In this paper,we selected panel data of China's 31 provincial administrative region from 1999 to 2014 to measure the industrial water efficiency calculated by using Frontier4.1. In order to analyze the regional difference, we divide the provinces into groups of high efficiency, medium efficiency and low efficiency through the clustering methodology. Then, we chose the natural resources, economic level, industrial development, industrial structure, water structure and the government influence as the driving factors of industrial water consumption efficiency, and built the Tobit regression model to analyze the industrial water consumption efficiency driving factors of China and the three groups empirically. We obtained the following main conclusions:the average industrial water consumption efficiency in China shows a trend of rising year by year. The industrial water consumption efficiency of east, mid and west has apparent difference. The overall distribution of China's industrial water consumption efficiency is decreasing gradually from southeast to northwest. Provincial industrial water consumption efficiency in is in a rapid growth trend and the gap of industrial water consumption efficiency between regions is shrinking. The per capita amount of water resources and the industrial water consumption efficiency has negative relationship. The economic level and the industrial development have very strong positive correlation with industrial water consumption efficiency. Reasonable industrial structure can significantly improve the industrial water consumption efficiency. The government action is also very important to improve the industrial water consumption efficiency.

Coupling and coordination of social welfare and economic growth is one of the core issues of sustainable development. Using 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta and applying entropy method and evaluation model, we calculated social welfare and economic growth index, and calculated coordination, development and coupling degree for classification types and spatial characteristics studies. The results showed that:1) Social welfare and economic growth fluctuation showed an upward trend. Due to the economic downturn in recent years, social welfare has been declining slowly with the growth of economy. 2) Social welfare and economic growth index have high spatial consistency and relatively stable pattern. Compared to social welfare, the first primate feature of economic growth is obvious, and the inter-city difference is relatively prominent. 3) Coupling degree has obvious spatial differentiation rule, and initially formed the Z-type coupling and coordination development axis of Hefei-Nanjing-Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo. 4) Most cities in Anhui Province belonged to the type of imbalance declining of social welfare and economic growth. Therefore, we suggest that it is time to balance the relationship, to seek optimizing path to promote social welfare and economic growth toward a higher level.

Rural land consolidation is an important measure to achieve the aim of farmland protection. To improve the performance of Chinás rural land consolidation project and provide a new research method for it, this paper constructs a performance evaluation index system based on the concept and present situation of rural land consolidation, calculates relative efficient value of rural land consolidation projects and analyzes the influencing factors of governance performance by the method of DEA taking 48 national investment land consolidation projects in Zhejiang province from the perspective of resource allocation efficiency. The results showed that:(1) the average comprehensive efficiency value is 0.851, the mean value of technical efficiency is 0.903, and the average value of scale efficiency is 0.936, indicating that the performance of the overall projects is good while the gap between different areas is stillobvious; (2) the result of super efficiency value indicates that the performance value of the Northem Hangzhou and Southeastem Wenzhou which has good natural condition and social economy is higher compared to Westem Quzhou and Southwestem Fenghua; (3) analysis of influencing factors showed that the input in the quantity of protection forest, the length of irrigation, the earthwork of land leveling, and the length of road are excessive, while the output in the increase value of crop, the population per unit area, and the vegetation coverage rate are insufficient; (4) we can have a better understanding about governance performance of land consolidation by analyzing the technical efficiency, scale efficiency and super efficiency with the method of DEA. Finally, the research puts forward that governance performance should be improved by the way of enhancing the technology transformation ability of input and output.

