With the economic and environmental data collected from 13 cities of Jiangsu Province form 1996 to 2006,gravity centre coordinates of GDP, industrial output,COD,SO₂ and TSP were calculated  by the gravity centre model,and dynamic evolution tendencies and rules of these gravity centers were found.The results show that economic gravity centers present dynamic tendency to higher longitude and lower latitude.The shift distances of GDP and industry output gravity centers were 14.81 km and 12.84 km respectively,and the distances were longer in latitude than in longitude.Environmental pollution emission gravity centers present the similar change tendency.However,COD and TSP emission gravity centers changed more than that of SO₂.The shift distances of COD,SO₂ and TSP emission gravity centers were 79.26 km,15.73 km and 42.24 km respectively,and different evolutional characteristics were presented in different period.Compared with economic gravity centers,COD,SO₂ and TSP emission gravity centers lied in northwest,and COD emission gravity center obviously inclined to industrial output.The change of pollution emission gravity centers could be summarized to the results of economic development, industry structure,technologies,and policies.

Construction of Poyang Lake Ecoeconomic Zone is an exploration of new mode for the development and comprehensive management of the Yangtze River Basin,which is the inevitable requirement of applying the scientific outlook on development.Its construction and development depend on the construction and development of ecoindustry.Analyzed the status of ecoindustrial development in Poyang Lake Ecological and Economic Zone,this paper studied its theoretical and practical foundation,discussed three principles of ecoindustrial management,and constructed a radiation force model for cities in Poyang Lake EcoEconomic Zone in 2007.According to “pointaxis” theory,the industrial development mode of Poyang Lake Ecoeconomic Zone should change from the “point (Nanchang)axis style” to the “dualcores (NanchangJiujiang) dualaxes (along road and along river) multipowers”.On this basis,some policy recommendations for the development of ecoindustry in Poyang Lake Ecoeconomic Zone were proposed,such as strict control of space development and harmonious of the financial transfer payment in region;increasing the input of hightech industry,and developing new industries vigorously;speeding up the construction of new countryside,and promoting the transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture;relying on the advantages to develop modern service industry.

This paper analyzed the evolution characteristics and the fomation machanism of the railway station city——Huaihua not only with the help of urban land use planning map,1〖DK1〗∶10 000 topographic maps,remote sensing imagery,socioeconomic statistical data and other relevant information,but also with ArcGIS 92 software platform and statistical analysis software (SPSS 115) and some different research methods,such as statistical analysis,spatial patterns analysis,fans analysis,fractal theory.The result shows that city morphology compactness and fractal dimension are low,shape index is excessive.Huaihua City’s expansion direction stretches mainly to the east,southwest and north;its evolution path is the “base”—“scatter groups”—“Mission City”—“branched radiation”—“‘T’ fonts”.The evolution of urban patterns is the joint effect of multiple driving forces,including economic development,transport infrastructure development,natural and geographical conditions.

Mathematical models are widely used to simulate the development trend of population.In this paper,four mathematical models,named as Malthusian model,Logistic model,linear regression model and Keyfitz model were studied on their capability of modeling the historical development trend of seven population variables of Kunshan,Jiangsu Province from 1985 to 2006.Results showed that,generally,Logistic model was better than other models according to determination coefficients.Then each index was analyzed separately with an aim to explain the differences between simulated and recorded numbers.From the results,it was concluded that:1) logistic model fitted well primarily because it had three parameters while other models had two,and the additional parameter 〖WTBX〗Pm〖WTBZ〗,which should stand for the upper limit of population increasing,did not have real sense in most cases;2) the prediction of future population by the use of mathematical modeling showed unfeasible for the existence of turning points in the development trend of population variables;3) combined with historical information of the research area,turning points could give a good description on the effects of political and economic factors occurred simultaneously;4) the development course of Kunshan should be divided into three stages,the developing stage,the adjustment stage and the overall developing stage,rather than five stages generally accepted previously.

