Since the successful transformation of resourcebased cities  plays an essential role in the process of building a harmonious society and practicing the scientific development view currently,an appropriate evaluation of cities dependent on resource exploitation is needed to provide the foundation for developing effective transformation strategies.Meanwhile,it is worthy of noting that those who are suffering from comparatively serious pollution should concentrate more effort on environmental protection during the transformation process.The data envelope analysis (DEA) approach combined with entropy method is employed to reveal resourcebased cities’s transformation efficiency (RCTE) in terms of twentyone resourcebased cities at prefecturelevel during the period ranging from 2000 to 2007.The entropy method helps transform “six industrial wastes” into environmental pollution index to serve as output index in DEA model.As the result shows,the resourcebased cities in China have witnessed the uptrend of their transformation efficiency in general,which are divided geographically and ranked in descending order with the East being the highest,the West the second,and the Middle the lowest.In addition,those engaged in blackmetal manufacturing have achieved supreme transformation efficiency compared with other types of resourcebased cities

Lowcarbon economy is the inner requirement and important path to realize sustainable development for human society.And it is also the inevitable choice to cope with climate change.Firstly,this paper defines the SREE complex system of lowcarbon economy,which consists of society system,resource system,economic system and environment system.And these four subsystem are independent and interrelated.Based on it,the paper builds the comprehensive evaluation index system of complex system of lowcarbon economy. Considering the needs of evaluating the SREE complex system by using the catastrophe progression method, the quantitative indexes are included in the index system for avoiding to determine the weight of the qualitative indexes subjectively.Secondly,the paper evalues the SREE complex system of  lowcarbon economy from 2005 to 2009 in China.According to the result of comprehensive evaluation,the operation curve of the SREE complex system of lowcarbon economy is the wave curve.It is not only the results of double factors,which are international financial crisis and the adjustment of domestic economic structure,but also the results of the mutual influence and interaction of four subsystem. Finally,the paper puts forward the sustainable development strategies of the SREE complex system of lowcarbon economy in China

Palaeoflood hydrological investigations were carried out in the Yunxian Reach in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River.The results indicate that these deposits have been deposited by suspended sediment load in the palaeoflood water.They are different from eolian loess and soil in the Holocene profile.The palaeoflood events were dated to 200 A.D.by OSL dating method and archaeological dating on human remains underlying the palaeoflood SWD.The peak discharges of the palaeofloods were reconstructed to 65 830 m3/s with the slopearea method.This result was checked with various methods which indicate the reconstructed peak discharge is reliable. This result provides significant data for hydraulic engineering and flood control in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River

Based on the data of daily δD，δ18O of precipitation in Changsha station from Jan.2010 to Feb.2011.we have analyzed the variable characteristics of δD，δ18O of precipitation  under the synoptic timescale.The results indicated that there was significantly negative correlation of δ18O in precipitation with precipitation amount,vapor pressure,temperature and relative humidity under the synoptic in Changsha,and the variation of  δ18O in precipitation had significant precipitation amount effect，humidity effect and antitemperature effect.The meteoric water line  was 〖WTBZ〗δD=838δ18O+173〖WTBZ〗 in Changsha, which was similar to  the line under the monthly timescale according to GNIP（Globe Network of Isotopes in Precipitation）.But the slope and intercept of Changsha was larger than GMWL (Globe Meteoric Water Line),which revealed that it had the  climatic characteristics of humid and rainy in Changsha.These results had great impacts on revealing stable isotopic characteristics in East Asian monsoon and interpreting pale climate studies

Three Gorges Reservoir has captured the public attention for its impacts on ecological environment and ecological safety.The effect of mercury reactivity on fish mercury content after impoundment of the reservoir is concerned by whole society.Mercury concentrations in eight fish species collected in eight tributaries of the Yangtze River in Three Gorges Reservoir Area in 2011 were determined.The average concentration of mercury in the fish in wet weight was 564 μg/kg, ranged from 305 to 1096 μg/kg.Ten years after the first impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir,the mercury concentration of fish in Three Gorges Reservoir Area has not obviously increased,comparing with the data before impoundment.However slight difference in mercury concentrations among the fish species was found.The mercury concentration of fish increased with its trophic level.Accumulation of mercury in fish was found along the food chain.It is notable that the benthic fish species had higher mercury concentration than other species,which indicates that the mercury reactivity in bottom strata is a potential risk in environment

