Globallocal force has made a profound impact on the regional urban system under opening condition,especially for the developed areas along the river.The paper gave a study on urban system along the Yangtze River based on Fractal Theory in Jiangsu Province in 2006.Four characteristics have been summarized:(1) The size of the hierarchical structure of the urban system comply with Zipf's Law,and the primary city of Nanjing is not in a position of absolute monopoly in the regional city system.(2) It has been proved that the regional cities and towns are in close cont〖JP2〗act and has excellent transport network accessibility,〖JP〗according to the spatial correlation dimension.(3) The fractal structure of Yangzhou,Zhenjiang, Nanjing and Suzhou cities is much better,while that of Nantong,Taizhou,Wuxi and Changzhou is poor.(4)The fractal structure of Yangzhou of regional urban system is most perfect,and the spatial pattern has not changed.

To deal with the challenges that face the energy sustainable development in Jiangsu Province, this paper aimed at ensuring balanced supply and demand of energy and coordinating energyeconomyenvironment system,focused on energy structure optimization,energy supply system optimization and promotion of energy conversion efficiency and its cleanability,and took full utilization of advantages for energy development in various locations in Jiangsu as the main thread,so as to extract basic patterns of energy sustainable development in Jiangsu,which consisted of optimal exploitation pattern of own resources and the exploitation pattern of imported resources.The optimal exploitation pattern of own resources can be subdivided into three subpatterns,that is,Xuzhou Coal Industrial Complex,North Jiangsu Oil Industry Base and Coastal Mudflat Renewable Energy Base;the exploitation pattern of imported resources can be also subdivided into three subpatterns,that is,Yangtze Electricity Industry Base,South Jiangsu Load Center and Coastal Port Energy Base.Such energy sustainable development patterns  coordinate with each other,which helps enhance Jiangsu's ability to achieve energy sustainable development.

Recently due to the global warming，the “ Low Carbon Economy” has attracted the world's attention.In order to achieve the goal of low carbon economy,many countries selected the development of nuclear power—a high efficient and sanitary energy source.Jiangxi Province located at the middle Yangtze region.Its economy lagged behind the coastal east regions for decades.Since the“Tenth Five Planning”，its economy has made a rapid development,but the power shortage and environment pollution issues emerged.With only a small amout of coal resources,no oil or gas resources,Jiangxi Province has a very urgent necessory to explore the nuclear power.Jiangxi Province has many advantages including stable geological structure，complex river systems with abundant water，abundant uranium resources as well as reserves of talents in nuclear industry.Therefore，it is feasible to develop the nuclear power in Jiangxi Province.The development of nuclear power can not only meet the power require of Jiangxi’s economic development,but also prevent the environment from carbon pollution.

The paper discomposed the CO2 emissions during the period of 1990~2007 using logarithm mean Divisa method based on Chinese energy consuming and economic growth.The result indicates that economic growth effect is the main reason of the increase in CO2 emissions while energy intensity effect is the main factor to obstruct CO2 emissions.Study of different regions indicates that economic development and energy intensity effect of coastal region are stronger than that of inner land.Population effect increase CO2 emissions in coastal region while decrease the CO2 emissions in inner land.Structure effect can decrease the CO2 emissions in coastal region，but has little effect on central and western regions.Therefore，it is necessary to give different policies regarding the regional characteristics to reduce CO2 emissions.For costal region，technology levels should be promoted to raise the energy efficiency.For inner land areas，energy structure should be changed and clean energy should be introduced in order to decrease the proportion of coal，on the other hand，industrial structure should be transformed，service and low energy consuming manufactures should be encouraged.

