The research on central city and its hinterland is one of focuses in city geography field all the time.Firstly,by building the index system and applying the method of principal component analysis,the centralstrength values of cities were calculated.And the centralstrength 〖JP2〗was used in place of city population〖JP〗 index in breaking point theory.Secondly,by combining with weighted Voronoi diagram,both the spatial scope of economic hinterland between Nanjing and its competitive cities that lie outside Nanjing economic zone and the one between Nanjing 〖JP2〗and its surrounding cities were sketched.And by applying the demonstration〖JP〗 method,the theoretical scope of economic 〖JP2〗hinterland was adjusted according to the real situation of economic〖JP〗 contact,administrative district,natural factor and so on.Lastly,according to the strength of economic contact,Nanjing’s economic hinterland was divided into six layers of economic center,daily hinterland,direct hinterland,indirect hinterland,limited hinterland and competitive hinterland.The result showed that the shapes of the two economic hinterlands are both similar to the shape of ‘’,but Nanjing lies in the east of the former hinterland and in the center of the latter hinterland.The research on the spatial scope and the layer of Nanjing’s economic hinterland is helpful to the rational spatial organization of Nanjing economic zone and the rapid expansion of the influence from the Yangtze Delta area to the northwest region.

With the help of fractal methods of urban morphology based on iterative principles as well as fractal dimensions including correlation dimension，radius dimension and dilation dimension，this paper quantitatively analyzed the evolutional pattern of urban spatial structure of Xuzhou.Firstly,the study showed fractal dimensions could be used to reveal the spatial distribution and organizational structure quantitatively,while scaling behavior curve revealed the scale behavior of urban land use under different scales,and the application of the both could reveal the evolution law of urban spatial structure better.Secondly,the spatial distribution homogeneity of residential land,industrial land,and transportation land had been increasing while that of infrastructural land was poor.Thirdly,with the expansion of the city,an obvious ring structure of infrastructural land,residential land,industrial land from the center to periphery came into being and new commercial centers had been formed in periphery of city．Finally,compared with residential land and infrastructural land，the boundary of industrial land was complex and of poor stability.

International airport is an important feature of industrialization,urbanization modernization and high socioeconomic development.The study of foreign airports’ feature contributes to provide useful experience and method to develop our airport and realize the rationally maximized utilization.Under the new situation of global economic integration,international airport has a time characteristics of maximization and largescale,and it should adapt to the complex situation of climate change.Allweather,guide system automation,worldclass facilities are indispensable.In the 〖JP2〗process of rapid development of world economy and urbanization,〖JP〗China’s airports resources utilization should be analyzed from three aspects.The new airport expansion should be in accordance with the scientific development view.According to different levels of the airports,they should have appropriate labor division,make sure of the integrated functions,and make full use of all types of airport resources,take advantages of the fast,safe,accurate characters of air transport.China's air transport industry should be pushed into modernization and internationalization.

SuzhouWuxiChangzhou,one of the most economically developed areas in China,which lies in Taihu Basin, is also one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world.Rapid urbanization has caused great changes in the regional natural environment and processes of precipitation.Taking Suzhou,Wuxi,Changzhou as typical cities,based on the long term 〖JP2〗precipitation,with the premise of the same meteorological〖JP〗 background,this paper probed into the effect of urbanization on local precipitation by comparing the precipitation in urban and suburban gauges using linear regression,MannKendall trend analysis,R/S method.The results showed that in the phase of slow urbanization development,the difference of precipitation in urban areas and suburban areas was little;in the phase of quick urbanization development,like Suzhou and Wuxi,urban rain island effect was evident,while it was not evident in Changzhou with slow development.And this situation may not change in the near future.This study also lays the foundation for the urban agglomerations downstream in the Yangtze River delta.

As the industrialization and urbanization continue to move forward,contradiction between people and land in the Yangtze River region is getting acute and per capita arable land has fallen below the warning line provided by FAO.Due to schistosomiasis,management difficulties,as well as disconnection between property and utilization and other reasons, most of 900 thousand hectares of beach land resources had been in desert and semidesert state,in urgent need of governance and development.In this paper,the characteristics and use status of middle and lower reaches of the beach areas in the Yangtze River region and its ecoenvironmental problems and causes were analyzed.The principle of comprehensive management and sustainable use was put forward.Development and utilization of beach land resources should be combined with river regulation,economic development,schistosomiasis control and wetland protection.In light of local conditions,one integrated system covering production,protection and recreation should be set up by scientific planning step by step.Thereby the golden waterway could play important part in the economic construction of the region and the nation.〖HJ1〗