Based on 320 farmer questionnaire in 4 villages in Danyang City,the influencing factor about the willingness of rural residence transfer was analysed.Mathematical formula of driving force and contribution ratio of influencing factor was given by Logistic regression model.The result showed that education level,the number of homestead,family income were positively correlated to the willingness.The age of the head of household and family population were negatively correlated to the willingness .Factors at different stages had different effects,and the education level of the head of household affected the most.The family income and age were the main factors affecting the willingness of transfer.They played pull and push role of reaction separately.The study also showed that willingness of transfer would exceed 50% if the head of household’s education level was high school,the age was 35 and family income could reach 34 000 RMB.After the annual family income having a certain growth rate,the willingness of transfer would continue to remain at 50%

The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific basis to optimize the land use structure and to promote conservation and efficient use of land resources by analyzing the evolution and driving factos of land use structure in the highly urbanized area.The land survey data of Suzhou and the model on number change,extent change and spatial change of land use were used to analyze the evolution of the land use.The results show that between the year 1998 and 2008,the cultivated area of Suzhou had reduced significantly and the structure of agriculture land had adjusted.Settlement and incompatible industry land area had increased dramatically and it was significantly negatively correlated with the reduction of arable land.The index of land use degree increased year by year.Kunshan had the greatest relative change rate on arable land,garden land and urban land.Zhangjiagang and Wujiang,respectively,had the greatest relative change rate on towns land and incompatible industry land.The main driving factor to economic society were discussed by means of the principal component analytical method.Through the above analysis,it would be concluded that the main driving factors affecting the evolution of the land use structure were population growth,economic development,industrialization and urbanization.The direction of land use in the future is to take the intensive urbanization,achieve “efficiencybased” land use patterns and focus on the combination of social,economic and ecological benefits

Coastal zone is a crisscross zone of land and ocean ecosystem,of which the ecological environment is vulnerable and with significant economy and ecology value.Land use and land cover change is one of the most important components and major causes to regional environmental changes which are caused by the exploitation of coastal zone.The paper took four TM remote sensing images of coastal zone of Jiangsu in 1980,2000,2005,and 2008 as data,and analyzed the spatialtemporal dynamics of coastal zone in Jiangsu,by land use structure,land use diversity and land use degree.The results revealed that there were obvious spatial differences and grading diversifications in landocean direction.The main land use type in coastal zone is ecological land which is greatly different with the developed area.Among 13 counties in coastal zone,land use degree has a feature of highlowhigh in northsouth direction.From 1980 to 2008,the spatial differences on land use structure and land use diversity are stable,but the feature of land use degree gradually disappears.Among five buffers in landocean direction of coastal zone,land use diversity and land use degree respectively have feature of lowhighlow and highmiddlelow in landocean direction.From 1980 to 2008,the area with highvalue of land use diversity moves to the middle of coastal zone.The coefficient of variation among five buffers becomes lager.The grading diversifications are different in the north and south area of coastal zone,which is divided by the Sheyang estuary

There is serious contradiction between human and land in Three Gorges Reservoir area for a long time.Water storage and resettlement make land resources further reduce.At the same time,the decrease of soil fertility and ecological degradation caused by excessive development has become more and more serious.Soil fertility and variation tendency of different land use and different altitudes in Shuitianba Village of Zigui County in Three Gorges Reservoir area were analyzed,with soil sampling and investigation.The results show that terraced fields and protective cultivation were commonly used in the study area.The area of altitude 600~700 m was mainly opened for oranges orchard,the area altitude 700~900 m was mainly grow conventional crops.The soils in the study area were featured by thick ossification and desertification,and its fertility characteristics are weak waterretaining property,poor waterstable aggregate,good ventilation and water permeability,and easy farming.Content of soil organic matter (SOM) in the study area was generally low,but content of SOM and total nitrogen (TN) in middle and high elevation area was relative high,and content of soil total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) in low elevation area was relative high.Slope land changing to terraced fields helped to improving soil fertility and increasing soil nitrogen and phosphorus.According to the continuous monitoring result of 2005~2010 years,soil fertility was generally low in the study area,which became constraints for local agricultural production,and soil fertility degradation trend is still not controlled in mountain area at present. Because of soil and water loss and excessive use of chemical fertilizer,the content of SOM,TN,TP,and TK in most of the soil in the study area decreased,but content of soil available nutrient increased