Based on satellite remote sensing image with GIS soft and statistical method,through area shrinkage intensity index of cultivated land and spatial overlay,this paper analyzed temporal and spatial feature of evolution of cultivated land resources in Changshu City to reveal the reduced law of cultivated land resources of developed districts such as Sunan.The research shows that cultivated land resources in Changshu reduced because of economic development,and the pointing of the conversion of cultivated land became quite strong due to the expansion of urban area and industrial land and the spatial pointing of settlement was gradually weakened.From the spatial feature of evolution the conversion of cultivated land  in Changshu mainly manifests as follows:1)  the cultivated land when the economy,developed fast and the development,reach to the higher level decreased more quickly;2) cultivated land decreases more rapidly in urban,port districts and developed towns;3) the construction of port districts and industrial districts speed up the conversion of peripheral cultivated land;4) the construction of transportation is a stable factor to the conversion of cultivated land;5) the spatial pointing of the conversion of cultivated land is different in various periods:cultivated land was occupied by residential land in 80’s,then mainly occupied by industrial land,urban land,port land after 2000.Urban development,port construction,traffic construction,rural settlement construction,industrial promoting and economic development are all dominant influencing factors of the shrinkage of cultivated land resources.

Regional coordination and interest compensation are an inevitable choice to improve cultivated land preservation and food security.Because of continuous decreasing of cultivated land area caused by economic development,evident regional difference of cultivated lands preservation pressure and opportunity cost,and disequilibrium of responsibility and obligation in protecting cultivated land, it is very necessary to make regional coordination of cultivated land.Based on equity,efficiency and governmental cooperation,interest compensation mechanism of cultivated land among regions will be constructed determining the accepted region,and the approach,standard and fund use management of compensation.The study shows it is very necessary to construct interest compensation mechanism of regional cultivated land protection.The cooperation in cultivated land could be contected due to the practical condition of different regions.Furthermore,regional interest compensation of cultivated land protection could be implemented better by system improvement.

Along with the presentation of scientific development view and the increasing contradiction of land supplydemand,how to realize coordinated development of society,economic and ecology as well as among different regions through the reasonable land development is an emergent problem .In this paper,spatial differentiation of land development suitability from the point of land supplydemand was studied selecting Jiangsu Province as an example.Firstly,the indicator systems of land supply restriction and land demand were established respectively.The indicator system of land supply restriction consists of 9 indices form the aspects of the protection of arable land resource and ecoenvironment.The indicator system of land demand consists of 19 indices from the aspects of the status and changes of population,economy and investment,output efficiency of economic input elements,perfect degree of basic foundation,land price and industry condition.Then the spatial differentiations of land supply restriction and land demand were analyzed by applying the weighted multiplefactors synthetic appraisement method.Simultaneously,the degree of land supply restriction and land demand were classified into four grades of high,relative high, moderate and low.Based on the above,Jiangsu Province was divided into four types of land development suitability applying classification matrix method,i.e.high suitability,relative high suitability,moderate suitability and unsuitability.At last,the development orientation of each type was presented respectively,which are meaningful for sustainable land use and coordinating the harmonious development of socioeconomic and ecology in Jiangsu Province.

Based on land use/cover data (scale is 1〖DK〗∶100000) in the years of 1980，2000 and 2005 and digital elevation model (DEM) datum (cell size is 90 m)，the methods of percentage of land use/cover transformation matrix and the frequencyarea distribution of land use/cover were used to analyze the land use/cover dynamic change from 1980 to 2005 in the Upper Yangtze River Basin under different topographic conditions. The results were as follows: (1) The change trends of grassland，forest and farmland area from 1980 to 2000 were different with that from 2000 to 2005. It might be the result of the increase of farmland area and the decrease of grassland and forest area. The main land use/cover changes in two periods were similar. These were the transformation of farmland to forest and grassland，forest to farmland and grassland to bare land. (2) Farmland and builtup areas were almost in low elevation，while forest and grassland were almost in high elevation. The main changes in low elevation were National Grain for Green Project and the urbanization. The main land use/cover change process that occurred in high elevation was the forest degradation and grassland desertification. (3) Farmland was distributed primarily in areas where the slope gradient is from 10° to 25°. Percentages of forest increased when the slope gets steeper，on the contrary，the distribution trend of builtup decreased when the slope get steeper. Bare land occupied flat lands in recent years. When the slope gradient was below 5°，grassland desertification occurred; when slope gradient was from 5° to 10°，the National Grain for Green Project occurred; when the slope gradient was above 10°，both forestation and forest degradation occurred. (4) There was little difference of suitability of different types of land use/cover in various slop direction .