Cloud contamination has a significant effect on the accuracy in estimating vegetation fraction based on remote sensing.MVC method can apparently eliminate the influence of cloud elimination on the timeseries NDVI images.But in the regions with longterm cloudy or rainy weather,it is difficult to completely eliminate the cloud coverage with this method. In this paper,BISE algorithm was adopted to identify and analyze noise from the timeseries MODIS/NDVI data in the hilly southeastern Hubei province.Based on it,vegetation fraction was calculated according to the developed dimidiate pixel model.Compared with the vegetation fraction data derived from forest resource inventory,Mean Absolute Error (MAE) was 0149 and Mean Relative Error (MRE) 277%.Moreover,the obtained timeseries vegetation fraction data was calculated based on division into five degrees (i.e.<20%,20%～40%,40%～60%,60%～80% and >80%).The results show that about 75% to 84% of the study region was covered by vegetation fraction more than 40% and the area ratio of vegetation fraction more than 60% was almost 80% during July to September.Except the low degree of vegetation fraction (less than 20%),other types had a remarkable seasonal change,and especially the high degree (more than 80%) and the intermediatetohigh degree (60%～80%) interchanged.

According to the ecological footprint theory,the crop porduction ecofootprint model based on the particularity of crop production was presented in this paper,in order to analysis the ecological surplus and deficit of crop production.The crop production ecofootprint and its composition in Jiangsu Province were evaluated and analyzed by using the crop production ecofootprint model in 2007.The results were compared with those which were evaluated by traditional method,and the differences were analyzed among them.When using the crop production ecofootprint model as the evaluation criterion,the ecological footprint,the ecological capacity and the ecological surplus of Jiangsu Province crop production in 2007 would be 0.232270 billion hm2,0.442670 billion hm2,0.028618 billion hm2 respectively.In addition,it also suggested that there was a significant spatial difference according to the crop production ecofootprint among the cities of Jiangsu Province.The crop productions of Nanjing,Wuxi，Suzhou，Changzhou and Nantong were in ecological deficit state,while other cities appeared different degree of ecological surplus state.The study results show that the crop production ecofootprint model was more objectively to analyze the land resource endowment and easy to decrease the enlargement phenomenon of ecological deficit which was caused by unreasonably designed model.The results also could be used as an important parameter for ecological impact assessment of planting.

With the development of social economy and urbanization,partial cultivated land conversion has already become inevitable.Analysis on intensive cultivated land use has important significance for releasing humanland conflict and ensuring sustainable development of social economy.From the perspective of humanland relationship,this paper constructed evaluation index system for intensive cultivated land use based on PSR model,and used entropy method,maximum 〖JP2〗difference normalization method and comprehensive〖JP〗 index method.Taking Jiangxi Province for an example,this paper calculated the intensive degree of cultivated land in Jiangxi Province from 1998 to 2007,and obtained that the intensive degree and each PSR subsystem coordination degree showed an increasing trend.It also used SPSS software and principal components analysis to analyze the driving forces of intensive cultivated land use.The driving forces include population economy factor,farming resource factor,policy system factor and nature factor.Results could provide certain scientific basis for the intensive cultivated land use in Jiangxi Province and some reference value for other provinces.

The temporalspatial distribution of cultivated land quality had brought about great changes under inducement by human activities. Studies on the process of cultivated natural quality alteration to economic quality could expand research connotation of land quality.Taking Hechuan City in Chongqing for example,patch data based on agricultural land classification and gradation and influence coefficient were used to obtain adjusted quality indices.Influence coefficient was used to modify natural quality index based on the investigation to households,and this influence coefficient made adjusted quality indices economization.It turned out that the farmers’ inputoutput made cultivated land natural quality reduced.Meanwhile,spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to reflect the spatial agglomeration of farmland by GeoDA.The results showed that modified quality grades reduced compared with natural quality grades;the distribution of adjusted quality grade of paddy land and dry land had remarkable positive correlation in space.That is to say,high quality paddy field was adjacent to high quality paddy field,and also low quality paddy field was adjacent to low quality paddy field.The distribution of dry land also followed the same rule,and concentration phenomenon was obvious.