For scientific use of multi-agent algorithm to model dynamic urban growth, Subsection Particle Swarm Optimization (SPSO), an improved algorithm has been proposed in this paper. The improvement is based on the general rule in geography and sociology. Cellular Automata is also combined to simulate complex spatial-temporal processes. An new Geographic Cellular Automata (SPSO-CA) is constructed to achieve the dynamic simulation of urban growth. Deriving transition rules is key to the Geographic Cellular Automata. We therefore discover first the transition rules for SPSO-CA based on 1995-2000 land use data, traffic network data and terrain data. And then, dynamic simulation of urban expansion process of Nanjing City from 1995 to 2008 is made according to this rule. Lastly, in order to test the effectiveness of the improved algorithm, we compared SPSO-CA, PSO-CA and NULL model, the following results were obtained. The overall accuracy of SPSO-CA is 86.3%, with Kappa coefficient of 0.792, Moran's I of 0.078; the overall accuracy of PSO-CA is 83.6%, with Kappa coefficient of 0.755, actual Moran's I of 0.054; the overall accuracy of NULL model is 81.9%, with Kappa coefficient of 0.741, with actual Moran's I of 0.072. These results demonstrate that SPSO-CA is better than PSO-CA and NULL model and the improvement of Subsection Particle Swarm Optimization is available.

As China's important ecological function zone and the world's important ecological zone designated by the World Wide Fund for Nature, Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Zone (PLEEZ) has completed the first phase of construction since 2009. Based on the land cover data extracted from remote sensing images, we analyzed spatial and temporal patterns in the Poyang Lake Region(PLR)from 2008 to 2016 using ecological value assessment model and GIS spatial statistics method. The results showed that the land use and land cover in PLEEZ is mainly cultivated land, forest land and grassland. In the study period from 2008 to 2016, the area of grassland and construction land has increased, while the water area has decreased sharply. The ecosystem service value (ESV) in PLEEZ is decreasing generally, obviously the ESV of forest land and water area. Water conservation and soil conservation are the most important ecosystem services in PLEEZ, with a contribution-more than 38%; while the value of individual ecological services of food production, water conservation and waste treatment decreased rapidly. The regions with average annual reduction rate of ESV more than 20% are mainly in urban areas. Spatially, the ESV in the southern region has a growth increase, and the overall increase is more obvious especially in the 2012~2016 period.

According to the pollutant excretion coefficient of livestock and poultry as well as the statistical data of Hubei Province in 2011, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure, the discharge amount of COD, nitrogen and phosphorus were estimated to analyze the environmental pollution status posed by livestock and poultry husbandry in Hubei province. Besides, the environmental capability, pollution risk of livestock and poultry husbandry were also preliminary assessed. The results showed that in 2011, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure in Hubei Province was 84.8 million tons and was mainly distributed in Xiangyang city, Huanggang city and Xiaogan city. The load of animal excretion per hectare of arable land in Hubei Province was 16.2 t/hm²/a, the alarm value was 0.54 and the risk level was II, indicating the environment pollution was "slightly". The average nitrogen and phosphorus load per unit area of arable land in Hubei province were 157.9 kg/hm²/a (TN) and 24.5 kg/hm²/a (TP), respectively. However, the nitrogen and phosphorus load per unit area of arable land in Ezhou city and Huanggang city had surpassed the EU's standard of limitation on nitrogen and phosphorus which were 170 kg/hm²/a, 35 kg/hm²/a, respectively. The actual total amount of livestock and poultry in Hubei province were 78.7 million heads (equivalent based on nitrogen) or 97.3 million heads (equivalent based on phosphorus) exceeding 50% of holding capacity of environment for livestock and poultry husbandry. In addition to Jinzhou city, the actual total amount of livestock and poultry in most of the cities had exceeded the 50% of holding capacity of environment for livestock and poultry husbandry. Therefore, the total amount of livestock and poultry in these areas should be controlled and some effective measures for reducing pollutants should be taken.

