On the background of a new round of land use planning in our country,spatial regionalization and land arrangement have become the focuses of current research issues.With the support of GIS database and spatial analysis tools,comprehensive quantitative evaluation methods for constructive land suitability and ecological restriction were established for county scale research,〖JP2〗and a regionalization scheme of constructive〖JP〗 land suitability was formed by the judgment matrix of constructive land suitability evaluation degree and ecological restriction evaluation degree.The research approach was utilized in Kunshan which has typical county economic development since reform and opening up,and has obvious contradiction between land supply and demand at present.According to regionalization results,the region in Kunshan could be divided into four types of constructive function area:the feasible construction area,the control construction area,the limitary construction area,and the prohibited construction area.Furthermore,countermeasures and strategies to land management of different types of regionalization areas were put forward to improve land use management and optimize the spatial layout of constructive land in Kunshan.The feasible construction area should encourage industries and towns agglomeration,and propose highdensity and highstrength development;the control construction area should control the type of development and construction activities to lessen the impact on the ecological environment;the restricted construction area not only should control the type of development and construction activities,but also should limit the scale of the activities;the prohibited construction area should prohibit the construction activities except the necessary infrastructure facilities for ecological and environment protection.

Spatial economic structure and regional economic disparities have always been a hot issue for scholars at home and abroad. In the context of a certain time,change in regional economic disparities can be used to show the evolution of the spatial economic structure of certain region.Coefficient of variation and statistical techniques were applied to analyze the evolution of economic spatialtemporal disparities and spatial economic structure in Chengdu metropolitan region by using county as a spatial unit and per capita GDP as measuring index for the level of regional economic development.The CVs curve for intercounty exhibit an invert U shaped pattern from 1999 to 2007 in Chengdu metropolitan region.From the temporal change of the spatial autocorrelation，we found that the Moran’s 〖WTBX〗I〖WTBZ〗 decreased from 0.70 in 1999 to 066 in 2007,which demonstrated that  the disparity between rich and poor clusters was narrowed in the same periods.Moran’s 〖WTBX〗I〖WTBZ〗 scatter plot divided the 59 counties of Chengdu metropolitan region into four types (HH,HL,LL,LH), and the number of HH and LL counties increased from 18 in 1999 to 28 in 2007.By making LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association ) map,we found all the HH counties located in Chengdu and Deyang，and most of LL counties located far 〖JP2〗from the economic center of Chengdu metropolitan〖JP〗 region.From the whole Chengdu metropolitan region,the clustering effect showed a decreasing trend from 1999 to 2007,but in some areas,polarizati〖JP2〗on effect is increased,and regional disparities were still significant.

The Danube River is one international river that covers most countries in the world.The good practices on international cooperation with the Danube River have a positive role in demonstration and reference to other international rivers in the world.Based on the historic cooperation development stages as well as the cooperation characteristics summarized from the Danube River (including adoption of various complementary cooperative mechanisms;〖JP2〗introduction of some advanced notions comprising of risk management〖JP〗 and public participatory approaches and integrated river basin management to promote comprehensive cooperation;use of some modern technologies such as GIS and data management to realize sharing of the river basin information and data;adoption of negotiation and legal instruments to resolve international disputes peacefully) and taking account of the characteristics of China’s international rivers and the development trends in international water laws as well as international rivers cooperation across the world,this paper finally put forwards some inspirations to China:researches and cooperation in relevant aspects of international rivers should be stren〖JP2〗gthened particularly in navigation and hydropower development〖JP〗;adequate attentions should be paid to ecological environment protection on international rivers,and cooperation and coordination across the whole basin is emphasized more and more with flood control;both utilization and protection of international rivers should be insisted in parallel,and a balanced development approach should be followed;characteristics of various international rivers and the context of the regions where they are situated should all be taken into account in order to choose appropriate models of cooperation and management.

Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of rice were studied under four irrigation modes,including dry cultivation,wet cultivation,continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation,which were set to simulate the diversity of water resource situations in different areas or landforms.The results showed as follows.Rice under dry cultivation suffered drought stress,which led to few tillers,low percentage of ear bearing,short and narrow leaf,small specific leaf area,low leaf area index and photosynthetic rate,and a low yield.Wet cultivation basically sustained rice growth and the rice exhibited high percentage of ear bearing,large leaf area,high photosynthetic rate,and a high yield.Continuous flooding exerted harmful effect on rice,with its rice having low root activity,high leaf droop rate,low photosynthetic rate compared with that under wet cultivation.Intermittent irrigation showed the highest yield for its rice,with long and wide leaf,high leaf area index,and high photosynthetic rate.The result of fluorescence inducement showed that rice under dry cultivation and wet cultivation exhibited higher thermal exhaustion,while rice under intermittent irrigation and continuous flooding sent out more fluorescence to released excessive light energy.

It is important for studying the temporalspatial characteristics of precipitation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area because of its special geographical position in China.In this paper,Inverse Distance Weighted,Spline,Ordinary Kriging and CoKrigings methods were respectively employed to interpolate the annual and monthly average precipitation of 46 weather stations in and around the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 1961~2005.Then the results of the four interpolators were assessed under cross validation,and the temporalspatial distribution of precipitation was analyzed.The validating criterions indicated that the CoKriging which taken into account the elevation,performed better than the other three methods.However〖,based on the analysis of station error,we found that this method couldn't guarantee the error of all stations less than other methods.It showed that the precision of CoKriging interpolator would increase,when two weather stations at high elevation were eliminated.Through analyzing the temporalspatial distribution of precipitation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,the annual average precipitation is 1000~1200 mm in most area,and more than 45% of the annual precipitation concentrated in the summer.

Based on the synchronous natural annual runoff time series from 1960 to 2000 year at Daofu,Chuosijia,Zumuzu and Lanzhou hydrological stations,Copula method was applied to construct the runoff joint distribution between the rivers in the area of First Phase Project of Western Route of South to North Water Transfer Project and the upper reach of the Yellow River,and the synchronousasynchronous encounter probabilities of richpoor runoff between them were thoroughly analyzed.The results show that with the order as Xianshui River,Chuosijia River,Zumuzu River from west to east,the synchronous(asynchronous)encounter probabilities of richpoor runoff between the rivers in the area of First Phase Project of Western Route of South to North Water Transfer Project and the upper reach of the Yellow River augment(decrease)orderly and the synchronous probability between Zumuzu River and the upper reach of the Yellow River has been greater than the asynchronous probability between them;The probabilities that are propitious to transfer water resources to the Yellow River decrease orderly,but they all greater than 30% and they are a little greater than the corresponding probabilities in the Middle Route of South to North Water Transfer Project;the synchronous poor probabilities between the two areas are all bellow 26%,and all of these results are propitious to carry through construction of the First Phase Project of Western Route of South to North Water Transfer Project.

It’s grave situation of cultivated land protection in mountainous area and is easy to be ignored.In order to know the situations and main causes of the pressure of cultivated land in Northwest Mountainous Area of Hubei Province in China,this paper
calculated the pressure index of cultivated land since 1997~2007,based on the model of the pressure index of cultivated land,which is the ratio of per capita minimal area of cultivated land and per capita actual area of cultivated land.The result shows that the pressure of cultivated land had tended to decrease from 1997 to 2000,of which the main reason was that the increase speed of food output was faster than that of population.And the pressure index increases after 2001 in total because per capita actual area decreases rapidly and the standard of living increases constantly.After contrasting from Hubei Province and China,it shows that the pressure is greater distinct.There are two main reasons.Firstly,mountainoud cultivated land is affected by changing of cultivated land to woods,and damaging by disaster and construction,which makes actual per capita cultivated land to be on the low level.Secondly,the comparative low level of unit output makes minimal per cultivated land area to be on the high side.In order to achieve food supplies security and socialeconomic sustainable development,we should build right cultivated land protect views and increase output rate of cultivated land by using advanced technology so as to decrease the pressure of cultivated land protection.