Small town is an important component of China's urban system.The improvement of small towns' land intensive use not only alleviates the current problems in the developing of small towns,but also promotes the healthy development of small towns.On the basis of previous research on urban land intensive use,an comprehensive evaluation index system of small towns' land intensive use was constructed by carefully analyzing the connotation of small towns' land intensive use.This index system was utilized in Xinghua to evaluate small towns' land intensive use level and to study its influencing factors by factor analysis way.Then two main conclusions could be made after research.For one thing,there was obvious spatial difference in towns' land intensive use level,which indicated that all towns in Xinghua could be divided into five categories: the highest level land intensive use towns,higher level land intensive use towns,middle level land intensive use towns,low level land intensive use towns and nonintensive land use towns.And the spatial distribution pattern of small towns' land intensive use in Xinghua showed a decreasing trend from south to north in general and formed by towns of Dainan,Zhaoyang and Daiyao as center to the periphery and gradually decreasing in detail.For another,with further analysis about the influencing factors of small towns land intensive use level,all towns in Xinghua could be divided into four types:land use efficiency constraint towns,land use degree constraint towns,infrastructure constraint towns and land use sustainability constraint towns according to the particularly affecting situation of the influencing factors on small towns.Finally and most importantly,all towns in Xinghua shuld choose targeted measures to effectively improve land intensive use level in future based on their main constraints of land intensive use.

Lihu lake，Taihu lake was investigated in winter (January 30th) and Spring (March 27th)，in 2007，respectively.Biological indexes such as similarity index，predominance index，diversity index and KolkwitzMorsson pollution system were used to analyze the community characteristic of phytoplankton.Furthermore，both biological indexes and physicalchemical indexes were used to evaluate the water quality of Lihu lake.Results showed that 88 species and varieties，and 8 phylum of phytoplankton were detected in water samples of Lihu lake；and green algae accounting for 5455% of the total species of phytoplankton were the most important component，and then followed by diatom which accounted for 1705% of the total species of phytoplanton.Although the dominant species were all green algae in winter and spring，there were some differences in species.〖WTBX〗Chlamydomonas microsphaera〖WTBZ〗 was dominant species in winter，and the dominance index changed from 7143% to 9628%.〖WTBX〗Pedinomonas minor〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Chlorella vulgaris〖WTBZ〗 were dominant species in spring，and the dominance index changed from 6702% to 8259%.The dominant indexes were all high in winter and spring，which meant that the dominant species were very obviously.The investigation also indicated that there was great difference in phytoplankton component between winter and spring，and the similarity index was only 030.Biological evaluation indicated that the water quality in winter was worse than that in spring，which was the same as the result evaluated by physicalchemical method.However，biological evaluation showed that the water quality states of Lihu lake were middle pollution in spring and heavy pollution in winter，and the pollution degrees evaluated by biological method in winter and spring were both more serious than that evaluated by physicalchemical method，which revealed the difference between the two evaluation methods.

Based on the 17 series of main annual climatic factors and its extreme values in Wuhan from 1951 to 2007,the features of main annual climatic factors in Wuhan responding to global climate change and local urbanization are revealed through trends analysis,decadal comparisons and cause analysis.The results are as follows:all the 5 temperature series in Wuhan show ascending trend,among which annual mean temperature,mean minimum temperature and extreme minimum temperature show obvious ascending trend and the ascending paces accelerated after the middle and late 1970's.The trends of 4 precipitation factors are not all distinct,among which only annual rainy days is near to 0.1 level of the significance with statistical test.The annual amount of rainfall shows slight ascending tendency and obvious decadal variation,and it is rather greater distinctly in 1950's,1980's and 1990's.Annual rainy days and the maximum daily precipitation show descending trend while heavy rain day are increasing.Both of annual mean relative humidity and minimum relative humidity show descending trend,and annual mean relative humidity descends with the level of extreme significance.Annual mean wind velocity,maximum wind velocity,extreme wind velocity and days with wind of gale force all decreasd with the level of extreme significance.Annual hours of sunshine mainly show decreasing trend.Annual mean air pressure increased first and then decreased while the ascending trend was not obvious.Above all,most of annual climatic factors changed obviously while precipitation and air pressure changed slightly,which is the result of global climate change and rapid urbanization.

