According to the literature research and data collection，the evaluation model of the decoupling potentiality is given，to analyze the decoupling trend of economic development and water environment pressure of water conservancy stages during 1986-2010，based on the IPAT model and elastic analysis method.The results show that the decoupling trend of economic development and wastewater total amount was weak generally，which was weak in the Seventh Five Year Plan period and Eight Five Year Plan period.Although the decoupling trend of economic development and wastewater total amount was weak in the Nine Five Year Plan period，the decoupling trend was not obvious.The wastewater discharge amount was further increased in the Ten Five Year Plan period and Eleven Five Year Plan period.It means that the wastewater discharge amount was not controlled strictly，and kept in the sustainable growth.The decoupling trend of economic development and COD of industrial wastewater experienced the process of “strong decouplingweak decouplingstrong decoupling”.The decoupling trend of economic development and COD of industrial wastewater was strong in the Seventh Five Year Plan period.Although the decoupling trend of economic development and COD of industrial wastewater was weak in the Eight Five Year Plan period，the decoupling trend of economic development and COD of industrial wastewater was strong in the Nine Five Year Plan period，Ten Five Year Plan period and Eleven Five Year Plan period.Generally，the decoupling trend of economic development and COD of industrial wastewater was strong，accorded with the situation of industrial modernization at present.In the process of economic development，the COD of industrial wastewater was declined，but the COD of cities and countries wastewater and COD of countries breeding industry was increased.Then，according to the changing trend of Kuznets curve of water environment，the wastewater total amount forecasting of general development with Kuznets curve model was given，the results of wastewater total amount was modified combined with country develop program，and the feasibility analysis of the decoupling of water environment pressure was given from the angles of socpolicy and ecotechnology.The decoupling trend of economic development and water environment pressure is strong absolutely in 2020，to improve and purify water environment

The spatial allocation of resources and regional development pattern are greatly determined by economic development.Researching the spatial difference of economic development and its contributing factors can provide important reference for marking out regional development plan and policy to promote balanced development among different regions.This paper took county in ecological economic zone of Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Region as evaluation cell to establish index system,employed the method of principal component analysis to calculate integrated score in each county respectively,and then further put them into five levels.The impact of natural conditions (average latitude and slope),location (the shortest time from county town to central cities of Chongqing),transportation (density of highway network),communication systems (capacities of local telephone exchanges and mobile telephone exchanges) and manpower (population density and number of people receiving college degrees in every 100 thousand persons) on spatial difference of economic development was analyzed through a statistical method,and the determinants in the area were obtained by using stepwise regression model with SPSS 160 software.The results show as follows.(1) In this area,there was significant spatial distribution for economic development, which decreased from west to east.Economic development level of counties lied in southwest and middle of the area was generally higher than that of counties lied in northeast.(2) Natural conditions,location and transportation were the most significant contributing factors of spatial difference of economic development,while the influence of communication systems and manpower was not obvious.Transportation seriously restricted county economic development and was the top priority to narrow economic gap.(3) Compared with southwest,the northeast of this area was mainly made up of mountains and hills with higher elevation and steeper pitch.Because of complicated geographical conditions,weak transportation infrastructure and receiving little economic radiation from central cities of Chongqing,some counties in northeast had fragile ecological environment,unreasonable industrial structure,inadequate development of characteristic industries,low population quality and backward economy.Lastly,this paper simply discussed the related measures on promoting regional coordinated development,including working hard to improve traffic to break the limits of geographic disparities,reinforcing the radiation function of central cities through importing hightech and export processing industries and developing the characteristic agriculture and secondary tertiary industry through exploiting mineral and tourism resources and orienting the farm products to the needs of market

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization，the agricultural labor transfers to the city gradually.However，this does not bring the reduction of rural construction land area，on the contrary，the rural residential land per capita increases unceasingly.What’s more，the urban construction land expands rapidly at the same time，resulting in reduction of a large amount of cultivated land area.Rural settlement consolidation has great significance of increasing farmland，optimizing the configuration of land for urban and rural construction space，improving the rural ecological environment，etc.In order to promote intensive land use，it is meaningful to understand farmer’s willingness and its formation mechanism at first.In this study，a logistic regressive model based on the 424 questionnaires，which includes variables divided into personal characteristics of the householder，the condition of family economy，family homes，and other factors，is set up to study the willingness and affecting factors of rural settlement consolidation.Of all the factors that influence households’ willingness，housing dwelling，the relationship of neighbors，gender，family income，age，the history of household’s building，cultivated land area，and the occupation are the main determinants.The households that have more housing dwellings，higher incomes and farther relationship between their neighbors are to consolidate his household.In order to further promote the rural settlement consolidation more effectively，actions should be taken to continuously improve the social security system.Raising the minimum living guarantee，strengthening the construction of rural medical and health public service system，establishing the new system of rural society endowment insurance，etc. should be taken to weak the land safeguard function.Meanwhile，the farmers’ vocational skills should be strengthened o promote competition ability in the job market，and farmers should be actively guided to the secondary and tertiary industries to raise farmers' income level.The local government should safeguard farmers' rights and interests as the starting point and the foothold，insist on the voluntary participation，and consider the actual affordability of farmers.In addition，the government should improve the compensation，reduce reallocation cost，take valueadded benefits of land to the countryside in time，and strengthen basic facilities construction to promote rural development.Finally，we should explore rural land system to establish the laws and regulations of homestead with rural coll〖JP2〗ective construction land circulation according to the practical needs，so that it can optimize the allocation of land resources，promote rural economic restructure，make farmers share industrialized gains，and finally solve the issue of agriculture，countryside and farmers