Virtual water spatial distribution law of foodstuff production,foodstuff consumption and their equilibrium in 2007 were analyzed after calculated the virtual water contained in foodstuff production and consumption in each province and subregion in China.Conclusions were as follows:①The northern area had produced 31 9752×107m3 foodstuff virtual water more than the south.Per capita virtual water of the north was 530 m3,which was much larger than the national average of 460 m3,and the Per capita virtual water of the south was 410 m3.This showed the typical phenomenon of foodstuff virtual water NorthSouth Water Diversion currently in China.②The foodstuff virtual water consumption emerged the opposite law.The southern area had consumed 4 8553×108 m3 foodstuff virtual water more than the north in 2007.The differences of foodstuff consumption between the south and the north had intensified the phenomenon of foodstuff virtual water NorthSouth Water Diversion in China.③From the virtual water equilibrium spatial distribution of view,there were two typical regions of virtual water export: one was the northern border zone which was mainly composed by Heilongjiang,Jilin,Neimenggu,Xinjiang and Ningxia;the other was the annular region of centraleastern China,which mainly included Jiangxi,Hunan,Chongqing,Hubei,Henan,Anhui,Jiangsu,Shandong and Shanxi.There were also two regions of virtual water input:one was the around Bohai Sea region which was composed by Beijing,Tianjin,Liaoning and Hebei;the other was a ring zone which include 13 provinces in northwest,southwest and South China.④Some suggestions for exploitation and application of water resource management about the virtual water equilibrium of foodstuff production and consumption were shortly analyzed in the end.

In order to reveal the urban heat island effect in Wuhan which is wellknown as “stove”,urban heat island intensity,vegetation fraction,land use type and the city zone area were retrieved and computed using 3 periods (1987,1994,2005)of TM image data with the support of GIS(geographical information system).Based on the standard processing of the obviously different heat island intensity data in 3 periods,the present situation and evolvement of urban heat island effect in Wuhan were analyzed,the correlation of urban heat island intensity with land use type and vegetation fraction was also quantificationally analyzed.The result indicates that urban heat island effect in Wuhan is very obvious,especially in the industrial park and shopping centre.Since 1980s,the area of Wuhan heat island continuously expands.There is a negative correlation between urban heat island intensity and vegetation fraction,and the growth of 10% in the vegetation fraction will bring about nearly 11℃ decline in the heat island intensity.Contributions to heat island of different land use type are varied.Water body and vegetation could ease urban heat island effect,while industrial park,shopping centre and road could aggravate heat island effect.Increase of city zone area,decrease of water area and drop of vegetation fraction could result in the aggravation of Wuhan urban heat island effect.〖

For hydrological regime,Jingjiang segment is the most dangerous part of the Yangtze River.Due to elevation of Jingjiang beach,warping of Dongting Lake,heightening of water level at same discharge and thus the silting of Jingjiang on one hand,and structurally controlled subsidence of basin on the other hand,the potential difference between flood level and basin ground keeps increasing continuously,and high embankments and high flood stage(more than 13 m above the embank ground)along Jingjiang Segment is formed.Although establishment of the Three Gorges Reservoir has brought about great regulation and storage capacity against the flood in the Upper Yangtze River,it has not changed the geological process.This leads to the formation of high flood stage in Jingjiang Segment.Heightening of the levee and the flood stage are accompanied with disastercausing geological processes such as embankment piping,shore collapse,earthquake etc..The Jingbei Plain is severely threatened because Jingjiang river segment has a natural streaming tendency to burst from the Yangtze River,and the Yanka section at the Shashibay is more dangerous.To avoid great geological and environmental disasters and to harmonize the relationship of human,land and water,strategies for giving way to river water and sand as well as for utilization of flood resources are urgently needed.

Nonpoint source pollution is one of the most important factors affacting the water quality of Danjiangkou Reservoir. In order to explore the variation of nonpoint source pollution,nitrogen concentrations were measured from January to December of 2008 within different types of land use and small watersheds in Hujiashan.The results showed that TN and NO-3N concentrations were high and steady; While NH+4N concentration was low,but fluctuated greatly in village.The dynamic process of nitrogen concentrations at the outlet of village was closely related to rainfall intensity.NO-3N was the main form of nitrogen loss,accounting for 6031% ~ 9655% of TN output,and it was correlated significantly with TN.Compared with nitrogen concentration in village,the concentrations of nitrogen was low in mixture of woodland and farmland,and TN showed a process from increase to decrease,and then from smooth to increase change with rainfall,and NO-3N and TN had a close relationship.From the saptial transporting,the concentration of nitrogen showed dilution and enrichment effects in the downstrean of small watersheds,while the village concentration of nitrogen had large effect on these two types.In temporal,the concentration of NO-3N and TN varied with season change,showing concentration of TN in spring>summer>autumn>winter,NO-3N in autumn>summer>spring>winter,which was closely related to agricultural systems and weather.The water quality of Hujiashan watershed was poorer than that of Danjiangkou Reservoir;thus the effective measures should be implemented to improve the water quality,especially in villages.