This paper studied the effects of different nitrogen levels on crop yield and global warming potential through DenitrificationDecomposition Model (DNDC) model and a farm automatic sampling system.The results showed that DNDC model was well applied to simulate the greenhouse gas emissions.There was no significant increase of crop yield with the increase of N fertilizer between the normal usages of 80 percent to 150 percent.There was an optimization unit crop yield Global Warming Potential(GWP),when the nitrogen application rate was reduced to 6298 percent of the normal usages,with crop yield 12 877.5 kg/(hm2〖DK〗·a) and 3670 percent reduction of GWP.This study showed that reducing the amount of nitrogen reasonably can bring down the greenhouse gas emissions of wheat rotation system at the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River,and reduce the global warming potentials per kilogram crop yield

Biomass is an important energy for the subsistence and development of the mankind.And it takes the fourth place in the total amount of energy consumption,just behind coal,petroleum and gas.The development of bioenergy sector not only need the participation of the government and enterprise, individual household also takes a very important role.Behavior of rural households and attitude to the biomass industry will exert great influence on the selection action of government and enterprise.This paper took participation tendency of Hubei rural households to biomass industry for example,used factor analysis study influencing factors of participation tendency of rural households. The results indicated that expected benefits, environmental awareness,net income per capita,education degree,associated equipment,technology maturity of product,policy support,commodity energy use,ratio  and local biomass resources nine foctors will affect participation tendency of rural households.On this basis,the paper provides associated recommendations as follows.Firstly,increase expected benefits and income level of rural household on biomass.Secondly,enhance comprehensive quality of rural households and environmental protection consciousness.Finally,perfect technology and policysupport system,and resonably exploit and utilize the biomass resources

Choosing a ecological compensation mode of farmland with low transaction cost and easy operation,realizing the market operation of farmland ecological products,are the key to a successful implementation of ecological compensation mechanism.This paper analyzed the farmers′ cognition and preferences of farmland ecological compensation mode and the relevant factors that affected their selection based on the survey data.What′s more,the author pointed out the defects of government compensation mode in farmland ecological compensation field,and then discussed the suggestions of introducing the market mode.The results showed that:(1)only 1071% farmers have heard the conceptions of ecological compensation and ecological crisis;(2)4902% farmers are not satisfied with the current compensation mode because of its low amount,9465% of them are more inclined to accept higher level of cash compensation mode;(3)the Logistic model was used to analyze the factors that affect their selection of farmland ecological compensation mode.According to the results,farmer′s gender,age,family incomes,raising population and education level respectively affect their selection of cash,technology,policy and comprehensive farmland ecological compensation modes significantly.Finally,the study propose that constructing the trade platform for farmland ecological compensation,promoting the innovation of technology of ecological commodity and diversifying the management modes are the key to realize the market operation of farmland ecological compensation

Research on the impact of farmland consolidation on rural households’ capital input in farmland has great value in improving evaluation of performance and policies of farmland consolidation (FC).In this paper,influencing factors were theoretically and empirically analyzed.Theoretical hypothesis was formulated through theoretical analysis,and then empirical test was performed based on the questionnaire survey of 185 rural households of 3 counties in farmland consolidation area in Hubei province.This paper established linear regression model to analyze how FC affected rural households’capital input including floating capital and  agricultural machinery input in farmland.The results show that there are both crowdingineffects and crowdingouteffects in FC.It has a different impact on essential element of production:the private investment which complement with government investment grows while otherwise declines.The impact of influencing factors varied from floating capital input to agricultural machinery input.The impact of influencing factors varied within floating capital input and agricultural machinery input.The crowdingouteffects is stronger than crowdingineffects of FC on rural households’ input in farmland,the crowdingouteffects is incarnated in the floating capital.However,land consolidation benefits the wish to purchase agricultural machine while it affects weakly in the agricultural machinery input at the present