Based on the data collected from 516 farm households in Jiangxia District and Caidian District of Wuhan suburb, this paper first analyzed the influence of livelihood capital on farm household land transfer behavior with the Logistic Model, and then Quantile Regression Model was adopted to explore the threshold of resource endowment about farm household land transfer. The results showed that:(1) Human capital and financial capital had a significant positive correlation with the household outward transferring behavior, while the farmland resource endowment, the quantity of agricultural machinery, the social resource endowment and the confidence level about farmland management capacity had a negative correlation with it. Instead, the natural resource endowment and the quantity of agricultural machinery had a significant positive correlation with the household inward transferring behavior, but the financing capacity had a negative correlation with it. (2) The quantile regression results showed that, only the toughness index had a threshold towards the farm household land transfer behavior. When the toughness index of household was less than or equal to 2, with the increase of the toughness index, the tendency of household outward transferring was becoming stronger. But when the toughness index reached 3 and above, the tendency of household outward transferring decreased along with the increase of the toughness index. This study provided a reference for making differentiated farmland transfer policy aiming at diverse rural household demands and effectively promoting the moderate scale management of agriculture by exploring the influence of heterogeneity of livelihood capital on farmland transfer behavior from the microcosmic individual perspective.

The center of the Three Gorges Reservoir is a sensitive ecological environmental area, and red zone of reservoir water environment protection. The process of the Three Gorges Project, water impoundment operations and urbanization is always accompanied by land use changes in the center of Three Gorges Reservoir, including land use structure, land use function structure and ecological, economic, social attributes. Therefore, to explore the dynamics of land use functions in the center of Three Gorges Reservoir is one of the important approaches to promote the optimization of land use functions and sustainable land use development. Attempts have been made in Caotangxi watershed which has been selected as the study area. According to the difference of providing services by the land, the land use functions is divided into three classes and five second-class in this paper. Based on four period data and the 1:50 000 DEM, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use functions pattern of study area, by some means of the theory of GIS and landscape ecology, such as ArcGIS 10.2, Fragstats 4.2. The results showed that:In recent 25 years, ecological land which occupied the largest proportion of the whole area increased 1 541.96 hm², while industrial land decreased 1 844.19 hm² and living land increased 302.24 hm². The land use functions change and relationships of biomass production function land and artificial/natural ecological function land played key roles in the whole network of land use functions change, and thus determined the characteristics of land use functions change in the study area. The spatial features of land use functions varied at different scales. From the perspective of spatial analysis, the regions near biomass production function land and artificial/natural ecological function land were hot spots of land use functions change. From 1990s to 2015s, the hot spot of land use functions change gradually transferred from east to west region. Biomass production function land, traffic function land and residential function land were mainly distributed in the area with low-medium terrain niche index, non-biological production land were mainly distributed in the area with medium-high terrain niche index, while artificial/natural ecological function land in high terrain niche index area. At a 25-year scale, landscape shape was complicated and landscape diversity was relatively high in the lower terrain niche index area. Conversely, the higher terrain niche index area has the characters of simplex, larger patches and less fragmentation.

Being characterized by special geographical location, and with National Nature Reserve as its core area is, there are many restricting factors of village planning and distributing for Mount Fanjing Region. This paper first evaluates the spatial pattern of rural settlements, and appraises natural resources and location advantages synchronously. Principal Component Analysis was used to calculate the scale of rural settlements based on influence indexes. Because of this, we take advantage of weighted Voronoi image to segment the sphere of settlements' influences, and combining classification with the "residential field potential", to explore the relocation of settlements, with an aim to optimize rural settlements. The results showed that, the study area has a total of 23 046 rural residents and an area of 14 342.78 hm², with 7 753 settlements and an area of 5 395.34 hm² (37.62% of the total) in Yinjiang County, 11 199 settlements and 6 724.16 hm² (46.88% of the total) in Songtao County, 4 094 settlements and 2 223.28 hm² (15.50% of the total) in Jiangkou County, The scattered rural settlements are 7 871, with 2 641.75 hm² (18.42% of the total); the reserved settlements are 10 288, with 5 680.46 hm² (39.6%); the central settlements are 4 887, with 6 020.57 hm² (41.98%). An optimization of spatial distribution produces a total 15 175 rural settlements, with a total area as the same with initialization, including 3 639 settlements in Yinjiang County (5 375.09 hm² accounting for 37.48%), 8 542 settlements in Songtao County (6 536.86 hm² accounting for 45.58%), and 2 994 settlements Jiangkou County (2 431.83 hm² accounting for 16.96%). The spatial distribution after space reconstruction is expected to be more reasonable.

