With an analysis of the hydrologic processes and landform of Poyang Lake，wetland types were classified by using 3S technology，the habitats of wetland plants，structure of major plants community and its distribution rules were investigated in this paper.Poyang Lake has complex system of wetland plants and is extremely rich in biodiversity.The wetland plants are colonel reproduction of plants using roots or stems as the the main reproductive organs，so the distribution pattern of plant communities presents the main features of the cluster distribution.In microscale，the plant communities distribute based on the moisture gradient by the influence of lake′s landform，the elevation，the water lever and exposed time of the beaches.In landscapescale，the distribution of plant communities present community mosaic structure by the influence of soil moisture，groundwater depth and soil structure.In microcosmicscale，the distribution of plant communities presents community complex structure in some regions by the influence of the microtopography and soil nutrient.Wetland plant′s extreme sensitivity to moisture gradient leads the structure to become mutability and fragility.In recent years，the longlasting low water lever of Poyang Lake causes damage to ecosystem.

The Hydraulic project is an important part of Ecological Economic Zone Program in the Poyang Lake.The characters of the wetland ecological system in the Poyang Lake Basin were analyzed，based on the public questions concerning about the impact that may be brought by the project.The goal and primary objects of protection were proposed，while the main ecological problems，such as the shortage of water，the worsening of water quality，wetland degradation and the decline of fishery resources were discussed.The idea of the project was introduced and the possible effects were analyzed.Moreover，some suggestions such as to carry out scientific demonstrating and scheming，to design the ecological system，and to execute adequate ecological operation and dynamic management were propound.

Poyang Lake is not only the largest fresh water lake in China，but also an important international wetland，which plays a great role in maintaining water balance and ecological security of the Yangtze River.In recent years，rapid economic development and population growth present threats on ecosystem of the Poyang Lake Basin，such as wetlands degradation，lake ecological functions deterioration，biodiversity reduction in catchment，aquatic vegetable degradation and water pollution.The strategy of establishment of Poyang Lake EcoEconomic Zone requires a winwin situation in terms of environmental protection and economic development.Based on the existing situation of the Poyang Lake Region，the study and demonstration on wetland restoration，integrated management of sandy land，agricultural pollution treatment and reasonable natural resources utilization have been conducted for 3 years.More than 10 technical models have been developed，which will protect environment and increase income for the local people.They can support directly the construction of Poyang lake EcoEconomic Zone.

The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in the Poyang Lake wetland with typical vegetations were studied. Results showed that the vertical distributions of soil organic matter and nitrogen were similar. The concentrations of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in the surface layer were significantly higher than those in the lower layer, and the content of nutrients in the soil below 40 cm kept stable. The horizontal distributions of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in the surface wetland with different vegetation communities were distinctly variable. For example, the highest concentration of soil organic matter was in the Carex cinerascens community wetland, with the least was in the Eleocharis valleculosa community wetland; and the concentration of total nitrogen in Triarrhera lutarioriparia community wetland was the most, and that in Carex cinerascens community wetland was the least.The ratios of carbon and nitrogen were relatively low (10～23). Our results further indicated that many factors affected the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and total nitrogen in the wetland of Poyang Lake, such as the ability of plant absorbing nutrients, vegetation growth,hydrological processes, etc.

To make a quantitative analysis of ecological compensation on the nature reserve,to correspond between ecological protection and community development,and to promote the sustainable development in a nature reserve,as a case study by analyzing the landuse change,ecological capacity change and spatial character in the years 1985,1995,2005 in Poyang Lake Nature Reserve，the analysis of ecological compensation combining with ecological footprint efficiency was carried out.Results show that land use had been stable since the Nature Reserve came into existence.The change concentrated comparatively on grassland,water body and unused land.The ecological capacity and ecological footprint efficiency were improved from 1985 to 2005(the per capita ecological capacity from 08284 hm2/cap to 10534 hm2/cap,the ecological footprint efficiency from 669 yuan/hm2 to 8382 yuan/hm2). Based on the ecological footprint efficiency and the agricultural ecological footprint efficiency in 2005,and combining with loss compensation for direct profit,static evaluation with the ecological capacity and dynamic evaluation,the equal ecological compensation was 2308 yuan per family or 540 yuan per person.