This paper took Tongliang in Chongqing as the object of study and three phases of TM/ETM+ remote sensing images as the prime data sources. On the basis of large amount of data,there were two steps we took to start this research.Firstly,the land use parterns of Tongliang County from 1993 to 2007 were studied by the theory of landscape ecology.Secondly,the LUCC process and the convertion amounts between each kinds of land use were analyzed by Markov model and the tendencies in the following years were forecasted.The research results manifested that the landscape's shape in Tongliang during 1993 to 2007 tended to be complicated,patch fragmentation reduced,sight heterogeneity decreased,and landscape type appeared the tendency of the simplification and the nonequilibrium.Forestland decreased apparently while urban construction land increased sharply.Reduced forestland was mainly converted into orchard land and arable land while increased construction land mainly came from orchard land and arable land.Investigation indicates that combining landscape indices with Markov model to study the LUCC could contribute to analyse the pattern and process of the land use,and achieve preferable results.

Located at the east of Chongming Island,Dongtan wetland is an ecological sensitive region of global importance. Interfered with human activities,its ecosystem health is faced with threat.Thus， it is necessary to make quantitative research on its health assessment. This study took Dongtan wetland of Chongming Island as a research area,selected indicators like topography and geomorphology,environment,biology and human interference.Based on theory of ecosystem health,this study divided the health condition of research area into five levels and built an index system of wetland health assessment in Dongtan,Chongming Island. Combined with GIS and neural network model technologies,the study took grid as evaluation unit,and then established a neural network model of wetland ecosystem health assessment to quantitatively analyze the health conditions of Dongtan wetland.This model could provide decisionmaking support and scientific basis for rational utilization and protection of wetland sources.The result displayed the health conditions of Dongtan wetland in different areas from space.Generally,Dongtan wetland is comparatively healthy,but areas with healthier condition occupied only 30% and others are in a general condition.Furthermore,the wetland ecosystem health has a descending trend.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen management of wetland and make a sustainable development of wetland ecosystem.

This paper introduced the main circumstances about the constructed wetland in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFD),and discussed what ecosystem service it possesses,in order to obtain comprehensive value and raise public understanding on it.It is indicated that it’s very important to evaluate ecosystem service nonuse value for BOFP constructed wetland including landscape viewing,entertainment and scientific research and education.Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was adopted to evaluate the ecosystem service nonuse value for the constructed wetland.After designing relative questionnaires,carrying out prior survey,survey,and analyzing the output,it shows that the mean WTP (willingness to pay) for the BOFP constructed wetland’s ecosystem service nonuse value was 16023 Chinese Yuan/(household〖DK1〗·a).Three MultiRegression analysis methods namely Enter Regression,Step Regression and Step Regression with some variables after logarithm transformation were carried out,which established a good model to confirm that people who have more WTP are more likely to be those who learn more about constructed wetland,have better salaries and have gained better education.By choosing proper context population coming from Beijing city,the total WTP of the BOFP constructed wetland in the following 20 years was acquired as 123.3656 million Chinese Yuan/a and the total Net Present Value were 1890.4297,1614.2785 and 1398.4225 million Chinese Yuan at discount rate of 3%,5% and 7% respectively.

Soil carbon stock plays an essential role in global greenhouse effect and global carbon circulation.This paper statistically calculated the soil organic carbon storages and densities for 0~20,0~100,0~180 cm depth in the Yangtze Delta region based on 1∶250 000 multipurpose regional geochemical survey and interrelated research by ARCGIS9.2 and statistical software SPSS13.0.The soil organic carbon storage and density for 0~20 cm depth are calculated as 238.65 Tg, 3.28±0.92 kg/m2,and mean densities of various soil types range 2.63~3.57 kg/m2.The soil organic carbon storage and density for 0~100 cm depth are 822.76 Tg,11.30±3.48 kg/m2,and mean densities of various soil types range 9.35~11.94 kg/m2.The soil organic carbon storage and density for 0~180 cm depth are 1245.72 Tg,17.11±7.04 kg/m2,and average densities of various soil types range 14.27~18.00 kg/m2.Compared with the data of second national soil survey in early 1980s,the mean densities for 0~20 cm and 0~100 cm depth soil in this region rise,soil organic carbon storages increase,and the soil demonstrated the carbon sink effect.The lately evaluation of soil organic carbon storages extends to greater soil depth,which could contribute to baseline data to evaluate regional carbon sequestration potential and to understand carbon circulation thoroughly.