Aimed to provide background information of the effects of the Three Gorges Project on endemic fish resources of the upper reach of the Yangtze River,the assessment on the annual abundance of Rhinogobio ventralis in Yibin Reach of the Yangtze River was undertaken.The research reach was from the edge of Yibin County and Shuifu County to Erersi Bridge of Yibin with the length of 17 km.From 1998 to 2002,the information of fishing effort in Yibin reach of the Yangtze River was collected,and the data of commercial fisheries in this reach were sampled.Initially the total annual harvest yield (Y) was estimated by the parameters which obtained through commercial fisheries surveys,such as annual fishing efforts and CPUE.Then,the annual yield of R.ventralis was counted according to its quantitative ratio in sampling.The parameter of L∞ and k was from relative references;the parameter of M was calculated by the Pauly's method.The exploit rate (Et) of maximum length group was set at 0.8. Finally,by applying Jones lengthbased cohort analysis,the annual abundance of R.ventralis  was calculated.The results were showed as follows:from 1998 to 2002,the total annual yield (Y ) was 315 718,732 873,591 337,569 402 and 611 858 individuals respectively;accordingly,the annual yield of  R.ventralis was 39 219,22 528,24 458,39 743 and 13 845 individuals,respectively.From 1998 to 2002,it was estimated that the annual abundance of R.ventralis was 75 162,22 594,49 951,43 308 and 21 996 individuals respectively with an average of 42 602 individuals.The 95% confidence interval of annual abundance of  R.ventralis  ranged from 23 300 to 61 903 individuals.
 

Investigation of macrozoobenthos in the mainstream and branches of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Xiongcun,Tibet,was carried out in June 2007.Altogether 47 species belonging to 20 families and 42 genera were recorded,with the dominant group being aquatic insects (928%).Species composition of macrozoobenthos had great differences between the mainstream and its branches.Species diversity of the mainstream was lower than those of the branches.The standing crop of macrozoobenthos was much lower in the mainstream than those in the branches.The mean density and biomass (dry weight) of macrozoobenthos were 385±98 ind/m2,0010±0.003 g/m2 in the mainstream and 130.2±150 ind/m2,0055±0.040 g/m2 in branches,respectively.Three chironomids and one gastropod dominated the benthic community in the mainstream,while three mayflies and one chironomid did in the branches.In terms of functional feeding groups,collectorgatherers and scrapers dominated the mainstream community,while collectorgatherers and predators did in the branches.Analysis showed that differences of macrozoobenthos community between the mainstream and its branches were mainly due to the difference of sediment types.Comparison with other studies suggested that macrozoobenthos community in Yarlung Zangbo River was quite different from those of rivers in the south Himalayas.Also,the standing crops of riverine macrobenthos at high altitudes were much lower than those of the Yangtze lowlands.
 

Water right is a basic human right.Some international treaties and regional human right treaties have began to affirm the water right.Water right is also affirmed as a human right in the constitutions of the several countries.For example,in the Europe country,such as Belgium,Spain,France,Luxembourg,Norway,Romania,Switzerland,and out of Europe,such as South Africa,Morocco,Niger,New Zealand,Uruguay etc.It becomes a trend that the human right law and the constitutions start recognizing the water right.Water right implies the limitation of the public power.Therefore,some countries are not actively supporting the right.That our country constitution does not admit water right is one basic human rights,but that the water right to use on the property law is clear with what be admitted that commonly water right as human rights evidently with international conventions,region treaties and every country constitution is completely different.In 2008 the newly amended “Water Pollution Control Act” is arranged by a commandstyle management system,and the content about civil rights is still tended to the compulsory.Our constitution should acknowledge the water right..