Poyang Lake is the largest fresh lake in China. Poyang lake region has thousands of years of history in manland relations.This study reviewed the three important periods in the history of manland relations in Poyang Lake region,which was “converting lake to farmand” and “returning farmland to lake”,as well as the construction of “Poyang Lake EeoEconomic Region”,respectively.Moreover,the effects of the anthropogenic activities in the three periods on local ecological environments and their mutually conversion processes were analysed.Consequently, the evolvement of manland relations and associated driving force in the Poyang lake region wer〖JP2〗e discussed.Results showed that the human activity of “converting lake to farmland” declined various lake and wetland fuctions such as regulating floodwater,maintaining biodivisity,as well as carbon sinks.Hence,the tensity between human and environments was sharpened.Whereas,“returning farmland to lake” could gradually restore the lake and wetland functions,and released the tensity of manland relation.Furthermore,the construction of “Poyang Lake EeoEconomic Region” will build a harmonious manland relation in Poyang lake region.As a result,the local society,economy and environment will benefit greatly from the project.Changes of the human activities from “converting〖JP〗 lake to farmland” to “returning farmland to lake” were driven by local people’s selfexamination on natural disaster and state policy.However,the implement of “Poyang Lake EeoEconomic Region” was driven by local people and government's own initiatives.It shows their great respect to nature when they develop economies, which is a typical case of ecological civilization construction and development according to scientific law.

Based upon the case of Qianlianghu polder in the Dongting lake region,soil nutrient contents,synthetical indexes of nutrient pool and relative coefficients among soil nutrient indexes were studied for five typical land use patterns under converting polders back into wetlands, which include forestland (Ⅰ),garden land (Ⅱ),dry land (Ⅲ),paddy land (Ⅳ) and waste land (Ⅴ).The results showed that there was an obvious regularity that soil nutrient contents were higher in 0～25 cm soil layers than in 25～50 cm soil layer.In different patterns and 0～50 cm soil layers,the contents of organic matter (OM),total nitrogen (TN),available nitrogen (AN),total phosphorus (TP),available phosphorus (AP),total potassium (TK) and available potassium (AK) were 340～3232 g/kg,223～971 g/kg,1295～11200 mg/kg,2950～6935 g/kg,415～7568 mg/kg,603～3069 g/kg and 3770～21750 mg/kg respectively.The highest contents of TN and the lowest OM occurred in pattern Ⅰ,the highest contents of OM,TK and AP were in pattern Ⅳ,and the highest AN were pattern Ⅲ.However,the contents of TN,TP,TK,AN and AP were the lowest in pattern Ⅴ.Soil nutrient pool synthetical indexes ranged from 2433 to 29593 in five land use patterns,which showed by regularities of 〖WTBX〗IⅣ（23196）＞IⅢ（19346）＞IⅡ（7090）＞IⅠ（5957）＞IⅤ〖WTBZ〗（3559）.Through Pearson coefficient analyzing,it was showed that there existed highly positive relation between OM and TP,TP and AP,TN and TK,AN and AP which relative coefficients were 0.5760,0.5961,0.6864 and 0.5701 respectively.

By the methods of field data analysis and numerical model computation for the river network of the Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake,this paper analyzed the watersediment transportation and erosiondeposition changing in Dongting Lake after the Three Gorges Project (TGP),and predicted the impact on the water level in Dongting Lake.The main results show that at the end of the fifty year’s operation of the Three Georges Project,the annual average runoff and the annual average sediment discharge of three diversions in the Jingjiang River will be less 43 percent and 73 percent than long term average value;after the operation of TGP,the flow and sediment diversion from Jingjiang reach of the Changjiang River to Dongting Lake will continue to decrease and the deposition in Dongting Lake will reduce greatly,which is much useful to prolong the lake’s life.Because of the influence of the scheduling of TGP and the erosion of Jingjiang river reach,the water level decreasing in flood season is useful to flood prevention,but is harmful to the ecological environment in dry season,especially in storage period of TGP.

Along with the maturation of estimation methods for biological resource value，the study on the service value of ecosystem becomes a hotspot in ecological field.Through using market value method,shadow engineering approach as well as carbon tax method and so on,this paper attempts to estimate both direct and indirect values of Taihu wetland such as organic matter function,environment regulation function and culturesocial function.The results show that Taihu Lake wetland possesses huge and multiple ecological services value, which is about 11239×108 Yuan in all.Taihu wetland has the greatest value in the function of the environment regulatory,accounting for 4898% of the total.The organic matter production and water supply account for 291%.The culturesocial function has the least value,accounting for 2191%.The result of evaluation of 9 subfunctions shows that the most important function is flood regulation which is about 2623% of the whole value.The second is water supply,accounting for 2456% and the third is climate regulation,accounting for 1823%.This study first asseses the value of Taihu wetland ecosystem service from the quantitative prospection.The findings of this study play a significant role in recognization the value of various ecosystem service of Taihu wetland and providing reasonable direction to the protection.