Using the outputs simulated by GCM models provided by the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCCAR4)，the situation of climate change in the Three Gorges area in the future 100 years under SRES A2，A1B and B1 greenhouse gas was analyzed by the method of Multimodel Ensembles.The results show that the Multimodel Ensembles carried out using a suite of wellperforming models can well simulate the change of temperature and precipitation in the Three Gorges area.The climate in the Three Gorges area shows a warming and wetting tendency in the 21st century.The range of linear tendency of temperature changes is 2.1~4.2℃/100 a，and precipitation is 6.10%~9.70%/100 a.The largest range of warming is in winter，while the largest increase of precipitation is also in winter.The annual temperature will increase constantly in the 21st century.The annual precipitation will decrease in the early stage of 21st century，and increase in middle and late stage of 21st century.Considering the effect of SRES A2，A1B and B1，the temperature in the Three Gorges area would be increased by 3.7，3.3 and 2.2℃ respectively，and the precipitation would be increased by 4.4%，5.5% and 3.5% respectively at the end of 21st century.

TOPMODEL，a semidistributed hydrological model,was applied in the Qingjiang headwater catchment in order to evaluate its performance for rainfall runoff simulation in large catchments.SRTM digital elevation model (DEM) and DEM derived from topographic contours were used for topographic index computation and rainfall runoff simulation.The result shows that although the topographic indexes and calibrated parameters were much different,the simulation efficiencies were almost the same with both DEMs.As a free nearglobal DEM dataset,SRTM can greatly improve the convenience of TOPMODEL.The limitation of TOPMODEL for rainfall runoff simulation in large catchments was analyzed and a subcatchment based distributed TOPMODEL was then proposed.In the proposed distributed hydrological model,model parameters were calibrated with the land cover and soil datasets to decrease the number of parameters and the model uncertainty.The impact of subcatchment partitioning on the simulation efficiency was also discussed to assess the ability of the proposed model for rainfall runoff simulation.The result shows that the proposed model yielded a higher efficiency than the traditional model as it reduced the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall and underlying surface properties on rainfall runoff modeling.Moreover,the simulation efficiency increased with more subcatchments until reached the maximum efficiency,which can not be improved by adding the number of subcatchments as the uncertainty of model inputs and the model structure.

Water resource assessment map is a traditional and new form of evaluation results.It can reflect the characteristics and laws of the water resources by visual methods and it is the basic method of exploiting and   protecting water resources.3S technology has been widely developed and used in many areas;the feasibility of fabricating assessment map by use of 3S technology were convinced according to the status and features of assessment map.Taking the fabrication of water resources assessment map of Zhanghe River as an example,the thesis came up with the procedure,general flow,methods,key technology,output form based on 3S.This thesis concluded that the integration of RS and GIS could better realize the interpolation of data,the integration of GPS and GIS could acquire more highprecision positioning data,expansion of symbol library could better display the results of assessment.The authors also discussed its superiority compared with the traditional methods of making map and its inevitable direction of assessment map.

Based on field survey data from four pilot ethnic communities，the structure and composition of indigenous uses of forest resources were analyzed in adjacent areas of Gaoligongshan (Nujiang) National Nature Reserve in northern section of Nujiang watershed.There are generally four kinds of indigenous uses of forest resources in the watershed，i.e.，building wood，fuelwood，farmland fencing wood，and nonwood forest products (NWFPs).Annual consumption of building wood was computed based on time cycle of house constructing that was identified according to its frequency distribution.Annual fuelwood consumption was converted from measured weight of fuelwood using 1.5 times of air dry density as a conversion agent.Results show that the consumption of building wood is 0.10 m³/a per capita，fuelwood is 3.87 m³/a per capita，and farmland fencing wood is 0.019 m³/a per capita.Annual NWFP collection amounts to 73.95 kg per household.The largest consumption of forest resource is fuelwood，rather than building wood or farmland fencing wood as popularly accepted.That traditional recognition may result from the retention of logwalled and woodtiled houses or farmland fences，and large flow but small inventory of fuelwood.Surveyed communities are typical in terms of geographic location，population/household scale，and nationality composition in the northern section of Nujiang watershed.Study results can be used for sustainable management of forest resources in the region，and for scientific management of Gaoligongshan (Nujiang) National Nature Reserve.