The authors choose four sample plots with different vegetation types in Maolan karst areas according to their degradation degree,namely the virgin arborforests,secondary arborshrub mixed forests,shrubs and shrubgrassland,and then concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil water at four sample plots were sampled monthly for one year and analyzed,respectively.The results indicate that:(1)DOC concentrations are higher in warm and wet seasons than those of cool and dry seasons in one year,which increase to maximum at June and then decrease.(2)DOC concentrations show a significant dependence on rainfalls.(3)DOC concentrations increase with vegetation degradation degree,and are higher in a degraded ecosystem than those of a nondegraded ecosystem,indicating that a virgin soilvegetation system is stable with less runoff and more storage and is not easily interrupted from outside disturbs.These results indicate that DOC values could be served as an effective indicator for vegetation degradation.

At present,the research on settlements should be strengthened in the process of carrying out building new countryside in Karst mountainous areas.In this paper,taking the Houzhai River region of Pudin County,Guizhou Province,as an example,the distribution pattern and changes in the region of the villages for more than four decades were studied in the smallscale region by GIS technology and quantitative analysis of the landscape index.The results showed that the distribution of settlement patterns,the number and size of the settlement were determined by the level of land productivity in different Houzhai River region in the 1960s.In 2004,population growth and socioeconomic progress resulted in the great increase of the total area of the village.〖JP2〗The number and size of the settlement in the different physiognomy types and the rapid development of settlements were determined mainly by external transport conditions.The settlements concentrated along the road.It showed the lined distribution trend along the road,and its shape was complex.

In order to test the governance effectiveness of ecological management district of karst areas，taking Yachi demonstration area in Bijie City，Longping demonstration area in Zunyi City，Qitan demonstration area in Yanhe County，Guizhou Province as examples，45 factors were chosen to build evaluation index system from five aspects including resources carrying capacity，environmental sustaining power，population development sustainability，economic development ability and social development ability，and using “vertical and horizontal” method，the development sustain abilities of the three demonstration areas in 2005 and 2007 were evaluated.The results showed that：From contrasting space，the development sustainability of Longping demonstration area was the best of all，followed by Yachi demonstration area，but Qitan demonstrationarea was the worst；From contrasting time，while the development sustainability of Yachi demonstration area was showed slightly backward，the Longping demonstration area and Qitan demonstration area were improved in 2007 than in 2005.Aim at the humanland conflicts of the three ecological management districts，the article presented some contermesures to enhance its development sustainability，such as populationcontrol，optimal allocation of land and water resources，enlarge the forestry and animal husbandry proportion and so on，and provided the model on sustainable development for the similar karst area.

Ahai Hydropower Station is one of hydropower stations in the middle Jinshajiang River.Ahai Reservoir is very deep and inclined to form temperature stratification，which will change the water temperature significantly and bring disadvantage to the water environment.The temperature distribution of Ahai Reservoir in dry year was predicted by a 3D numerical model，which was verified through stratified current experimental data.The result shows：（1）the head area is in weak stratification state in winter and spring because of the low temperature of upstream flow.The maximal vertical temperature difference is 459℃ in April.（2）the temperature process of released water is lagged behind the natural process.The temperature will be lower between Feb.and Mar.but it will be higher between Sep.and Jan.the next year.（3）The minimal water temperature is increased after the reservoir stores water.The differences are 230 and 209℃ in Nov.and Dec.respectively.

During the study of karst seepage for the upstream bay area on Loushui River，in the boundary between Hunan Province and Hubei Province，the huge ancient landslide and dammed lake were found and studied.The paper stated the landslide and dammed lake in brief，and discussed and analysed some problems about them.The landslide body is about 20 million cube，and the dam is about 1000 m long.The total thickness of the clay is more than 48 m，and the highest point of the clay laying out is 284.1 m height about sea level.The 14C ages is about 10760±130 aBP and 16880±250 aBP for the upper and lower clay.It is considered that the level of the lake is more than 285 m.The high sulphate content of the groundwater flowing out from the clay is not associated with the environment of clay deposit and the clay itself.The clay trend in two bank of the river is possible made by the relandslides.This result is of reference value for water and electricity engineering construction，and for the study of the development history of Loushui River and the formation and evolution of calamitous geological hazards of today's rivers.