This paper studied the restrictive factors which affect the growth of phytoplankton in Dianshan Lake through the Nutrient Enrichment Bioassay,combining by two analysis methods including factorial analysis of variance and postcomparison analysis.The growth rate and the maximum average stock as well as the maximum average growth rate were affected by the nutrients including PO^3-₄P、NH³N、NO^-₃N.The results show that the concentration of PO^3-₄P could promote the growth of algae and increase the growth rate and standing stock.With the increase of PO^3-₄P concentration(0.13 ~0.53 mg/L),the promotion could be enhanced,PO^3-₄Pwas regarded as the first restrictive factors in Dianshan Lake;The promotion to algae of NO^-₃N in low concentration(291~591 mg/L) was small,while inhibition effects could be displayed in higher concentration(5.91~8.91 mg/L)；NO^-₃N could inhibit the growth of algae and the inhibition effect is enhanced with the increase of concentration(1.25~7.25 mg/L).In addition,the combination of PO^3-₄P and NO_^-3N could promote the growth of algae significantly,suggesting that the interaction effect exists between PO^3-₄P and NO^-₃N.

Nowadays planning and strategic environmental assessment (SEA) are always short of ecological evaluation indicators on landscape functions.This paper presented two indicators,the biological productivity and the ecological quality,to characterize landscape ecological function on the basis of the dynamic relationship between the landscape space pattern and its ecological function.Based on GIS,the ecological productivity could be calculated by the transfer matrix of landscape elements and biological productivity per unit area of landscapes，which were inferred from patch area index and statistical gearbooks，respectively.The relationships among ecological quality，Shannon Diversity Index and Shannon Evenness Index were obtained according to some document statistics about landscape heterogeneity index in basin researches.In the case of the region along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province,data of 2000 and 2004 were used to demonstrate that the biological productivity and the ecological quality could definitely reflect the variation of the landscape function and these two indicators are practicable in future planning and SEA.

Based on geography information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques，the information of wetland of Dongting Lake in 2000 was interpreted using the Landsat TM.Using landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS and the method of principal component analysis and covariance matrix analysis，various wetland landscape indices were calculated and major landscape indices were selected to analyze the landscape pattern in Dongting Lake area.The result showed that Shannon Diversity Index，Patch Size coefficient of Standard，Patch Richness Density and Mean Patch Fractal Dimension could well reflect the characteristics of the wetland lanascape.There were obvious differences between the spatial differenciation and the state of structure in the study area，which showed large differences in the proportion of total land area among different types of wetland within the wetland landscape，the distribution of different wetland types was uneven，and the farmland and lake landscape had obvious advantage over the others.The cities both in the lakefront of Dongting Lake core area and in the outer of the lake core area showed the complexity and diversity of landscape pattern .

Soil nitrogen and phosphorus in water fluctuation zone are one of the potential sources and the nutrients for the upper layer water column.Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration among five representative tributary in Three Gorges Reservoir Area were analyzed before the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir to a water level of 172 m at the end of 2008.It was found that mean of soil total nitrogen in study area was 1317±0484 mg/g with variation range of 0459~2735 mg/g，while that of phosphorus was 0676±0282 mg/g with a range of 0314~2799 mg/g.Soil total nitrogen from different type of landuse showed significant difference.Soil nitrogen in agriculture farmland and fruit gardens was remarkably higher than those in riverbank and flood plains.Difference of soil nitrogen was also observed among different tributaries，the soil nitrogen in Zhuyi Basin and Daning Basin was obviously higher than in the other basins.However，the soil phosphorus among various types of landuse in the study area as well as different basins showed no significant difference.Compared with some shallow lakes in the downstream plain of the Yangtze basin，soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus were high relatively，and had a potential risk of releasing to the upper layer water column.Fengle town and Yanglu town in Xiaojiang River and Hujiaba town in Zhuyi River were the highest risk to release nitrogen and phosphorus in study areas.