Along with progress of complex network research，network security and stability problem have become the hot spots which attracted more attention during the past several years.The transport network is a complex open system which is comprised of road system，flow system and management system.At present，the complex research of transport network mainly centralizes in road network complex elementary theory (research direction and system)，the topology of road network (scaling，smallworld，reliability and centricity) as well as the kinetics process of road network.However，few efforts have been devoted to the road stability based on road network evolution mechanism.Transportation network is the material condition and prerequisite for forming the metropolitan area network system，and is also the main channel of material flow，energy flow and information flow which plays an important role in the socioeconomic development of metropolitan area.Therefore，without a doubt，its stability is the key to harmonious development of metropolitan area space.Based on the spatial data of urbanrural road network in Wuhan Metropolitan Area and with the integrated use of multidisciplinary methods and theory (such as complex network theory，dynamic system theory，modern control theory and so on)，this paper established a dynamic evolution model to reveal the spatial stability of urbanrural road network by adopting two attack strategy (random failure，deliberate aggression) and a variety of evaluation index.(1) Similar to ER random network，when facing random attacks,the resistance ability of urbanrural road network was strong，because its distribution was relatively uniform and the nodes were connected randomly.(2) The response of urbanrural road network to the failure of high degree nodes or high betweenness nodes were different.When high betweenness nodes were removed，the urbanrural road network was always easier to be fragmental and inefficient (forms numerous subgraphs).(3) Bridges and highways became the vital edge of the entire circle urbanrural road network.Certainly，their relative importance for network stability was not the same.The two bridges(Wuhan Changjiang River Bridge and the Second Changjiang River Bridge in Wuhan) and the two NStrending highways(DaqingGuangzhou and BeijingHongkong) in the Central City Zone of Wuhan Metropolitan Area became the critical path of the whole urbanrural road network.Overall，the response of the network efficiency of urbanrural road network on random failures and attacks was significantly different.Holistic nature of road network was close to BA Scalefree network，robust yet fragile，that is，the road network was strong when faced with random failures，but was relatively fragile under the deliberate attack.

In the next few decades，our nation’s population quantity will reach to a new peak,and it will be a critical period during which the relationship between population and nature will be more tense.How to guide the orderly flow of the population,and then form a reasonable population distribution pattern? It is a very significant problem that be confronted by our national government and demographic researchers.In order to solve the macroscopical population distribution problem,and to serve better the overall strategy of the national economy and the sustainable development,the functional zoning of population development which was put forward by the national population and family planning commission begun to be studied.At present,the majority zoning method was based on the administrative division.The research scale involved national level,provincial level and county level,and the metropolitan region level was little involved.Taking Wuhan Metropolitan Region as an example,this paper put forward a new method on functional zoning of population development through establishing the decision tree of population distribution which depended on arable land,water resource and altitude,and this method was firstly based on the overlay analysis of the statistical population data and the geographic data.In the research，the spatialization technology of statistical population data was also used.Furthermore，the zoning result was compared between which was based on administrative division and which was based on grid cell.The results showed that the new method was not only agree with the old one in general,but also more outstanding in the following three aspects.Firstly，in the new method the massive index calculation was abandoned.Secondly，the accuracy of the zoning was strengthened.Thirdly，it was more convenient for the coupling analysis of  the statistical population data and the geographic data.This study may provide some ideas which was more objective and more simple on functional zoning of population development to some specific areas similar to Wuhan Metropolitan Region

 Land fragmentation is a land pattern that deviates from scale land management The business pattern of land fragmentation would result in decrease of land use efficiency，grain production and landscape esthetic，therefore，the research of land fragmentation has become a focused issue in land planning  and agricultural industry areas At present，there is not yet an unified measurement standard towards land fragmentation，and the degree of land fragmentation could be generally described by fragmentation index. What is most limited is that the land fragmentation mentioned is mainly aimed at farmland and ecological land，construction land is not taken into consideration This paper took Donghai County in Jiangsu province as an example，used data of different land use types that extracted from present landuse map in 2010，and converted the data to raster format with 10 m resolution to calculate the landscape index of each land use types. 7 landscape indexes from different aspects were chosen to measure the fragmentation degree at last.  By taking the method of principal component analysis，the paper calculated the comprehensive fragmentation indexes of cultivated land，infrastructure land，residential land and ecological land Furthermore，the cluster analysis was performed to investigate the spatial variation of fragmentation of each land type. From all of above analysis，the paper drew the conclusion that the fragmentation of each land use type was influenced by both natural and socialeconomic conditions，among which natural conditions were topography，hydrology，resources，and socialeconomic conditions were the level of economic development，leading industry，transportation and so on Meanwhile，there were correlations among different kinds of land use types. For the reason of cultivating convenience，the distribution of cultivated land was similar to residential land Thus there was a remarkable correlation between fragmentation of cultivated land and that of residential land，and the distribution of residential land could further affect that of infrastructure land The main reason that a negative correlation was observed between fragmentation of cultivated land and ecological land was the integrity conservation of ecological land.  Influenced by socialeconomic conditions，the distribution of infrastructure land was rather complicated. There was negative correlation between fragmentation of infrastructure land and that of ecological land In addition，the fragmentation regionalization in Donghai County conducted a specific regional characteristic. The fragmentation of all land use types showed an unitarity in some aspects，while some special areas with different properties conducted a specific fragmentation layout Studying correlations among different kinds of land use types and their spatial variation could provide scientific guides towards land use policy making，economic growth，landscape improvement and so on.