On the basis of climate and hydrology database from 1961 to 2003,the MannKendall test and linear trend method were used to detect the longterm trend of runoff in Zipingpu and Gaochang hydrological station in Minjiang Basin,and the temperature and precipitation over Tibetan Plateau.The response of characteristic of runoff in Minjiang Basin to temperature and precipitation over Tibetan Plateau was researched by using Pearson correlation analysis method.The result shows that:(1) As a whole,there was a decreasing trend in runoff in Zipingpu and Gaochang hydrological station in Minjiang Basin when there was an obvious increasing trend in temperature，while there was a weakly increasing trend in precipitation over Tibetan Plateau during the past 43 years.The annual runoff in Zipingpu hydrological station showed a significant and continuous decrease with the 5% level of significance and the decreasing rate was -2.619 0 m3/s/year.The slope was -6.538 5m3/s/year in Gaochang hydrological station.The runoff in the 1960s and the late 1980s was increasing,but decreasing in the early 1970s and period from 1990 to 2003.As for seasonal variation,the runoff reduction primarily took place in summer and autumn,but very small in spring.(2)As the temperature over Tibetan Plateau increased,the runoff in Zipingpu and Gaochang hydrological station in Minjiang Basin decreased.The correlation between precipitation over Tibetan Plateau and runoff in Minjiang Basin varied with different section of Minjiang River and different season,for example,there were significant correlation between precipitation over Tibetan Plateau and runoff in spring in Minjiang Basin,there was a weakly negatively correlated between precipitation over Tibetan Plateau and runoff in Zipingpu hydrological station in Minjiang Basin,and the precipitation over Tibetan Plateau have strong positive correlation with runoff in Gaochang hydrological station in Minjiang Basin.Besides,there was a time lag for the effect of climate change over Tibetan Plateau on runoff in Minjiang Basin .

The droughtwaterlogging encounter probability of water source area and receiving area in the Middle Route of SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project is the important basis of water resources adjustment and cooperation.The set pair analysis was applied to research the droughtwaterlogging encounter probability of water source area and Hai river receiving area based on the droughtwaterlogging grade data from 1470 to 1979 and measured precipitation data from 1980 to 2000.The results showed that the droughtwaterlogging disaster occured frequently,the continuous hazards were serious,and it had an increasing tendency of the droughtwaterlogging disaster frequency and degree in recent three centuries.For the droughtwaterlogging state between water source area and Hai river receiving area,the connection degree was very low and the synchronization was also relatively poor,the profitable frequency of the droughtwaterlogging encounter for water transfer was 567%，and the disadvantageous frequency was 24.88%.In order to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of the Middle Route of SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project,we should enhance the ability of water resources adjustment and cooperation with other water resources projects to ensure the water security of receiving areas.〖

In order to assess the health risk of heavy metals in urban soils to the children (6~12 years old),the health risks of heavy metals were assessed based on the model of health risk assessment and a total of 47 soil samples were collected from street in Yibin City.Pb,Zn and Cu were analyzed by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS),and As was determined using Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (HGAFS).The results indicated that the accumulation of Pb,Zn and Cu in urban soils was significant (〖WTBX〗p=0000) compared to the background values of heavy metals in Sichuan Province.The concentration of As was significantly lower than the background value (p=002).Using baselines value as the criterion of assessment,the 326%,297% and 511% of the samples in urban soils were above the soil baseline values for Pb,Zn and Cu,respectively.None of the soil samples were beyond the soil baseline value for As.For the nonecancer risk,the highest hazard index (HI) of the heavy metals in street soils was As，followed by Pb,Cu and Zn.The total hazard index (THI) was 346×10-1.HI and 〖WTBX〗THI were below the threshold value of 1,which fell in acceptable level.The total cancer risk of As was 872×10-6,that fell within the range of threshold values(10-6~10-4).The health risk assessment showed heavy metals in urban soils did not have hazard and cancer risk to the children in Yibin.