Northwestern Yunnan is one of biodiversity hotspots in the world.It is believed as important ecological shelter for the Yangtze River water shed.In this paper，species diversity and flora composition of seed plants in the region were investigated coupled with latest literature records and field work in past 5 years.The results showed that in the country scale，Northwestern Yunnan constituted 74% of families，41% of genus，and 20% of species of the total in China.In province scale，Northwestern Yunnan constituted 77% of families，55% of genus，and 43% of plant species of the total in Yunnan.In the composition of tropical elements，the biggest proportions were held by Pantropical elements(16.5%) and Tropical Asian elements(12.2%).In the temperate composition，the biggest proportions were composed by East Asia elements(19.3%) and North Temperate elements(14.5%).The proportion of tropical elements (47%) was close to that of temperate elements (53%)，indicating strong floristic transition.There was obvious temperate character in flora.Strong flora specification was found in the level of families (6.3) and genus (5.1).The richness of plant species was consistent with habitats variation，flora transition and flora specification in this region.There is great significance to testify and develop theories of biodiversity in this region.Therefore，the biodiversity in the region reserved not only the attention in biodiversity protection，but also exploration in theory.Compared with Mt.Yao Nature Reserve，the study area held much more flora elements originated from Tropical Asia which was due to the drift and convolution of ShanMalay Plate.There were strong relationship between Tongbiguan Nature Reserve and this study area in flora zone and the origin，which in some extent testified the existence of Tanaka Line.The joint which linked the study area and Tongbiguan Nature Reserve migt be the Dulongjiang Region.

Due to terrain complexity and deficiency of the arable land,local population has produced a heavy pressure to resources and environment in the mountainous region of southern Gansu.Peasants live in poverty.It is provided with important signification to study on the optimum human population size for reconstruction after the earthquake disaster,poverty alleviation and protection of the ecological security of the upper Yangtze River.Based on two indexes,per capita grain and economic level, this paper estimated local human carrying capacity on three levels,the subsistence life, the relative ample life and the welloff life, and measured the relationship between population and agricultural resources.Meanwhile,on the basis of terrain complexity,we estimated the labor number and the population size that they could support.The result shows that total population size is overloaded even at the subsistence level in this region.Taking welloff life as a standard,the optimum population size is 135 million,which is about a half of the existing population.Labor forces of 1.008 1 million are needed to make use of present arable land and forestland for production activities,and the population that they can support is 1.915 4 million.The total population will be 2.310 3 million when the population in towns is included.This population size is a level low enough to realize subsistence life,but too high for relative ample life and even more difficult to realize welloff life. The strange circle existing among “population—farmland—labor force” has determined arduousness and complexity to realize the target of welloff life in the mountainous region.Therefore,innovation thoughts and multiple measurements are needed for reconstruction after the earthquake disaster and regional sustainable development in this region.

Landscape configuration optimization of large forest site in urban or suburbs area,which is usually identified as one of the most important components of urban ecological frameworks,will improve the structure and function of urban ecosystem.The Jiufeng Urban Forestry Reserve is the largest forest landscape in Wuhan suburbs.Using the Quick Bird remote imagery accompanied with the field survey,the landscape patterns of the Jiufeng Urban Forestry Reserve were analyzed based on RS/GIS technique and the spatial optimization strategies of the forest landscape were also discussed.The results showed that,the landscape with 263 patches could be classified into nine landscape types,including woodland,farmland,nursery,waters,construction site,cemetery,wasteland,grassland and uncovered rock.Among these landscape types,woodland was the largest landscape category,accounting for 3656% of the research region area and 875% of the total patch number.It is the landscape matrix,but with low dominance.The shape of construction site and farmland were most complex,having the great potential to enhance the spread of human disturbance.The woodland had a concentrated distribution with low fragmentation and high connection,which would benefit the resource protection and utilization.On the whole, the landscape pattern of the Jiufeng Urban Forestry Reserve showed the characteristics of simple overall structure and complex local structure.The landscape optimization countermeasures,including extending woodland area,decreasing construction site and other human dominated categories area,formatting aggregatewithoutliner pattern,redeveloping vegetation of wasteland and uncovered rock,developing stepstone patches and protection forest corridors,were put forward according to the current landscape feathers.These measures would provide a guide line for planning and management of the Jiufeng Urban Forest Reserve.