The evaluation of land use structure is an important issue of region sustainable development research supported by geography and statistics The purpose of this study is to judge the rationality of land use structure from new perspectives and method The theory of information entropy and date envelopment analysis （DEA） has been employed A case study of evaluation of land use structure for Wujin district，China in 2010 is provided to illustrate the application of this research model The study area is located within the Yangtze River Delta near the southeast coast of China Nowadays，Wujin district is the place with the fast industrialization and urbanization in China Hence，the urbanrural land use structure of this area is complicating and rapidly changing As a result，this area becomes an ideal laboratory for the research on evaluation and optimization of land use structure In this article，16 towns affiliated to Wujin district were the research unit At the macro level，the regulation degree，equilibrium degree and dominance degree of regional land use structure were analyzed by use of information entropy model The result showed that land use structure had a significant spatial difference in Wujin District The disequilibrium between the development of industry and agriculture was so common in all of the 16 towns This difference was closely related to the economical and social structure of each research area At the micro perspective，land use efficiency was analyzed by use of data envelopment analysis model The optimization and adjustment direction in land use structure were pointed out from the view point of land use efficiency The result showed that the research method based on information entropy and data envelopment analysis model could effectively overcome the drawback of traditional evaluation techniques Compared with the traditional methods，the new optimization model based on a structure of the multicriteria factors and objective weighting method could evaluate the rationality of land use structure more comprehensively By adopting an overall point of view，government should vigorously intensify the land control Governments at all levels should，in the process of compiling the overall planning for land utilization，list evaluation of land use as one of the contents of the planning，expressly define the arrangement for the layout，quantum targets and quality requirements of land use It is necessary to improve technical efficiency，increase technical inputs on the unit area of land，and optimize the structure of resource inputs in the future development of Wujin The research method in this paper will be able to provide a certain reference value for optimization of regional land use structure

The fishery resource surveys were carried out by Set net in Anqing and Changshu section of the lower reaches of the Changjiang River from March 2003 to March 2010 According to the monitoring result，the dynamic state of fish community was described in this paper，and the variation of fish community structure was analyzed by the multivariate analysis There were 67 species which belong to 50 genera，22 families and 12 orders There were 50 species which belong to 34 genera，11 families and 6 orders in Anqing Section，while 52 species which belong to 44 genera，21 families and 12 orders in Changshu Section The species of Cypriniformes order occupied a dominant position in both Anqing and Changshu section，while the number of diadromous species from Changshu section was 15，which was more than that of Anqing section（ 3 diadromous species）.There were 9 dominant species occurred during seven years in Anqing section The most frequently dominant species were Carassius auratus and Pelteobagrus vachellii，which all occurred 5 times，while Hemiculter leucisculus， Xenocypris davidi and Siniperca chuatsi only occurred 1 time，respectively There were 11 dominant species occurred during seven years in Changshu section，among which Parabramis pekinensis，Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Carassius auratus occurred every year，Coreius heterodon，Cyprinus carpio and Hemiculter bleekeri only occurred 1 time，respectively The analysis result of cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling methods showed that the annual changes of the fish community structure of Changshu section was less than that of Anqing section，and the fish community structure were different in these two sections The similarity percentages analysis verified the conclusion It showed that the average similarity of the fish community composition was 6147% in Anqing section from March 2003 to March 2010，while it was 7336% in Changshu section，and the average dissimilaritiy of the fish community composition was 7684% between Anqing and Changshu section The analysis of similarities result showed that the annual compositions of fish community in Anqing section and Changshu section had highly significant difference The spring fishing moratorium policy have been put in place，and the larger scale of enhancement activities in which the main releasing species were silver carp and bighead carp have been taken continuously Therefore，the dominant position of silver carp and bighead carp from Changshu section increased year by year，but the situation of Anqing section had no change The reasons for this are as follows （1） The release number of silver carp and bighead carp in Anhui section was less than that in Jiangsu section （2） The different organism food level caused the difference of fishery resource density between 2 sections The community structure variance of Anhui and Jiangsu sections belonged to the internal community fluctuation，which had not yet reached the level of succession