An opentop chamber (OTC) system was used on the dominant species 〖WTBX〗Phragmites australis〖WTBZ〗 in reclaimed marsh in Eastern Chongming island to study the effects of elevated temperature(ET) on the photosynthesis of leaves in rapid growth season.Photosynthetic parameters containing maximum net photosynthetic rate (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗max),dark respiration rate(〖WTBX〗Rd〖WTBZ〗),apparent quantum yield〖WTBX〗(AQY〖WTBZ〗),light compensation point(〖WTBX〗LCP〖WTBZ〗),light saturation point (〖WTBX〗LSP〖WTBZ〗) and light response processes of leaves of 〖WTBX〗Phragmites australis〖WTBZ〗  were measured after one and twoyear treatment.The results showed that these physical characteristics were diverse under different ET time.Comparing with the control(CK),the OTC manipulation showed positive effects,〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗max and〖WTBX〗 LSP〖WTBZ〗 increased significantly,〖WTBX〗Rd〖WTBZ〗 and 〖WTBX〗LCP〖WTBZ〗 decreased significantly after oneyear treatment(1aET).The opposite results happened to twoyear treatment (2aET).No significant differences happened to 〖WTBX〗AQY〖WTBZ〗 between years.The net photosynthetic rate light intensity (〖WTBX〗PnPAR〖WTBZ〗) curves which were nonlinear (〖WTBX〗R2〖WTBZ〗>098) fitted moved up and jumped down after 1aET and 2aET respectively.Furthermore,the effect of ET on transpiration rate (〖WTBX〗Tr〖WTBZ〗) was enhanced significantly,which served as a selfprotection response for dissipating heat.The responses of stomatal conductance (〖Gs)and intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci〖WTBZ〗) were correlated with photosynthetic active radiation(PAR).All results implied that photosynthetic acclimatization occurred due to nonstomatal factors limited under longer time scale

The determination of ecological compensation standard is a key problem in the research of ecological compensation.Five value models(that of flooding control,hydropower,reservoir irrigation,waterway improving and reservoir breeding)of ecological compensation subject and eight loss models(that of reservoir sedimentation,reservoir inundation,construction of resettlement area,soil and water erosion,river ecosystem occupied by project,energy consumption of project construction,sewage discharge of project construction,and produce cement and steel)of ecological compensation object on Zaoshi Water Conservancy Project(ZWCP)were established by the market value method,the opportunity cost method,the shadow project method,the shadow price method and the prevention expenditure method.With the models,the ecological compensation standard of ZWCP was evaluated in the paper.The results showed that the ecological compensation standard of ZWCP was 0676 0×108 Yuan RMB annually.The centrallocal government and hydropower development owner were the main ecological compensation subjects,which would bear 6805% and 2658% of ecological compensation standard.The resettlements and the river ecosystem were the main ecological compensation object,which would obtain 7574% and 1695% of ecological compensation standard

This study focused on the quota allocating of initial discharge permits problem on lake basin industry point source.This paper set "Fairness, Efficient and Feasible" as the allocation princess,through the lexicographic minimax model with weight coefficient of the objects’ initial discharge permits shortage,and proposed the lake initial discharge permits lexicographic quota allocation model and the algorithm.Taken initial NH3N discharge permits allocation of 27 kinds main industry in Taihu Lake Basin of Jiangsu Province,from both the industry’s initial discharge permits shortage rate and industry pollution control benefits,an empirical study is given for comparative analysis of the effects of three kinds quota allocations computed by the equal shortage rate quota model,the equal environment capacity proportion quota model,the lexicographic quota model.The result showed that:relative to the other two kinds of quota model,the quota allocation scheme computed by the lexicographic quota model achieved the lowest average industry shortage rate as 4613%,and the best average industry pollution control benefits.And the analysis indicated that based on the "Fairness,Efficient and Feasible" allocation principles,the lexicographic quota allocation method could be more effective in promoting industry pollution control technology upgrade and regional industrial structure upgrade