In the recent years,along with the fast growth of China's 〖JP2〗economic development,the transformation〖JP〗 of the society and the economics,as well as people's increasing awareness of the environment protection,the development of urban waterfront area has become hot in city development in our country.The study on landscape planning and design of urban waterfront area is of great significance in making full use of the landscape resources,molding a new city image,increasing urban ecosystem quality,and in promoting the development of urban waterfront area.In terms of the compound ecosystem theory,the landscape resources of Changsha Xiangjiang River has been evaluated and graded based on surveys and classification,using the methods of grey clustering.The thesis attempts to optimize the landscape resources and to explore new ways to design the Changsha Xiangjiang River landscape.The authors think that urban waterfront area landscape design under the background of large scale renewal and development of waterfront area in modern city,should respect local characteristics,culture content and folk customs,and should connect it with traditional activities of waterfront area systematically so as to protect and strengthen historical structures and special unique features of the city.

The chemistry of major elements (Ca，K，Na，Mg，Cl-，SO2-4 and alkalinity) from the Changjiang River was examined with data obtained from the main stream and its main tributaries in April 2003.HCO-3 was the most abundant anion of the Changjiang River and account for 60%~90% of total anion，concentrations of anions follows the order HCO-3>SO2-4>Cl-.Among the cations，Ca2+ was predominant and account for 40%~80% of total cation.Concentrations of cations vary in the order Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+.Weathering and erosion were primary importance in affecting river chemistry，which accelerated by anthropogenic activities (e.g.farming).According to the principal composition analysis of river water，water chemistry was mainly controlled by the dissolution of calcite.Silicate weathering played a minor role in the contribution to the river fluxes，while atmosphere input of major elements to the Changjiang River was very limited.The result showed that the dissolved load of the Changjiang River relative to water discharge and in absolute terms was very high compared with other major rivers in the world.High levels of major elements were often observed in rivers in temperate climate zones，whereas rivers in tropical climate zones had abundant water discharge，but relatively low levels of major elements.

Hydroecology is a new science field that studies the crosscutting areas between ecology and hydrology.Its research aims to understand the structure and function of hydrological factors and ecosystem，to achieve the balance between the water needs of society and the environment.It is scientific foundation of water resource management.So hydroecology provides opportunities for restoration and enhancement of the capacity of ecosystems against human impacts at various spatial and temporal scales.Hydroecology has been great development since 1992 during the Dublin International Conference on Water and Environment，and then became a hot spot of research soon in oversea.At the present the freshwater resources are becoming the most limiting factor not only for development but even for persistence of some communities in many areas of the world.In China，up to now，freshwater management dealt mostly with economic needs for shipping and hydropower and the elimination of threats such as floods，droughts and source pollution，the conflict is increasing between constructing dam and protecting environment.Ecosystem is very vulnerable and water resource is sparse in the western China，problems of ecosystem protection are severer，so hydroecology is more important.The paper systematicly introduced progress of hydroecology，discussed its definition，researching field，achievement and prospect.Because river and stream are the critical research area central of hydroecology，and dams have been constructed in many rivers in China，especially in the upstream of the Yangtze River，the paper calls more attention to ecological effect of dam，and emphasizes the use of hydrocology to ecological problem of dam construction.

The earthquake zone of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake is located in Longmenshan areas in Sichuan Province.The areas have complex geological conditions，frequent neotectonic movements.This earthquake is the most serious destructive earthquake in mainland China since the P.R.China founded and it caused a series of secondary geological disasters such as the collapse，landslide，mudrock flows.Analysing the disaster distribution and activity characteristic of secondary geology can provide a scientific basis for the disaster areas to take appropriate remediation programs，prevention and control measures，and also provide the reference for the site selection of reconstruction and the disaster prevention program for other areas.The projects interpreted the RS information by using optical and radar images and other geological and geographic files with the support of related RS and GIS software，and obtained monitoring data of secondary geological disasters in the 10 most serious disaster counties and cities in Sichuan Province.On the basis of the interpretation data，this paper explored the space of its location，distribution and related geological and geographical factors.The results show that the secondary geological disasters are closely linked with the stratigraphic lithology，tectonic fracture zone，slope，etc.