sustainability of Wuhu Economic and Technological Development Zone (WETDZ). It was shown that the land use in WETDZ is midsustainable.

The understanding of evolutional process in Meimaosha in the south passage of the Yangtze River Estuary may provide scientific base for the construction of reservoirs along the river. According to data of charts and insitu water and sediment change for about one hundred years, especially the recent field measures obtained in 2003 and 2004, the form history and evolutional process of the Meimaosha were discussed. The results showed that the formation and growth of Meimaosha had undergone three phases, i.e. the erosion of local beach, the growth of spitting and the formation of sand ridge. Meimaosha exhibited characters of tidal sand ridge as its middle axe had a good stability along the direction from northwest to southeast under the action of steady and driving flood and ebb tides in the passed half century. It is likely that the construction of the reservoir project will change the whole south passage to a new type watercourse suitable for water and sediment passing.

The transaction model of water rights is the core in theoretical and practical study of water market. Based on the market norm of double auction, this paper analysed the characteristics of double auction in water rights market, and established the Bayesian model in incomplete information of water rights double tradeoffs. A mechanism design of water rights double auction was given and its effectiveness and incentive compatibility proved. Lastly, the implementation of the model was given.

Taking Maotiaohe watershed in Guizhou province as study area, the mechanism of soil erosion was analyzed by applying basic principles and methodology of environmental economics. The economic loss of soil erosion was estimated, and the spatial distribution of economic loss caused by soil erosion was revealed, which provides scientific basis for soil and water prevention and sustainable development of the study area. The result showed that the total economic loss of soil erosion reached 36 602.44 × 104 Yuan, and the losses of soil nutrient, abandoned land, water and sediment accounted for 89.46%, 4.64%,1.05%, 4.85%, respectively. Among land use types, economic loss of soil erosion was the highest in dry land, accounting for 61.94% of the total loss. Among all counties, the economic loss caused by soil erosion was the highest in Qingzhen City, accounting for 32.87% of the total. The economic loss per unit area in the study area was 1 174.86 Yuan /hm2, and was higher in the north and southwest of the study area. Ecological compensation should be put in practice in order to prevent the soil erosion and water loss.

It is significant to study the pollution of heavy metals in soil, because the pollution is related with the safety of primary products. The objective of this paper is to describe the spatial dynamics of heavy metals in soils, and evaluate the pollution level of heavy metals in spatial scale. Thus, Nantong city in Jiangsu province was selected as the research region, and data obtained were analyzed using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Modeling and 3S technology. The results showed that the ANN modeling cannot intelligently reveal the relationship between spatial position and heavy metal content, and predict robustly the heavy metal contents in interpolating dots and reveal correctly the pollution level in every dot according to teacher signals. It is concluded that the farmland soil in large region in Nantong city should be grouped into lower pollution lever, but some fractions belong to severe pollution lever. They are coincident with the actual facts, so ANN modeling can provide a new thought and method to investigate the problem of soil heavy metals.

River system was a major transportation channel between land ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem, and river ecosystem normally controls the nutrients output to the downstream by influencing nutrients cycling in the ecosystem. As a major element of eutrophication, nitrogen exists in different forms and concentrations, which are affected by physical, chemical and biological characteristics of river ecosystems, and the natural flow of nitrogen in a river may be disturbed by human activities, which in turn will accelerate eutrophication in rivers. The detailed information of nutrient retention mechanisms, influencing factors and ecological effects of human intervention were reviewed in this paper. With the increase of eutrophication as a major baffle to watershed ecosystem health, further study is needed to examine the effect of nitrogen retention in river ecosystems and corresponding restoration measures.

For a long period, the industrial and city sewage were over-discharged along the Yangtze River, which would no doubt have harmful effect in estuary environment either directly or indirectly. So it is very necessary to study tidal flat environment of Hengsha, and to qualitatively assess the environment. Based on heavy metal analysis in intertidal sediment samples in Hengsha, spatial distribution and accumulation of heavy metals were concluded. Up to now, the tidal environment of Hengsha is relatively clean, but there is still severe pollution trend at some places, owning to the city sewage discharge, and the wet and dry depositions of automobile tail gas and industrial dust. The concentration of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb were the highest among heavy metals and even reached 2.34, 4.24, 2.74, 1.63 times to sediment background. Through correlation analysis on sediment granularity and organic component with heavy metals, factors which control the heavy metals include effect of water dynamic action and activating effects of tidal flat livings.