After the water storage of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)，the weakened capability of the water self purification in the Yangtze River and multisource water pollution from various producing and living activities along the Yangtze River make it easy to induce public security incident on water pollution.With investigation of inducing factors of public security incident on water pollution in TGR，this article utilized the fault tree analysis method to study the inducing process of the incident.The calculation results show that there are 13 inducing paths and 3 preventions approaches of the public security incident.Without considering the occurring probability of inducing factor，the most important and basic inducing factor is the pollution discharge and then followed by the elongated backwater region，the weakened flow turbulence and the raising water level which contribute to the capability undermine water self purification.The conclusion is that only applying distinct detection and prevention strategies to different inducing factors，the early warning and precontrol measures for public security incident on water pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir can be effective.

To understand the characteristics and the sources of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Three Gorges Reservoir，taking Xiaojiang River backwater area as the research object，threedimensional fluorescence spectroscopy was measured and analyzed. The relationship between fluorescence intensity and DOC，CODMn or chlorophyll a was studied. The results showed that: three major peaks，humuslike fluorescence peak A，proteinlike fluorescence peaks B and C appeared on the threedimensional fluorescence spectroscopy；the DOM fluorescence intensity was well related with DOC and CODMn，indicating that fluorescence dissolved organic matter content can reflect both the organic carbon content and the organic matter content by oxidation in the water in August，during the nonalgae bloom outbreak period，fluorescence intensity had a poor correlation with chlorophyll a，indicating that phytoplankton was not the main source of the fluorescent substances. Based on the comprehensive analysis，it can be inferred that both internal pollution sources and external pollution sources existed in the Xiaojiang River backwater area，and the contribution of the external pollution sources to the fluorescence dissolved organic matter was bigger than the internal pollution sources.

Ecological water requirement research is one of the most important parts of the sustainable use and development of water resources.There are numerous methods to calculate ecological water requirement.Based on the goal of protecting biodiversity，this paper combined the crosssection data of Niqu River and biological data，and then established the relationship between habitat index and flow.Based on the habitat index，including average water depth，water width，wetted perimeter，wetted area，hydraulic radius and weighted usable area (WUA)，the instream ecological water requirement of Niqu River which is in the water supply region of the West Route Project of SouthtoNorth Water Transfers Scheme (WRPSNWT) was calculated.The estimation of instream ecological water requirement could be a reference to decide how much water can be transferred in WRPSNWT.The result shows that the ecological water requirement is less than 10% of annual discharge when using the flow velocity，water depth，wetted area and hydraulic radius as habitat index.The ecological water requirement is 56%，48%，32% respectively when using water width，wetted perimeter，WUA as habitat index.At last, the minimum ecological water requirement of Niqu river is 193 m3/s and 298 m3/s at Nike and Zhuba station respectively，which is in the good scope of the result of Tennant method.So it can protect the fish habitat efficiently.

In the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River main stream and major tributaries，largescale hydropower development is now being conducted.As the construction of these cascade reservoir groups，the flow and hydrothermal process being of ecological significance to natural river have been changed.These changes caused flow and water temperature averaged，and a few of river ecological environmental problems.According to attainable statistical data，taking Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba hydropower stations being built in the lower reaches of Jinsha River as examples，this paper analyzed the differences between natural and changed runoff，discussed the effect of averaging phenomenon of natural runoff and water temperature on the ecological habitat.It calculated the averaging effect of cascade reservoirs development on the natural runoff by using averaging coefficient λ.It also primarily analyzed how the cascade hydropower projects had averaged the water temperature process by taking k-ε water temperature model.At last，some measures to reduce the negative effects of cascade reservoir on the Yangtze River ecological environment were put forward.

Stoplog intake works is often employed by large reservoir to improve discharged low temperature water in spring.However，current stoplog intake works in wholeyear service may intensify the discharge of the hightemperature water in winter and even influence water temperature in spring.This paper proposed a new regulation mode for stoplog intake works according to the demanding time of downstream fish the reservoir water temperature of Xiluodu Hydropower Station of the lower Jinsha River was studied.The result showed that stoplog intake works in different period of time improved water temperature efficiently and avoided high temperature in winter.The impact of cascade development on the performance of stoplog intake works was also studied.The reservoir regulation ability，cascade combined operation and operation caused the flattening of temperature in the inflow downstream reservoir.Besides，along with the transition water temperature structure of  Xiluodu hydropower station，the effect of stoplog intake works on water temperature apparently weakend.