As one of the important reaches of the Dongting Lake maintaining a connection with the mainstream of the Yangtze River，the Lishui River is an important and valuable river for maintaining or providing the fish resource of the Dongting Lake To evaluating the current status of fishery resource of the Lishui River in Hunan province，we surveyed the river during April to August of 2010 and September to December of 2011 20 sampling sites were selected in the river basin including the upper reaches in Sangzhi，the middle reaches in Cili and Shimen，and the lower reaches in Lixian and Jinshi A total of 95 fish species were collected，belonging to 8 orders，19 families and 59 genera Among them，one specie was new record in Hunan province and 4 species were introduced to the river basin Cyprinids were dominant，accounting for 5053% of the total species Species richness and diversity index were used to analyze the characteristics of the fish communities The results showed that the diversity and the uniformity of fish community in the Lishui River was good On spatial distribution，the species richness increased  from the upper to the lower section and the diversity indices also raised obviously The similarity and cluster analysis showed that fish assemblages of the Lishui River could be distinguished as three cluster，upriver cluster，middle reach cluster and downriver cluster The Jaccard similarity coefficient showed that the fish communities of the upper section were highly similar to those at the middle section，and moderately dissimilar to those at the lower section There was higher similarity degree of the fish communities between the middle section and the upper section，and lower similarity degree between the middle section and the lower section With regard to ecological type，fish communities in the Lishui River showed diversification types such as migratory，feeding and perching habit Despite the species of the catches in various sections were different，the main species of the catches were lakesettlement fishes such as Cyprinus carpio，Carassius auratus， Culter alburnus，Culter mongolicus，Silurus asotus，Pelteobagrus fulvidraco，Hemiculter leucisculus， Squalidus argentatus，etc，or mountainstream fishes such as Cobitis sinensis， Rhinogobius giurinus， etc The ratio of migratory species such as four major Chinese carps was extremely low，and the commercial fishes showed miniaturization significantly These phenomena were mainly caused by the hydraulic projects and overfishing Some suggestions for the protection of the fish resources of the Lishui River were put forward.

Crossborder tourism area is important potential tourism destination in China， while the size of accessibility is one of the main restrictive factors of integrated development of tourism. Accessibility is an efficient and comprehensive index for transport network evaluation. The traffic impact on accessibility has been the hotspot research in the transportation geography. Abroad researchers take more work on accessibility theory which is relatively mature， and empirical research is also more indepth. From the perspective of selected cases， domestic researchers mostly concentrate in accessible areas， less involve crossborder tourism areas. Thus，we focus on the accessibility of crossborder tourism area. In this study， two kinds of indexes were built， including scenic area intraregional accessibility and scenic area extraregional accessibility. Taking Dabie Mountain crossborder tourism scenic area for example， Dabie Mountain crossborder tourism scenic area was analyzed and the spatial pattern diagram was generated by using GIS software quantitative analysis method. The results show that， the effect of single transportation on regional intraregional accessibility was limited， but  the effect of entrance and exit of the expressway and railway station nearby tourism scenic region was significant. Due to the characteristics of sealing and the limited quantity of entrance and exit of the expressway and railway station， the expressway， common railway， highspeed railway had not become universality transportation. Degree perfection of universality transport network played a decisive influence on the scenic area intraregional accessibility， which included the national， provincial and county roads. Then the expressway， common railway， highspeed railway could effectively improve the intraregional accessibility. Universality transport network had the weakest influence on the scenic extraregional accessibility. The expressway played a key role in improving scenic area extraregional accessibility. And the common railway had less influence，compared with expressway. The expressway only had an impact on the scenic spots near the railway station. Market mechanism and government guidance need to be carried out simultaneously to succeed in developing the scenic area， transportation and tourism center. The government agency should set up crossborder coordination， draw up crossborder area， transportation， distribution center coupling development plan， in order to weaken the geographic boundaries and the rigid constraints of traditional administrative boundaries. Especially in the early coupling，crossborder cooperating agency should provide more support from financial， policy and other aspects， harmonize both sides of the border relevant departments， such as the transport sector， tourism management department， department of transportation and other departments. We also need to create favorable external hardware environment for coupling functions of the scenic area， transportation， tourism centers. In addition， the coupling body of the scenic area， transportation， tourism centers should take the road of marketoriented operation， selfmanagement， selffinancing， in order to enhance the ability of adapting to market competition. Finally， this paper constructed the area， transport， tourism center hub coupling development mode， in the hope of understanding the accessibility scenic area spatial pattern in crossborder tourism， revealing its inherent laws， and trying to provide theoretical inspiration and practical guidance for building tourism centers， transportation infrastructure and the development of crossborder.