The system of sedimentinterstitial water in typical innercity hypereutrophic lake in Wuhan City was studied. Sediments of this system were sequentially extracted in natural granularity. The result showed that there was a good linear relationship between organic matter (OM) and org / bact P contents in sediments. This organic matter in sediments was the source of org / bact P. The total phosphorus in sediments dominated the content of total dissolved phosphorus and phosphate in interstitial water. In addition, there were good relatiohships between total phosphorus in sediment and the total dissolved phosphorus in interstitial water, and between total phosphorus in sediment and phosphate in interstitial water. FeP and AlP in sediments were correlative with Eh and phosphate in interstitial water, respectively. This showed that the FeP and AlP contents were affected by Eh in interstitial water and the total content of FeP and AlP dominated the content of phosphate in interstitial water. Through studying the system of sedimentinterstitial water in typical innercity hypereutrophic lake, the experimental result has theorectical value in controlling phosphorus release from sediments to the water in these lakes.

After the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the artificial operation of the reservoir may cause the periodic change of the water level, and an enormous riparian zone will be created in which the ecotone of aquatic ecosystem and the terrestrial ecosystem may come into action. This zone will be characteristic of ecological vulnerability, the periodic change and the frequency of human activity. Upon the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the influence of human's activity will increase; furthermore, the riparian zone itself may become much ecologically vulnerable. If no effective measures were taken into effect, the operation of the reservoir would be influenced and the sustainable development in the area damaged. This paper thus studied the characteristics in the change of water and soil environment and analyzed the interaction in the riparian zone. Some countermeasures such as buffers, compound ecology，SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology), watershed ecology, artificial wetland and ecological riverbank technologies have been proposed for the protection and controlling of the riparian zone.

Substrate suitability is critical to the restoration of submersed macrophytes in shallow eutrophic lakes. Since benthic animals are good indicators of sediment eutrophication, the authors conducted a pioneer study during 2002~2003 in Yuehu Lake, a hypertrophic urban lake of Wuhan City, with the purpose to explore the indicative value of macrobenthos distribution in determining macrophyterestorable area. First, by correlating density and biomass of different benthos with trophic variables of sediment, density of Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) was selected as the best indicator. Secondly, on the basis of the data from 16 Yangtze lakes, a significant negative relationship between tubificids and macrophytes was detected, and it is demonstrated that the sediment with tubificids less than 100 ind/m2 could be suitable for macrophyte growth. Finally, the horizontal isograms of tubificid density in Yuehu Lake were drawn, showing two proper places for macrophyte restoration. As the first attempt, the authors have established a principal framework for indicating macrophyterestorable area by macrobenthos distribution, and will focus on the threshold analysis in the future.

Different problems in “Conversion of Farmland to Forestland” exist in different regions. Ecological restoration in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, which belongs to disturbed mountainous region, needs to be examined from different perspectives and scales. As a challenge, the restoration projects may be contradictory in maintaining ecological system and exploration, and may have different effects on different groups of people. By analyzing the complexity of upper Minjiang River Valley, the ecological effect of reforestation was discussed in different case study areas. The results showed that the biodiversity and soil quality increased in the wellreforested land. It is suggested that human intervention is needed in reforestation. With the social and economical investigation, suggestions were put forward to solve problems in “Conversion of Farmland to Forestland”.

The physiognomy, species composition and the structure of communities in the restoration process in Tudiling of Mao County on upper reach of Minjiang River were studied. The results showed that the physiognomy, after afforestation, was characterized by phanerophytes with microphylls, simple, unentire, herbaceous leaves, which represented some features of temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest matched with the early successional stage. There were obvious differences in species composition of four communities, and the richness was the highest under closed afforestation and the lowest under disturbance. The vertical structure was more complicated, Rubus setchuenensis dominated in shrub layer of all four communities in the restorational processes of vegetation. The low species richness and evenness, and restricted progressive succession were mainly determined by grazing. The coverage of upper layer had a significant effect on the lower layer. The unpalatable grasses quickly predominated in herb was also caused by grazing. The DBH structure indicated a trend that Pinus armandii forest would be replaced by Picea spp. The closed afforestation adding some species of climax was the more suitable type of restoration here.

Minjiang River is a very important tributary of Changjiang River and is located in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau which is an important constitute of geotectonic units of China. It is also a changed area of geology, geomorphology and climate. The authors according the linear relation between river terrace and river incision studied the incision rate of Minjiang River's upper and middle reaches, and reached a conclusion that the average incision rate of Minjiang River's upper reaches is 29.62% larger than the average incision rate of Minjiang River's middle reach. The reasons are the difference in the channel gradients of Minjiang River's upper reaches and middle reaches, and the elevation movement of earth crust which is different under the river channel.