Protection forest health assessment is the basic programs for improving its ecological service function and scientific management. Based on the PressureStateResponse (PSR) model,the health assessment index system included 20 indices was constructed for protection forest in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and each weight of the indices in the system was evaluated by analytical hierarchy process (AHP)，and modified by entropy technology.Utilizing the method of health indices to assess the state of main forest community in the sampling plots,the results showed that (1) The average health index in the Guansi River Valley was 4695；(2)The forest health data of tested forest community are as follows:Quercetum(55.43),mixed AlnusCupressus forest(52.54),mixed PinusCupressus forest(50.84),Cupressus funebris forest(49.68),Pinus massoniana forest(38.92).Health assessment of protection forest could be a way for improving the spatial allocation and stand structure of protection forest in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

Medical geography and spatial epidemiology of schistosomiasis involve plenty of the knowledge and the parameters on the ecological environments of schistosome and its parasites,which provide abundant information for geographical interpretation on classification of the epidemic areas in China that was formulated by practical experiences and field survey in past decades.This paper consulted substantial research publications,systematically summarized and analyzed the ecological characteristics of the schistosome at different life cycle phases (egg,miracidia,cercaria) that has direct relations with ecological environments and its parasites (snails and mammals).Results show that concurrent meeting the ecological needs of both the schistosome and its parasites was the basic conditions for schistosomiasis transmission;most of the life time of the schistosome was spent in the bodies of the terminal parasite (mammals) and the intermediate parasite (snails),the demanding needs of snails for ecological conditions was the key to spatial variation of schistosomiasis transmission,thus the features of snail spatial distribution became the main foundation for classification of the epidemic areas.Finally interrelations among  the geographic factors (vegetation,soil,geomorphology,altitude,hydrology and hydraulics) of snail habitats  were analyzed from geographic point of view.The conclusion was that largescale geomorphology created different hydrological types and different spatial pattern of snail distribution that result in different schistosomiasissusceptible zones,and ultimately determined different schistosomiasis epidemicity types.The result was consistent with the classification scenario made by the Department of Endemic Prevention of State Health Ministry of China.

It needs to carry on scientific analysis in order to realize the optimum allocation of land resources because the implementation of land use planning has a long,complicated,comprehensive,and sometimes irreversible effect on the regional environment.So far,environment impact assessment is mostly around the construction projects but less in the planning.In terms of the practical demand,the study discussed the overall design of evaluation process of land use planning at county level.According to time,it was divided into two types of retrospective assessment and predictive assessment which was analyzed using weighted summation method and artificial neural network separately.Then,taking Jinkouhe area as an example,the results show the evaluation method has advantages of convenient,applicative and understandable,and it can analyze the environment impact objectively and accurately. At present, the new general land use planning is carrying out gradually throughout the country,and the research achievements can provide some specific guidance for the actual planning environment assessment practice.

Research method and ecology of freshwater picophytoplankton were reviewed.Glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde was usually used to fix picophytoplankton.The preserved sample should be put into refrigerator in order to prevent it from disintegration and loss of autofluorescence.Three different categories including picoeukaryotes,phycoerythrinrich picocyanobacteria and phycocyaninrich picocyanobacteria can be detected under epifluorescence microscope.Temperature,nutrient availability,grazing,light and pollution are the main factors that influence picophytoplankton.Basically,high temperature is favorable to picocyanobacteria and low temperature is favorable to picoeukaryotes.With the increasing of nutriens,picocyanobacteria numbers increased,but their contribution to the total phytoplankton biomass decreased.The researches of freshwater picophytoplankton were mainly done in temperate waters.Research in tropical and subtropical areas is rare,especielly in China.Such studies should be strengthened to understand more about freshwater picophytoplankton.

Xin’an River Basin,Pearl River Basin,and the Yangtze River Basin were taken as study areas to make multiscale analysis of Water Environmental Kuznets Curve (WEKC).Relationships between waste water discharge and per Capita GDP of provinces in a river basin were plotted in a figure.Through empirical analysis of WEKC in different regions from small to large scale watersheds,it could be discovered that the WEKC curves roughly follow a principle of repeating step by step from downstream to upstream districts.The curve experienced in the downstream usually reoccurs in the upstream later.The principle is evident especially when there are obvious disparities among development levels of the upstream and downstream.The main reason for this principle is possibly that economic development in downstream areas is generally earlier than the upstream.Consequently,the downstream areas usually possess stronger environmental protection capacity.So the downstream reaches the peak value of WEKC earlier than the upstream.The principle contributes to further understanding of the importance of upstream water resources protection.With background of West Development and Middle Rising Policies,this discovery also illuminates that upstream environmental protection capacity should be strengthened with supports of the country and downstream areas to promote entire and long term watershed protection.