Low carbon economy，sustainable development and employment problems have been the focus of world attention．With the prosperity of ecotourism，the forest park in China gets its allaround development.Forest park has been a leading role in the development of forest tourism industry.Through the development of forest tourism in forest park，people’s awareness of ecological protection was improved，and economic development in the surrounding was promoted，which has an increasingly important role in promoting regional economic development.The study of the spatial structure of forest park is receiving increasing attention but methodology so far has used qualitative rather than quantitative methods.The change of accessibility plays a prominent role of motive force to promote the regional economic development and regional spatial structure changes.Evaluation of accessibility generally includes network analysis，grid analysis and raster analysis.Based on an investigation of 713 National Forest Parks and using GIS and some quantitative analysis methods，such as Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI) and Hot spot clustering，the spatial structure of National Forest Parks was investigated，and their characteristics and distribution for different strategies were discussed.Based on matrix raster data covering the whole space，this paper calculated spatial accessibility of all counties in China using cost weighted distance method and ArcGIS as platforms.Then spatial differences of county accessibility of scenic spots were discussed by using ESDA（Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis）.The results show that general National Forest Parks exhibited an aggregated distribution.Considering the accessibility，we find that the human scenic spots were more centralized.The average accessibility was about 605 min， and the area where the accessibility of scenic spots was within 2 h reached 6329%，while the area where the accessibility was within 30 minutes accounted for 1984% and the area located at central Tibetan Plateau took the longest time 595 min.The average accessibility was shortened from 16818 min in 1991 to 13786 min in 2010.And then，distribution of the accessibility pointed to traffic line.At county level，the estimated values of Moran’s I were all positive numbers using analysis of spatial association.All the test results indicate that National Forest Park and adjacent areas showed positive correlation.Distribution of hot spots regarding the accessibility showed an obvious hot spots – subhotspots – subcold spots cold spots zonal distribution pattern from east to west

Abstract:Flood/droughtisoneofthemostinfluentialclimaticdisastersinPoyangLakebasin．Intraditional
flood/droughtmonitoring,precipitationdatausedareusuallyfrom ground meteorologicalobservation
sites．However,duetotheheterogeneityofregionalprecipitationoverspaceandtime,quantityandspatial
distributionsofmeteorologicalstationsfrequentlylimittheoverallaccuracyoftheregionalflood/drought
analysis．AsonemajormeansofspaceＧbasedobservations,inrecentyears,satelliteremotesensinghasbeＧ
comeanincreasinglyimportanttechniqueforregionprecipitationchangemonitoring．Inthispaper,TRMM
(TropicalRainfallMeasuringMission)satellite３B４２precipitationdatainPoyangLakebasin,firstly,were
evaluatedandcomparedthroughthebiasofrainfallamountandoccurrencefrequencyunderdifferentrainＧ
fallintensity,andthenbeusedtoreflectthespatioＧtemporaldistributioncharacteristicsoffloods/droughts
bytheZindexmethodinPoyangLakebasinfromJanuary１９９８toDecember２０１０．TheirreliabilitywasalＧ
sovalidatedbythe１５raingaugestationsinthebasinusingthesamemethod．TheresultsshowedasfolＧ
lows．(１)TheoccurrencefrequencyandrainfallamountcontributionsofdailyTRMMprecipitationunder
differentrainfallintensityhadahighlevelofconsistencywithgroundgaugesobservation．Andatmonthly
scale,thehighcorrelationcoefficientbetweenobservedrainfalldataandTRMMgridprecipitationindicated
thattheTRMMprecipitationcouldcorrectlyreflecttherainfallinPoyangLakebasin．(２)ZindexcalculatＧ
edbyTRMM precipitationshowedanincreaseＧdecreasealternantvariationaround０between１９９８and
２０１０．Theirvariationprocessandtrendswereconsistentwiththeresultsoftworaingaugesdataandthe
correlationcoefficientswere０??８９６and０??９１４,respectively．(３)ThefloodeventsinPoyangLakebasinocＧ
curredmainlyfromApriltoJuneandaccountedforabout６０％,whichwasalsothemainwetseasonofPoyＧ
angLakebasin,andthedroughtoccurredmainlyfromSeptembertoJanuaryofthefollowingyear．And
theirdistributionpatternswereconsistentwiththeannualdistributioncharacteristicsofprecipitation．(４)
ThespatialdistributionofZindexandflood/droughtgradesbasedonTRMMprecipitationwasconsistent
withthedistributionofrainfallinApril,２０１０andNovember,２００７,whichrepresentedthewetanddry
monthrespectively．TRMM precipitationdatacanbeusedtoevaluatetheareaandseverityoffloodor
droughtinPoyangLakebasin．Abstract:Flood/droughtisoneofthemostinfluentialclimaticdisastersinPoyangLakebasin．Intraditional
flood/droughtmonitoring,precipitationdatausedareusuallyfrom ground meteorologicalobservation
sites．However,duetotheheterogeneityofregionalprecipitationoverspaceandtime,quantityandspatial
distributionsofmeteorologicalstationsfrequentlylimittheoverallaccuracyoftheregionalflood/drought
analysis．AsonemajormeansofspaceＧbasedobservations,inrecentyears,satelliteremotesensinghasbeＧ
comeanincreasinglyimportanttechniqueforregionprecipitationchangemonitoring．Inthispaper,TRMM
(TropicalRainfallMeasuringMission)satellite３B４２precipitationdatainPoyangLakebasin,firstly,were
evaluatedandcomparedthroughthebiasofrainfallamountandoccurrencefrequencyunderdifferentrainＧ
fallintensity,andthenbeusedtoreflectthespatioＧtemporaldistributioncharacteristicsoffloods/droughts
bytheZindexmethodinPoyangLakebasinfromJanuary１９９８toDecember２０１０．TheirreliabilitywasalＧ
sovalidatedbythe１５raingaugestationsinthebasinusingthesamemethod．TheresultsshowedasfolＧ
lows．(１)TheoccurrencefrequencyandrainfallamountcontributionsofdailyTRMMprecipitationunder
differentrainfallintensityhadahighlevelofconsistencywithgroundgaugesobservation．Andatmonthly
scale,thehighcorrelationcoefficientbetweenobservedrainfalldataandTRMMgridprecipitationindicated
thattheTRMMprecipitationcouldcorrectlyreflecttherainfallinPoyangLakebasin．(２)ZindexcalculatＧ
edbyTRMM precipitationshowedanincreaseＧdecreasealternantvariationaround０between１９９８and
２０１０．Theirvariationprocessandtrendswereconsistentwiththeresultsoftworaingaugesdataandthe
correlationcoefficientswere０??８９６and０??９１４,respectively．(３)ThefloodeventsinPoyangLakebasinocＧ
curredmainlyfromApriltoJuneandaccountedforabout６０％,whichwasalsothemainwetseasonofPoyＧ
angLakebasin,andthedroughtoccurredmainlyfromSeptembertoJanuaryofthefollowingyear．And
theirdistributionpatternswereconsistentwiththeannualdistributioncharacteristicsofprecipitation．(４)
ThespatialdistributionofZindexandflood/droughtgradesbasedonTRMMprecipitationwasconsistent
withthedistributionofrainfallinApril,２０１０andNovember,２００７,whichrepresentedthewetanddry
monthrespectively．TRMM precipitationdatacanbeusedtoevaluatetheareaandseverityoffloodor
droughtinPoyangLakebasin．