The issue of climate change has impacts on wetlands ecosystem.On the ground of the globe climatic change,the climate of Honghu Lake zone has changed visibly.Through the analysis of weather data from 1961 to 2004 in four stations around Honghu Lake,the impacts of climate change on Honghu Lake wetlands were analyzed according to the point of aerography and ecology.The result showed that temperature has visible ascending trend with the rate of 0.264℃/10 a and precipitation has the tiny ascending trend with the rate of 49.964 mm/10 a.The precipitation has ascending trend in summer and in winter,but it has downtrend in spring and in autumn.The coefficient of humidity has downtrend in Honghu Lake zone since 1961.Climate change made Honghu Lake face threat that the water level will drop and the area will descend.It also made biodiversity descended and species invaded in Honghu Lake.The change of precipitation pattern changed the hydrology of wetlands,and accelerated the instability of the ecosystem

In this study we constructed two Ecopath models representing the Lake Qiandaohu ecosystem of the year of 1999 and 2000,respectively,for the quantitative comparison and analysis of the effects of Aquatic Environmental Protection Oriented(AEPO)Fishery which was begun to be carried out in 2000,on the characteristics of the lake ecosystem.AEPO fishery was considered to be a type of ecological fishery mode that was designed based on the principles of nonclassical biomanipulation and the consumerdriven nutrient recycling theory of ecological stoichiometry.The main technology of it was the stocking of silver and bighead carps and the control of predatory fish,which could not only promote the survival of the stocking fish,but also increase the benthic detritivorous fish.The results showed the implementation of AEPO fishery reduced the ETL of top predators,such as the ETLs of 〖WTBX〗Elopichthys〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Erythroculter〖WTBZ〗 decreased from 385 and 356 in 1999 to 361 and 339 in 2000,respectively.The trophic levels of catch in the lake had also changed,i.e.,the catch had changed from Trophic Level III (500%) in 1999 to Trophic Level II (4874%) in 2000,which further led to the drop of average ETL of the whole fishery from 274 in 1999 to 261 in 2000.Both ecosystem productivity and ecosystem size of Lake Qiandaohu in 2000 were lower than those in 1999,i.e.,the ecosystem productivity of the lake decreased from 98780 t/（km2·a）in 1999 to 66250 t/（km2·a） in 2000 with 3323% decline, while sum of all consumption, sum of all exports and sum of all respiratory flows were decreased by 2965%, 3569% and 3060%, respectively. Moreover, total system throughput reduced from 35285 t/（km2·a） in 1999 to 24271 t/（km2·a） in 2000.Indices which indicate the maturity of an ecosystem(e.g. decline of Pp/R and Pp/B,increase of FCI and Finn’s average path length) all showed that the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Qiandaohu was more developed in 2000 than in 1999.

A comprehensive quantitative method for the evaluation of fishery feasibility of Lihu was established based on the techniques of principal components analysis,analytic hierarchy process and geographic information system.12 factors have been screened according to the environmental and hydrological conditions of Lihu lake and were divided into 4 submodels.The evaluation map of fishery feasibility in Lihu lake was achieved after the process of each indicator’s weight calculation and spatial analysis accomplishment.The results indicated that: 5 grades of fishery feasibility of Lihu lake termed as highest,higher,high,general and low were 06408,23229,38448,11214 and 0.0801 km2,respectively.The study provided reference for plan and management to administrative department.

During the investigation on water birds at Lake Jinyinhu from Nov.2007 to Mar.2009,34 birds species of 11 families 8 orders were recorded,in which there were 21 winter migrant species,6 summer migrant species,5 resident species and 2 passengers.In terms of geographical distribution type,there were 21 Palaearctic species,2 Oriental species and 11 cosmopolitan species.〖WTBX〗Platalea leucorodia〖WTBZ〗,listed on both Rank Ⅱ National Protected Wildlife and China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals,was recorded.And there were 10 species protected provincially.According to the feeding habits of water birds,there were more spedes living on fish and shrimp,but more biomass of the species living on hydrophytes.The water quality of Lake Jinyinhu turned out to be even poorer than the 5th level.were analyzed,The bird diversity index in different seasons and different habitats were analyzed.It indicated that the reconstruction of hydrophytes and the change of wateland area by water level control would increase the biodiversity of Lake Jinyinhu.Furthermore,the species diversity of water birds and environmetn condition were compared between urban and suburban lakes of Wuhan.The result showed that the water bird diversity correlated negatively with the pollution degree,positively with the area of lakes.Thus the over development and encroachnent of wetlands should be prohibited,and it is urgent to improve the water quality.