The certified emission-reducing and its value of bamboo forestation project in TongShan county HuBei province were evaluated by using the methodology of bamboo reforestation carbon sink and a improved model of net present value(NPV); and the sensitivity of the dynamic value were also discussed under different scenarios. Results showed that:under the current conditions, the annual average and 20 years cumulative amount of carbon sequestration per hectare were 12.6 tCO₂e/hm² and 251.2 tCO₂e/hm², while the entire project were 6 556 tCO₂e and 131 125 tCO₂e respectively; however, the carbon sequestration is mainly concentrated in aboveground and underground biomass carbon stocks during the first to tenth year of the project operation period; while the amount of harvested wood products (HWP) carbon stocks during the eleventh to twentieth years of the project operation period is relatively less; the annual average and the cumulative value of the project is 96 200 yuan and 1.92 million yuan; the annual average and cumulative carbon value of the project was significantly positively related to carbon price in CCER market; the change of management technical conditions of moso bamboo forest and joint processing and utilization efficiency or the service life of main bamboo products, have positive influence on the annual average and cumulative carbon value, but the influence is negligible small. The study suggested that a unified national carbon market included CCER should be to build as soon as possible in the future. On the other hand, the research and demonstration on afforestation technology technique for increasing carbon sink should be further strengthened. At the same time, technical innovation and production and sales of durable bamboo products should also be encouraged.

Based on the field dye tracing experiment and laboratory analysis of soil samples, the characteristics of soil water transport in different aged paddy fields were revealed. This study is expected to provide scientific basis for the reasonable filed water management. The results showed that significant differences of physical and chemical soil properties between new paddy field (NF, aged 17 years) and old paddy field (OF, aged more than 100 years), which was expected to affect the soil water movement processes. Water percolation was more likely to occur in the NF, which was identified by the higher saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_S) in the NF (13.98~78.35 cm/d) than that in the OF (4.35~49.37 cm/d). Highest K_S was observed in the plow layer, followed by the subsoil layer, and lowest in the plough pan. More obvious vertical percolation was observed in the NF than that in the OF, characterized by the deeper stained depth. For the OF, highest stained area was observed in the plow layer (48.52%), followed by the subsoil layer (3.17%), and lowest in the plough pan (0.20%). Except for the plow layer, NF was characterized by higher stained area and more obvious preferential flow paths in other soil layers than the OF. Stronger lateral water flow was observed in the OF (15.35%) than that in the NF (8.45%), which was characterized by the more stained area in the OF than the NF, and mainly distributed in the plow layer. In order to reduce the water losses in the paddy field, more attention should focus on the lateral water lose in the inner field-bund-canal transition zone for the OF, and the irrigation strategies of more times with less single irrigation amount was suitable for the NF.

The increase of PM_2.5 concentration has a vital influence on atmospheric visibility, human health and climate change. This paper adopts the monitoring data of the Yangtze River Delta in 2015, employs the analytical method of exploratory spatial data and relative coefficient method, and analyzes the spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of PM_2.5 in cities of the Yangtze River Delta. The results showed that:1) The average annual concentration of PM_2.5 in Yangtze River Delta region is 54.54 μg/m³. The level is high in spring & winter and low in summer & autumn in general. January and December are the months of most polluted, with widest range of pollution. The concentration is low in months during May to September. The average daily value of wave period in spring and winter is shorter and intense, while in summer and autumn is longer and gentle. 2) In 2015, the average annual concentration of PM_2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta region is decreasing from Jiangsu to Zhejiang, which has the characteristics of high in north and low in south, local projecting. 3) In the Yangtze River Delta region, low concentration of PM_2.5 in the urban agglomeration is mainly distributed in the coastal area of Zhejiang Province, and the high value agglomeration is mainly distributed in the South of Jiangsu area. 4) The soot emitted by burning and the quadratic transformations of precursor has a significant impact on the concentration of PM_2.5 in Yangtze River Delta region. Wind speed and precipitation are the two important meteorological factors that affect the concentration of PM_2.5.

Multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis (CA) and principle component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations and influencing factors of the water quality in a typical hilly water source of the Taihu Lake basin:Pingqiao River watershed. The water samples were collected first at 12 sampling sites along the Pingqiao River. Then the hierarchical CA grouped 12 months into three seasons (dry season, normal season and wet season) and classified the 12 sampling sites into three groups (hierarchical hills valley region, the town of downstream adjacent to Pingqiao plains and the downstream drainage outlet region) based on different seasons and levels of pollution. PCA results showed that:(1) In the dry season, the water quality was mainly determined by levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter levers, and it was affected by substantial reduce in runoff and the enrichment of nutrients; In the normal season, water quality was mainly determined by the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, and it was influenced by non-point source pollution from agricultural activities such as plantation; While in the wet season, water quality was mainly determined by the nitrogen and phosphorus, and it was affected by agricultural activity (mainly crop plantation rice) and a substantial storm discharge with high of nutrients. (2) In the hierarchical hills valley region, water quality was mainly determined by nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, and it was affected by non-point source pollution (tea plantation); In the town of downstream adjacent to Pingqiao plains, water quality was mainly determined by nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter, and it was affected by domestic sewage and agricultural production; While in the downstream drainage outlet region, the water quality was mainly determined in order of nitrogen, organic matter and phosphorus, and it was effected by Sewage from agricultural production and livestock breeding. Our research could help in water source projection and local government management in Lake Taihu Basin.

Shijiu Lake is the sole freshwater lake connected to the Yangtze River through the Qingyi River and the Guxi River, forming a complex drainage network. To explore the phytoplankton community structure in this complex river network, an investigation was carried out in the normal season and the dry seasons in 2012 on the phytoplankton in Shijiu lake and its surrounding tributaries. In this investigation, the species composition, seasonal variation and its relationship with environmental factors was analyzed. The results showed that a total of 105 species of phytoplankton were collected. There was no obvious difference in the number of species between the normal season and the dry season, with 70% species shared; the abundance of phytoplankton was at most 1×10⁸ cell/L, reaching the standards of the water bloom. The dominant taxa were chlorophyta and cyanobacteria, but the diatom is dominant in biomass. The direct ordination analysis furtherly showed the seasonal succession of phytoplankton was obvious in the river network and the lake area, and the main environmental factors affecting phytoplankton were the nutrients including the nitrogen and phosphorus.

A combination of weekly concentrations of three water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn) for water samples in Poyang Lake outlet during 2004-2014, and corresponding hydrological data were analyzed. Results indicated that DO, NH₄⁺-N and COD_Mn did not demonstrate significant inter-annual trends, while remarkable seasonal variations were observed, and notable negative correlation was found between DO, NH₄⁺-N and COD_Mn and water level fluctuation, with Pearson coefficients of -0.63, -0.67 and -0.36, respectively. The dataset was further split into lake phase and river phase based on characteristic water level of 14 m. Probability density analysis revealed that in lake phase, there was 93% probability that the NH₄⁺-N concentration would be lower than 0.25 mg/L, while for river phase, the probability went down to 32.8%. Similar results were also obtained for COD_Mn and DO. In general, the water quality of Poyang Lake outlet was more prone to be better in the lake phase than that in the river phase, further indicating that the dilution effect of high water level was decisive for the variability of water quality in Poyang Lake outlet. Finally, a quite strong autocorrelation of DO and NH₄⁺-N was found and the water quality sampling for DO, NH₄⁺-N and COD_Mn must be different. DO and NH₄⁺-N can be monitored monthly or bimonthly, while COD_Mn must be sampled with more frequency, e.g. weekly or biweekly.