In order to study the impact of 172 m trial impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on soluble heavy metals，heavy metal concentration (Cu,Pb,Cd and Cr) of eleven sections in the Yangtze River within the Three Gorges Reservoir was monitored between 2008 and 2010.According to the spatial distribution of TGR,a total of eleven stations from Fuling to Badong covering the upstream and downstream sites of TGR,were selected for this study．The main focus was to examine patterns in spatial distribution and seasonal variability.The influence of water environmental condition on soluble heavy metal concentrations was discussed.The results indicated that the concentration of soluble heavy metals in wet season was higher than that in even and dry season,and the concentration of heavy metals still met the GradeⅠof Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB38382002).Thus,soluble heavy metal concentration in river water was low,and no apparent pollution was observed. Spatial distributions of heavy metals in sediments and soils showed the decrease in Cu,Pb,Cd,and Cr from upstream to downstream,which was due to an intensification of agricultural and urban industrial practices in upstream area.No significant relationship was found between the heavy metal concentration in water body and that in soil/sediments,and heavy metals of soil/sediments had little effect on water body.Water environmental conditions changed after wet season,especially SS concentration decreased significantly.Soil erosion was considered related to the high SS concentration in wet season.Soil erosion was recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Region,which had an average annual soil loss of approximately 157 million tons equivalent to a loss of 25 tons of soil per hectare.Soil erosion was one of the main factors for heavy metal transport.In addition to soil erosion,flow rate also affected heavy metal concentrations in the dissolved phase.There were significant seasonal changes in pH levels,dissolved oxygen,water temperature and oxidation reduction potential values except SS concentration.After wet season,water temperature and Eh dropped,but pH and DO increased.pH,dissolved oxygen,water temperature and oxidationreduction potential values were known to be the most important parameters that influence heavy metals removal and transform in water environment system.Water environmental condition had significant effect on distribution patterns of soluble heavy metal in wet season and after that.Overall,the distribution of soluble heavy metal concentrations in the TGR varied in different seasons due to factors such as soil erosion,hydrodynamic conditions,pH,ORP,temperature,SS and so on.These results provide fundamental information for developing better water pollution control strategies for the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water quality situation  and water temperature distribution will influence not only water ecological environment structure of the front of the dam,but also water quality of the downstream of reservoir,aquatic microorganism and fish breeding growth.Water temperature is one of the important water quality parameters to assess reservoir water ecological system.For studying the water temperature condition of reservoir head of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR),the monitoring section was set away from the Three Gorges Dam approximately 35 km in 2011,and  water temperature of the reservoir head was monitored detailed in each operating period after the completion of the Three Gorges Project (TGP).Research found that under the established routine scheduling mode of operation of the Three Gorges Project,the bottom of the reservoir head formed obvious low temperature area from December 2011 to April 2012,water temperature difference between the surface and bottom reached to annual maximum 208℃ and maximum temperature gradient was 0156 in March 2012.The low temperature area of bottom was rapidly declined,and water temperature difference between the surface and bottom was less than 10℃ in May.From June to September,the low temperature area showed a subdued trend,water vertical mixing gradually enhanced,and water temperature vertical distribution of reservoir head was basic uniform.But in October,because of the low temperature of upstream inflow,the water of higher density dived into the bottom resulting in low temperature area  strengthened,and brought about water temperature difference of the surface and bottom reached to 146℃.In the head of the Three Gorges Reservoir,water temperature condition and structure type were different from one another in different operation period.According to the observation findings,water temperature showed no stability phenomenon at present in the head of the Three Gorges Reservoir.In addition,according to water temperature monitoring data of Maoping section from March to May 2012,water temperature of lateral section was almost uniform.The result indicated that water temperature distribution of lateral section was the same basically.Based on the measured data of Maoping section in the head of the Three Gorges Reservoir from June 2011 to May 2012,water temperature structure of the head of the Three Gorges Reservoir in different operation period was also analyzed.This paper could provide basis and references to the research on the channel water temperature changed by the completion of the Three Gorges Dam and whether the water temperature stratification exists in front the dam 