White shrimps (〖WTBX〗Exopalaemon modestus〖WTBZ〗 Heller) were collected from Taihu Lake，Poyang Lake，Chaohu Lake，Hongze Lake and  Dongting Lake in China.Eight morphological traits of 326 shrimps were measured and ten morphological proportional parameters were formed after adjusting.Morphological variation among populations was calculated using three kinds of multivariate analysis techniques.The variance contribution ratios of the first three principal component were 31216%，21577% and 15239%，respectively，and the cumulate variance contribution ratio was 68032%.The results of principal component analysis showed that morphological variation among five populations lied mostly on three ratios of ventral width to body length，ventral width to ventral length and headcuirass width to body length.Cluster analysis showed that the populations from Taihu Lake and Poyang Lake formed a common cluster firstly，then Chaohu Lake，Hongze Lake and Dongting Lake joined to the cluster in turn，which revealed the least variations between Taihu Lake and Poyang Lake and the most variations between Taihu Lake and Dongting Lake.Discriminant functions were established for five populations.The discriminant accuracy was from 667% to 967% and the synthetic identification discriminant analysis accuracy was 807%.Coefficients of difference were calculated.According to Mayr’s  75% rule，the differences among different populations of 〖WTBX〗Exopalaemon modestus〖WTBZ〗 are stil1 within the population level and do not reach the subspecies level.Morphological differences between different populations appear to result from both genetic differences and environmental factors.

The niche breadths and overlaps of 24 dominant phytoplankton species in the Lake Chaohu in March 2008 were measured using corresponding formulas respectively,and the ecological influence among all the dominant species and the relationships between phytoplankton species and ambient environment were discussed in this paper.The results showed that the niche breadths of 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus astraea,Cryptomonas erosa〖WTBZ〗，〖WTBX〗Melosira granulata〖WTBZ〗,etc.in the east of Lake Chaohu exceed 3,and in the west of Lake Chaohu,the algae with greater niche breadth are 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus astraea,Cryptomonas erosa，Cryptomonas ovata〖WTBZ〗,etc.The results showed that selecting the phytoplankton with wide range of niche breadths as indicator is more reliable.Thus we take 〖WTBX〗Melosira granulata,Anabaena flosaguae〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Asterionella〖WTBZ〗 sp.as indicators in the west area of Lake Chaohu.The niche overlaps suggest that 〖WTBX〗Chlorella pyrenoidosa〖WTBZ〗 is developing fastest in the east area of Lake Chaohu,while 〖WTBX〗Chlorella pyrenoidosa〖WTBZ〗 set a fast pace in the west area.The abundance of developing phytoplankton in the east area is greater than that in the west area.These species are growing faster,and most of them can tolerate polluted environment.Subsequently,comparing phytoplankton community structure of the Lake Chaohu in April with that in March,we can draw a conclusion,namely it is reliable to forecast the surface water bloom of Anabaena flosaguae by niche calculation.〖

In order to reveal the effect of the pollutants in the river which flowed into the Fubao Bay，Dianchi Lake on benthic diatom communities，benthic diatom samples of 6 sites in the littoral zone of Fubao Bay were collected in different season，and the diatom community structure including diatoms species composition，cell densities and ShannonWeaver diversity index was investigated.The study found that 〖WTBX〗Achnanthes minutissima〖WTBZ〗 was one of the most abundant species or dominant indicator in the most months during experiment in the east littoral，and the highest relative abundance reached 795%.The 〖WTBX〗Gomphonema〖WTBZ〗 spp.were dominant in the west littoral，and 〖WTBX〗Amphora pediculus〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗Nitzschia amphibia〖WTBZ〗 were dominant species in the highly polluted region near the estuary of the bay during January~July，after that，〖WTBX〗Achnanthes minutissima〖WTBZ〗 became gradually the dominator in both water area.The densities of benthic diatoms rose gradually with the increase of the distances between the sampling sites and the estuary.The results showed that the pollutants in the river which flowed into the lake influenced greatly the density and spatialtemporal distribution of benthic diatoms in the lake bay.〖  

In this study，multiple statistical methods were conducted to evaluate water quality in the inflow and outflow rivers of Lake Taihu，China.Hierachical cluster analysis indicated that the inflow and outflow rivers of Lake Taihu can be classified into three categories according to their water quality.Principal component analysis，which is used to identify the possible factors or/and sources that determine river water quality，indicated that water quality of these rivers was generally determined in nutrient order of nitrogen and phosphorus levels.Principal component analysis also indicated that water quality of Category I rivers was mainly determined in nutrient order of nitrogen and phosphorus，that water quality of Category II rivers was mainly determined in order of nitrogen and organic matter levels，and that water quality of Category III rivers was mainly determined in order of phosphorus，organic matter and nitrogen levels.〖