The flow regime is recognized as a key factor determining biological and physical processes and characteristics in a river. But water projects can substantially change the natural flow regimes of water bodies around the world. The IHA method is used in this paper to evaluate the effect of Gezhou Dam on the hydrologic regimes of Yangtze River using historical streamflow records obtained before and after the building of the dam. In general, the effect of Gezhou Dam on the hydrologic regimes of Yangtze River is rather limited, although it changes parameters such as rising and falling rates to some extent due to the limited storage capacity of the reservoir.

In this paper, the problem of hydrological scale was discussed based on the chaos theory and artificial neural networks, and a method on the chaos theory and neural networks was used to analyze runoff downscaling. After comparing the chaotic characteristics of decomposition coefficient of annual runoff in large scale with decomposed monthly runoff in small scale, it is concluded that the decomposition coefficient series belong to chaotic series. A BP neural networks model based on chaotic phase space was used in forecasting the decomposition coefficient, and the predicted result used in calculating monthly runoff downscaling. Test results demonstrated that it is reasonable to use BP artificial neural networks for the description of nonlinear relation in the phase change of decomposition coefficients and to use a BP neural networks model based on chaotic phase space for the analysis of runoff downscaling.

This paper analysed characteristics in the variation of mean temperature, the minimum temperature as well as the maximum temperature in the Yangtze River Valley over the period between 1951 and 2000. The temperature was significantly higher in 1950s, and dropped down with fluctuation from 1960s to 1980s, and then rose up afterwards. However, the changes were to some extent different in relation to mean temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature in different seasons and regions. A pattern with the temperature rising up in winter but dropping down in summer on the region of upper and middle reaches, and with the mean minimum temperature rising but the mean maximum temperature dropping down was observed. A uniformly declining trend was observed in the lower reach in every season.

With the help of NWPsT213L31 and MAPS, the initial factors are obtained after dealing with data of grid points at certain range. By applying cluster analysis method and according to optimum disposal strategy , factors are divided into several “segments” respectively and real values of area rainfall (R) are divided into four extents: R=0 mm, 0 mm

By using the daily precipitation data of 81 stations in six provinces and one city in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during the 1960~2003 flood season (from May to September), the annual torrential rain event genesis frequency in different stations were obtained by statistical method, and its spatial and temporal distribution in last 44 years were studied. Southern Anhui Province and Northern Jiangxi Province are the areas where the genesis frequency is the highest, while Northern Hubei and Northern Anhui the lowest. Over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, the consistent abnormal characteristics is the main spatial distribution pattern. There are five main spatial distribution types: two lakes and plain type (Ⅰ), northern type (Ⅱ), Yangtze River type (Ⅲ), southern type (Ⅳ) and coastland type (Ⅴ). From the longterm change, types Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅴ showed obvious increasing trend. Although the observation was not in a long-term, type IV showed decreasing trend first and then increasing trend. Type II had a slight decreasing trend. The oscillation period of these distributions are unconsistent over the last 44 years.

The simulation of flood routing and the computation of flooded areas are key tasks for flood control, damage estimation and emergency management. Meanwhile, it is necessary and possible to apply numerical simulation, database and GIS technologies in the research field of floodcontrol management as well as to the computation and analysis of flooded area simulation by GIS. This paper, taking the lower reaches of Haizi reservoir basin as an example, discusses the application of approaches and methods of GIS in the computation of flooded area and in the establishment of flooding analysis system for flood prevention and mitigation. At first, software and hardware environment, system structure, contents, main functions and technical characteristics of application system are expounded. Then, on the basis of obtained data, present work and current resources, a GISbased flooding analysis system was established by adopting numerical simulation, digital elevation model. The system realized such major functions as map manipulation, information query, information management of hydraulic structure behavior, computation and analysis of flooded areas, management of flood control, information issuance and statistical output, which was characterized with composite structure of Client/Server mode and Browser/Server mode, massive data management, metadata organization and modular development. In addition, the system was applied for the flood control and mitigation management of the reservoir valley for Beijing bureau of water resources. At last, it is concluded that the adopted technical methods and numerical model can simulate flood routing, compute flooded areas and assess flooded losses, thus providing a scientific basis for the fast assessment of flooded losses and decisionsupport service of flood control, and that the computation precision of flooded areas and the veracity of disaster loss assessment and forecast are mainly dependent on the quality of spatial data and the complete extent of relative statistical data.