The Danjiangkou Reservoir located at the junction of Hubei and Henan province, is the water source area of the Middle Route of China's South to North Water Transfer Project. Monitoring of the water resource in the reservoir is critical for the interbasin water transfer project. In this study, we collected 47 Landsat TM/ETM and HJ1A/B remotelysensed imageries for monitoring changes of water surface using Normalized Different Water Index(NDWI) based on the threshold segmentation method in the reservoir from 2002 to 2011. The results indicated that water surface decreased from December to March of the next year, increased from March to December, and the minimal and maximal water area appeared in February and December respectively. Water area had larger variations in the wet season than that in the dry season due to the seasonality of precipitation in the upper Han river and reservoir management, and the water area standard deviation was 66.8 and 44.2, respectively. The inundation area ranged between 316.4 km2 on September 25, 2002 and 562.3 km2 on December 13, 2011 in the wet season because of the anomalous weather, but fluctuated between 291.5 km2 on April 18, 2011 and 483.2 km2 on June 24, 2009 in the dry season. Significant seasonality variability was also found during the past ten years. The water surface area was relatively stable in spring (water area ratio and standard deviation were 1.55 and 44.11) and summer (water area ratio and standard deviation were 1.40 and 44.56 ), but fluctuated dramatically in autumn(water area ratio and standard deviation were 1.67 and 73.16 ) and winter(water surface area ratio and standard deviation were 1.63 and 70.87 respectively). In order to ensure water storage in the dry season, the management department should strengthen monitoring and increase storage reasonably so that there are enough water to supply to the North China after the project finished. Water surface area of the Danjiangkou Reservoir was almost kept larger than 300 km2, and presented a growth trend in May, in which the water area was most stable. The same growth trend was also found in wet season, dry season and the whole past 10 years. The increased water area was mostly located in the east and north of the reservoir, where soil erosion and nonpoint source pollution should be concerned

Carbon dioxide (CO2), ethane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are generally thought as the main greenhouse gases, playing an important role in climate change. It is considered that the observation of CO2 flux over paddy ecosystem is the main content of the research on agricultural sources of greenhouse gas monitoring and control technology. Based on eddy covariance system, the canopy flux of CO2, latent heat and sensible heat over paddy ecosystem at agrometeorological experimental station of Jingzhou were measured during May 2010 and September 2010 to analyze the variations and its influence factors. The results indicated that diurnal variations of carbon dioxide flux, latent heat and sensible heat showed a unipeak model, and the maximum values appeared around at 14〖DK〗∶00 in general, but the amplitude was different during rice transplanting, tillering, jointingheading, milky stage. This had a significant correlation with the diurnal variation of total solar radiation and the leaf area index (LAI) during each growth stage. The one hand, CO2 emission flux of soil and crop respiration has a correlation with temperature. On the other hand, it is related to irrigation and crop conditions. Plants absorb and assimilate CO2 by photosynthesis during the day, so CO2 absorption flux has a significant correlation with LAI and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Correlation coefficients between canopy CO2 flux and meteorological factors (air temperature, soil temperature in 5 cm, PAR exposure per hour, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux) were significant at 0.01 level (P<0.01) during rice stages. The correlation coefficients between canopy CO2 flux and PAR exposure per hour were much bigger during rice tillering, jointingheading, milky stage than other periods, which could be used to estimate canopy CO2 flux by MichaelisMenten model

Remote sensing has the advantage of high temporal resolution and monitoring large scale environment,thus it has been widely used to monitor the dynamic status of desertification.The vegetation index extracted from remotely sensed image can be used for regional desertification assessment.The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI),as a common vegetation index,has been widely used to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the desertification during the past 20 years.However,the soil background and atmospheric noise influenced the application of NDVI.The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) is developed to avoid the interference from soil backgrounds and atmosphere,thus may show efficiency in monitoring the desertification dynamism.The plain area in the middle reaches of the Hanjiang River,especially for the valley,is characterized by high coverage.Monitoring the desertification status with regular remote sensing data is difficult,although the desertification of this region is ubiquitous.In this study,the vegetation coverage changes of this region during 2003—2011 were investigated with the time series of MODIS EVI data.The dynamics of desertification decreased during this period,as the EVI increased gradually.The SouthtoNorth Water Diversion Project triggered the decline of groundwater level for middle reaches of the Hanjiang River,and this might facilitate the desertification.Furthermore,the impairment of the decline in groundwater on EVI was negatively correlated to the distance from river.In response,a large area of land afforesting has been initiated to prevent the land from deserting in Lao Hekou,Xiangfan and Zhongxiang since 1990.However,the improvement of this project on vegetable coverage has not been accessed yet.According to the distance from the river,the region investigated was assigned as 8 buffer zones with equal distance of 1 km and the associated characteristics were analyzed.There were pronounced spatial fluctuations for EVI in buffer regions of different distances.In 1—3 km buffer region,the mean value of annual EVI increased with the distance from the river,and reached the maximum value at 3 km.Whereas in 3—8 km buffer zone,the EVI value decreased gradually.Additionally,these changes could not be well explained by synchronized climate factors,such as mean monthly temperature or/and precipitations.However,the variations of EVI in temporal and spatial scale may be attributed to the innate physiological,chemical and biological differences in soil.In conclusion,EVI values of the plain area in the middle reaches of the Hanjiang River valley showed a conspicuous ascendant trend during the last nine years,suggesting the efficiency of afforestation against desertification.While the discrepancy of EVI in different spatial scales suggested that attentions should be paid to the innate features of soil and proceed from local reality conditions