The deposition rate of different zones of Lake Taihu was evaluated at two stages (1963~1983,1983~2002).The results showed that the deposition rates increased at different degrees in space,and the East Lake was the most significant in Lake Taihu.It increased from 29 mm/a to 124 mm/a. Since deposition rate has different meaning to different depth of shallow lake,the relative deposition rate (RDR) was proposed to assess the health states of Lake Taihu in deposition.RDR is the ratio of deposition rate to depth.The health index was determined by the deposition situation of the principal domestic lakes.The lake of maximum  RDR was defined as health score of 0,and the lake of RDR being 0 was defined as health score of 100,thus the health index of Lake Taihu could be calculated by linear interpolate.The RDR shows that Gonghu bay and Centre lake are in health states,East lake is the only unhealth zone,and the others are subhealth.The whole lake has a deteriorate trend from subhealth to unhealth.

This paper focused on the Fudong watershed of Taihu Lake Basin.Based on analyzing the element and isotopic geochemistry of sediments within the watershed and estuary,the quantitative relationship between soil erosion and the material fluxes from Fudong watershed to Taihu Lake were established.The results showed that the average material flux from the Fudong watershed to Taihu Lake was 6074 t/a in recent forty years,which was consistent with actual monitor data.The total amount of soil erosion within Fudong watershed was 25670 t/a,which meaned that only 237 percent of eroded soil transferred into Taihu Lake and the others were deposited in the channels and fields.Therefore,the mathematical relationship among the material flux from watershed to lake〖WTBX〗 (Q)〖WTBZ〗,the watershed erosion rate〖WTBX〗 (E)〖WTBZ〗 and watershed area 〖WTBX〗(A)〖WTBZ〗 was:〖WTBX〗E〖WTBZ〗=422〖WTBX〗Q/A〖WTBZ〗.According to the analysis of source of lake sediments by using multielement fingerprinting method,the soil erosion rate distribution of different land use types in Fudong watershed were calculated.The average soil erosion rates of forest lands,tea plantations and paddy fields were 1266，58355  and 17293 t/（km2·a） respectively,which was consistent with the results by using 137Cs tracer technique.Our study proved that the soil erosion of different land use types and the nutrient flux of catchment could be reconstructed by using lake sediment records.〖

For maintaining the health and function of lake ecosystem,it is necessary to manage the lake ecosystem based on the lakespecific environmental condition.Lake ecological sensitivity analysis can quantify the ecological function partitions,which is helpful for the lake ecosystem management.Based on ecological investigation of the lake environment,ecological sensitivity in Futou Lake was evaluated by selecting regional representative factors,utilizing the advanced GIS technology and using the model of multifactor summation with different weight.The results showed that about 320% of the study area was extreme and high sensitivity zones,and about 571% of the study area was moderate sensitivity zones,which indicated that the lake had a relatively high sensitivity.The advices of protection and utilization for these zones were suggested based on the spatial distribution of ecological sensitivity and importance of service.This study firstly applied GIS technology to assess the lake ecological sensitivity,making the spatial overlay of ecological factors effectively.At the same time,this article suggested that selecting additional factors such as aquatic biodiversity,biomass and other factors as the indicators could understand ecological sensitivity more comprehensively.〖

Total phosphorus(TP),weakly adsorbed phosphorus(NH4ClP),Albound phosphorus(AlP),Febound phosphorus(FeP),Cabound phosphorus (CaP),residual phosphorus(ResP) and organic phosphorus(OP) in surficial sediment of Dongping Lake were measured by the sequential extraction process.And the distribution of phosphorus fractions were analyzed.The results showed that the average contents of TP were 79538 mg/kg in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake,which was a little higher than that of the other lakes in China.The phosphorus mainly distributed in inorganic fractions(IP),ranging from 3849 to 1158.3 mg/kg,which accounted for 8076% of TP in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake.The decease order of different inorganic fractions was CaP>ResP>AlP+FeP> ExpP,accounting for 448%,312%,231% and 09% of IP,respectively.The OP is slightly higher in Laohu pier and midlake,which might be caused by the cage culture and the acceptance of more sewage.The average contents of bioavailable phosphorus was 2458 mg/kg,accounting for 309% of TP in the surficial sediments of Dongping Lake,which indicated that the surficial sediments might be a potential phosphorus source for the overlying water of Dongping Lake.