Eutrophication has been identified as the leading cause of impairment to Dianshan Lake.To address the issue of nutrient enrichment,government has established many nutrient management plans.It appears hard to approach exist water quality standards due to no criteria set for eutrophication.In this paper,based on 25 years nutrient data,we discussed the statistical method to set quality criteria for total P (TP) and total N (TN) and compared them with existing Taihu criteria.We calculated potential nutrient criteria by time series analysis and frequency distribution methods. The recommended criteria value of TP was 0080 mg/L. The contents of TN were higher in the cold season than in the warm season.We divided TN in winterspring and summerautumn periods for analysis.The recommended criteria value of TN in winterspring time and summerautumn time were 077 mg/L and 213 mg/L,respectively

The reservoirs play important roles in the city water supply,industrial water,aquaculture,agricultural irrigation,flood control and tourism landscape.In recent years,with the development of national economy and society,eutrophication of reservoirs has become a serious environmental problem which negatively affects the economic development around the reservoir areas.In order to understand the changes of water environment in reservoirs,we measured a set of water quality variables,such as water temperature,transparency,permanganate index,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,chlorophyll a content in 30 reservoirs of Hubei Province,China.The above reservoirs were sampled in March,June,July and October,2010.The monitoring result of water quality was evaluated with the Basic Analytical Methods of Environmental Quality Standards for surface water,and the nutrition state was evaluated with eutrophication index for lake and reservoir;the influence of some environmental factors on eutrophication was analyzed by factors cluster analysis,and some types of the reservoirs were established.The results showed that water qualities of 14 reservoirs were Grade Ⅱto Grade Ⅲ,8 reservoirs were Grade IV and 8 reservoirs were Grade Ⅴ;except for the water of Baiyunhu reservoir which was light eutrophication,water of the rest 29 reservoirs were in mesotrophication.The key factors for reservoir eutrophication were ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus;the dissolved oxygen,total nitrogen,water temperature,permanganate index also contributed a lot for the eutrophication.Four types of the polluted reservoirs were clustered according to their source of pollutants,including industrial waste water pollution source,sewage source,agricultural nonpoint pollution sources and light pollution source of reservoir breeding.Based on their pollutants source,different suggestions were provided to decrease or prevent them from the pollution

This study used fluorescence emission spectra,fluorescence excitationemissionmatrix spectroscopy (EEMs) and UVVis absorbance spectra to access the spectra characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the sediments sampled in the Yangtze River around Chongqing urban area. Absorption index E2/E3 (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm) was observed to ensure the composition of DOM in the sediments.Meanwhile,by determining the fluorescence index 〖WTBX〗f〖WTBZ〗450/〖WTBX〗f〖WTBZ〗500 at 370 nm with fluorescence emission spectra and analysising the EEM’s fingerprint feature,the source and spatial distribution rule of DOM were further evaluated. From the results,the value of fluorescence index 〖WTBX〗f〖WTBZ〗450/〖WTBX〗f〖WTBZ〗500 (142-163) indicated that DOM in the sediments might derive from microbial and terrestrial sources with a predominantly terrestrial origins character. The value of E2/E3 ranged from 202 to 304.Four kinds of fluorescence peaks of DOM in the sediments were identified,including a mayor component humiclike materials,other proteinlike materials, fulvic materials and microbial byproducts.The higher fluorescence value presented in the chonggang and cuntan sampling station,the lower fluorescence value presented in egongyan and yudong sampling station, and the fluorescence value showed the trends of updownup in spatial distribution along the Yangtze River of Chongqing section

In order to further understanding the characteristics of fog in the region around the Three Gorges Reservoir，this paper studied the climate changes of extreme fog which last 12 hours and 3 days,discussed the possible reasons of the fog changing by using linear trend estimates and moletwavelet analysis.The results show that,the annual mean fog days in the region around the Three Gorges Reservoir shows a weak downward trend and there are decadal oscillations of 8,18 and 32 years.Extreme fog lasting 12 hours and 3 days shows a significant increasing trend,and there are decadal oscillations of 10,17,32 years and decadal oscillations of 12,32 years,respectively. The annual mean fog days  in west section of the Three Gorges Reservoir significantly reduced,but increased in  east section after impoundment.The annual mean fog days of extreme fog lasting 12 hours changes little after impoundment,but the annual mean fog days of extreme fog lasting 3 days significantly reduced after impoundment.The reduction of foggy days in Three Gorges area is affected by the results of global warming and urbanization,and there is no evidence that the impoundment in three Gorges area have influence on the fog