Water has become one of the most precious resources during the past century. During this period, lots of studies have been conducted for water resources exploration and protection. Water resource has been studied from various perspectives, including water resources development, the global hydrological cycles and water resources, the integrated water resources management, the sustainability index for water resources planning and management and the changing land uses and water resources, the relationships between global climate change and water resources. The Dianchi Lake Basin, which is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, is the most developed economic and social areas in Yunnan Province and also one of the most important water pollution control areas in China. With the development of the Dianchi Lake Basin management, the primary target and task for Dianchi Lake Basin management are to improve and protect the water quality and restore the environmental function of drinking water of the Dianchi Lake Basin in the future. This paper analyzed the major problems of the supply and demand balance relationship of water resources in the Dianchi Lake Basin; and put forward comprehensive balance management system of water resources with demandoriented in the Dianchi Lake Basin. Currently, in the Dianchi Lake Basin, rainfall runoff was intercepted before being discharged into the lake. With the rapid development of the economy and urbanization of the Dianchi Lake Basin areas, the water and the displacement increased observably, and overloaded the selfpurification capacity of rivers and lakes, causing the deterioration of the environmental quality and the ecological function of the Dianchi Lake. Replacement of the contaminated water from the basin outside, could play a role in improving water quality, but could not change this water cycle mode and could not fundamentally solve the problem of the lack of water in Dianchi Lake Basin. According to the water resource balance analysis, there were three significant issues for the water quality restoration. Firstly, polluted surface water, nonpoint source wastewater, agricultural wastewater should be treated and reused by using the water treatment measures and technologies, such as river/lake realignment, river/lake management, constructed river/lake side wetlands, and ecological dredging. Secondly, exercised planned allocation and practiced strict water conservation, implemented regional water resources utilization engineering should be taken to achieve largescale reuse of effluent from centralized sewage treatment plant; residents in rural areas and small towns should be encouraged to carry out decentralized wastewater treatment and water reuse equipments. Thirdly, give full play to the role of the water diversion project, to increase the effective supply of the Dianchi Lake Basin and the level of water resources security. By the application of those water treatment measures and technologies, wastewater could be treated, reused and recycled. The results indicated that water environment function of the Dianchi Lake could be restored and the Dianchi Lake Basin water resources security could be increased, on the basis of the management of the Dianchi Lake Basin and the comprehensive balance management measures

Climate resource is one of the most important natural tourism resources in tourism development. The plentiful climate resources not only have the special landscape function, but also have impact on tourism demand. Climate comfortableness effectively respond the comfort of climate in tourism destination for tourist, and it is the key factor to tourism development. As an island province in China, Taiwan has great potential for the development of tourism. The unique natural conditions, particularly the mild climate, have attracted numerous tourists to come for the leisure or holidaymaking tourism, yet the poor climate and weather such as typhoon have affected the inbound tourists’ selection for travel time and destination. Based on 30 years (from 1971 to 2000) climate data of the central weather bureau in Taiwan province, adopting temperature humidity index, wind effect index and clothing index, the paper analyzed tourism climate comfortableness for 25 regions of each month in Taiwan province. The results show as follows. Taiwan had the long period with suitable climatic conditions for tourism, and tourism climate comfort period could reach 8 months in most areas; the best tourism climate comfort months lasted from November to next March, yet uncomfortable in summer time mainly from June to August with great impact of typhoon. On this foundation, the thesis used cluster analysis method and divided the tourism climate comfort districts in Taiwan province into four parts: North Taiwan seashore inshore island area, NorthCentral Taiwan mountain area, South Taiwan seashore inshore island area and Central Taiwan high mountain area. The research conclusions are as follows.The period suitable for tourism in North Taiwan seashore inshore island area was from January to May and from October to December, and the climate suitability period lasted eight months in a year.The period suitable for tourism in NorthCentral Taiwan mountain area was from January to December.There was no uncomfortable period,and the tourists could develop tourism activities with the longest times.In South Taiwan seashore inshore island area, there were five months of suitable climate from January to April and October to December for tourism. Though, the Central Taiwan high mountain area had no comfortable period,its special natural landscapes had strong attractions to visitors.Therefore, 〖JP2〗some preventing cold and heat preservation suggestions should be given to them. By this study, the paper expects to give a better guide for tourism development in Taiwan province, meanwhile, provides a scientific reference for tourists to decide where and when they should have a trip