The singularly continuous overcast and rainy process occurred in Hubei province in late winter of 2009 which persisted 13 to 19 days.Through the realtime monitoring data compared with the same period in history and the monitoring by the index of continuous overcast and rainy extreme climate event，and combined with the impact and disaster information and related industry standards，the climate characteristics，extent，causes and effects of this process are preliminarily analysed.The results are as follows：（1）The characteristics of this continuous overcast and rainy process are early occurrence，long duration，heavy rainfall，low temperature，less sunlight and followed by some disaster such as thunderstorm，hail，freezing rain，glaze ice.This process in central and southern Jianghan plain and eastern Hubei province all achieve the standards of extreme climate events；（2）The continuous rainfall process is mainly caused by the singular change and adjustment of atmospheric circulation in East Asia；（3）The continuous rainfall has serious impact on agriculture，resident，traffic，business and also induces geological disasters in parts area，and impacts after disaster has appeared on the occurrence and development of crop disease.〖

Based on the daily precipitation and the maximum temperature data of summer in 1961~2006 from 145 stations over Sichuan and Chongqing region，we analyzed high temperature and severe dry event. As these results show，the spatial distribution of the number of hightemperature is similar to the spatial distribution of severe dry event frequency，in addition to southwest of Chongqing region，having gradual reduction trend from west to east and highvalue concentrated in central and southwest of Chongqing region and southeast of Sichuan basin；by analyzing longterm changing trend，the number of hightemperature and severe dry event frequency over most of Sichuan and Chongqing region have obvious growth trend，several stations having weak reduction trend are scattered；the number of hightemperature and severe dry event frequency over most of Sichuan and Chongqing region have experienced one interdecadal variation process；since the 21st century，on the background of global warming，the number of hightemperature and severe dry event frequency over most of Sichuan and Chongqing region have entered the most notable happening process，the growth of severe dry event on the background of the growth of hightemperature event will inevitably lead to the increase of summer drought.〖

Using daily meteorological data from 1951 to 2008 on 112 stations of seven provinces in southern  China，the Maximum Difference Normalization Data Analysis Method was used to develop a Comprehensive Index System(CIS) which could reflect the temporal and spatial distribution of the freezing weather happened in southern China.The index system defined the freezing day，the freezing process at single station，freezing index and regional consecutive freezing process，finally the freezing process was classified based on the fraction of Comprehensive Freezing Index，the annual starting and ending data and geographical range in consecutive freezing process were given.Results show that：(1)The five serious regional consecutive freezing disasters happened in southern China are in 2008，1955，1984，1964 and 1957，especially in early 2008，and the number of frost days and Freezing Index decreased obviously during 1951~2008；(2)The most extreme freezing weather happened in Guizhou Province，next in Anhui，Hunan and Hubei Province.The freezing weather showed better correlation with the altitude，i.e.，the higher of the altitude the more extreme of the frozen；(3)In southern China，ice storm happened mainly in Guizhou province and in southern Hunan province while other regions are snowfall.The Comprehensive Synoptic Weather Index proposed in this paper is comparable in spatialtemporal variation，and can well describe the spatialtemporal variation of the freezing weather

Shaer Gully，an old debris flow gully，the first order right branch of Dadu River，is located in Jinchuan County，Sichuan Province，which is one of the seriously affected counties during “5.12” Earthquake.In order to study the earthquake's influence on debris flow gullies in affected areas during “5.12” Earthquake，we studied the characteristics and development trends of debris flow in Shaer Gully based on detailed field survey and investigation.The debris flows of this gully could be defined as median frequency，mediumlarge scale，higher viscosity，muddy and bouldery debris flows.The main characteristics of debris flows were as follows： (1)Rainstorm was main triggering condition；(2)It caused rapidly disasters and serious damages；(3)Main harming actions were destruction and burying.The amounts of loose materials had further increased in this gully due to the earthquake and reached 1300×104 m3 in volume，approximate 300×104 m3 of which could be involved in subsequent debris flows.Consequently this gully has already had the possibility of breaking out large scale debris flows.According to calculation results，the once total volume of debris flow exceeded 9×104 m3 and 13×104 m3 under the precipitation of 50 years cycle and 100 years cycle，respectively.From this study，we found that the earthquake had some influences on debris flow gullies in these affected areas，but it was not serious.Its development trends had no significant change.