Based on the water quality investigation data of the Nanfei River during the wet and dry season, the single factor water quality identification index method and a improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model were employed to evaluate the quality status of heavy metals. The main pollution factors and the priority control section were determined. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to estimate the sources of heavy metal. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb in dry season were higher than that in wet season, but the average concentrations of As, Cd in wet season were higher than that in dry season. The results of single factor water quality identification index method showed that the main pollution factors of heavy metal pollution in river Nanfeihe was Cd. The concentration of Cd in each sampling point exceeded the Class V according to standards of the national groundwater environmental quality during the wet and dry season. The highest value is 2.6 times Class V standard. The improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results showed that the water quality of the Nanfei River basically belonged to Class II according to standard. The pollution of the section of Qianshan North Road Bridge was the most serious, and this section belongs to the priority control section. The water quality of the Nanfei River belonged to Class III in dry season. Overall, the water quality of NanFei River reached the goal of water body function area. The contamination sources of heavy metals through the principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the heavy metals contamination in NanFei River were caused by pesticides and fertilizers and wastewaters from mechanical manufacturing and electroplating industry and the boat in the river.

The Shuibuya Reservoir over the Qingjiang River Basin was selected as a typical reservoir to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon cycle in large hydropower reservoir intercepting rive eco-system in this study. The spatial and temporal distribution of carbon in surface water were obtained by analyzing water sampling using vario TOC analyzer in laboratory and other aquatic environment parameters was attained by HACH hydro-lab multi-parameters water quality analyzer in field experiments. The results showed that the monthly mean concentration of total carbon, total inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon in surface water from the Shuibuya Reservoir were 26.665 mg/L, 24.089 mg/L, 2.141 mg/L and 0.438 mg/L, respectively during measurement. The carbon concentrations peaked in spring and autumn, while valleyed in summer and winter. Inorganic carbon accounts for most of total carbon and the spatial variation of all carbon parameters mentioned above over the whole reservoir was very different at measurement stations, which is similar with that of lakes. The Shuibuya Reservoir was affected by both human activities and natural environment. Inorganic concentration was strongly related with water conductivity, dissolved organic carbon in water was strongly related with water temperature and chlorophyll concentration in surface water exerted more influences on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of less particulate organic carbon in surface water over the Shuibuya Reservoir. This study is expected to provide more supports and in-situ data for understanding aquatic carbon cycle of reservoir and play a pivotal role to evaluate the effects of dam construction on aquatic ecosystem.

This paper takes advantage of data from 30 air negative oxygen ions automatic stations in the 27 tourist attractions in Hubei Province constructed by Hubei Meteorological Service Center. We analyzed atmospheric negative oxygen ion concentration distribution characteristics and the influence of meteorological conditions to air negative oxygen ions. The study showed that the air negative oxygen is very rich in the tourist attractions of Hubei Province, being higher in the western mountainous area than in eastern plain area. The level increases gradually from east to west, from north to South, and the Southwest Hubei is area with most abundant negative oxygen ions. The concentration of negative oxygen ions is highest in summer, lowest in winter and slightly larger in autumn than in spring. From the beginning of March, the concentration of negative oxygen ions increased month by month, reached the maximum in August, and then decreased gradually. The concentration of negative oxygen ions in the morning is higher in the afternoon and evening, and gradually increased in the midnight. The air negative oxygen ion concentration is highest in sunny day, and lower in cloudy day rain days and haze days have lower negative oxygen ions. The moderate rainfall and lightning activity was positively correlated with the concentration of negative oxygen ions.