In order to coordinate the relationship between regional economic development and ecological environment protection, it is necessary to improve the input-output efficiency of high-tech industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. In this paper, we used a three-stage DEA model to carry out empirical analyses on high-tech industry's input-output efficiency from the perspective of enterprises' types and environmental factors, etc. The results showed that:1) increase of government R&D expenditure shows a positive effect on improvement of firms' technical efficiency, although the influence effect is not significant yet. 2) Increased number of R&D institutions significantly accelerated the technical efficiency of enterprises both domestic and in Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan, while the interactive effects between foreign-owned firms and technology market in China are non-significant. 3) Market competition induced by increase of firms' number will contribute to promotion of technical efficiency in foreign-owned firms, but significantly impeded technical efficiency improvement in firms both domestic and in Hong Kong, Macao or Taiwan. 4) There exists a great gap of technical efficiency among different types of firms or various regions, with foreign-owned firms' (pure) technical efficiency as the highest. While the scale efficiency of domestic firms is beyond all the other types of firms. In the end, we propose public application according to our analysis.

Land use change and ecosystem services value dynamic change were studied based on the remote sensing interpretation data from 1979 to 2012 in Jiaxing City of Zhejiang province. The responses of land use change and landscape pattern change on ecosystem service value was further analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the area of construction land increased by 136.6% from 1979 to 2012. Correspondingly, the area of cropland decreased 15.5% from 1979 to 2012. (2) With the intensification of urbanization, the landscape fragmentation index increased from 0.6531 to 0.8762 from 1979 to 2012. The fragmentation index of farmland landscape increased significantly. Farmland ecosystem tends to be fragmented. (3) The total ecosystem service value decreased 14.7% in Jiaxing City from 1979 to 2012. Ecosystem service value decreased significantly during 2000-2012. As a whole, the individual ecosystem service value showed a downward trend. The arable land supplied over 70% ecosystem services for Jiaxing City. (4) The area of cultivated land and water area was positively correlated with the ecosystem services value. The area of construction land and unused land was negatively correlated with the ecosystem services value. It showed a significant negative correlation between landscape diversity index, fragmentation index of cultivated land and the ecosystem services value.

In this paper, the land economic benefit is characterized by the coupling coordination degree of land input and land output. Methods of spatial analysis and geographical detector are applied to analyze the evolution of spatial pattern of land economic benefit in Zhejiang Province on county scale, with an aim to reveal its evolution mechanism and driving factors. The results showed that:1) The land economic benefit in Zhejiang Province is improved while its spatial autocorrelation is reduced from 2005 to 2014. 2) The differences of land economic benefit among counties are expanded, particularly from the East to the West. The spatial distribution evolves towards multiple peaks with reduction of high value area and expansion of low value area. 3) The main driving factors of land economic benefit are built-up area proportion, non-agriculture employment population, relief degree of land surface and the proportion of the tertiary industry. It concludes that the coordination development of land, population and industry in the process of urbanization, improvement of economic factors input in built-up area and increase of tertiary industry's proportion contribute to land economic benefit in Zhejiang Province.

Based on the improved ecological footprint model, this paper comprehensively analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological deficit from 2000 to 2014 in Nanjing. The decoupling relationship between ecological foprint, ecological carrying capacity and ecological deficit from 2000 to 2014 in Nanjing. The decoupling relationship between ecological footprint and economic growth was also estimated. Depending on the government documents, the authors analyzed the changing trend of ecological footprint and its decoupling relationship with GDP during the 13^th Five-Year Plan period. The results indicated that per capita ecological footprint and per capita ecological deficit grew rapidly during 2000-2014, with per capita ecological carrying capacity decreasing slowly. All districts in Nanjing suffered ecological deficit with varying extents, while ecological carrying capacity increased from city center to the suburban. The decreased decoupling index between ecological footprint and economic growth demonstrates that the economic development has transferred from extensive mode to intensive mode. If the current trend of resources consumption continues, ecological footprint will be enlarged in the future. Therefore, Nanjing should persistently adjust the industrial structure and accelerate the industrial upgrading, execute the "three red lines" strictly, implement differentiated optimization measures of territorial spatial pattern, control the population growth, and gradually build ecological compensation mechanism based on the transfer of ecological assets.

As the rapid progress of industrialization and urbanization, China has been on the key phase of economic and social transformation and reconstruction between urban and rural areas, certainly bringing opportunities as well as shocks and challenges to rural areas. Recent multifunctional rural transition has been one of the most important theories to evaluate rural development, and has also been a hot research direction of rural geography in China. First, this paper systematically sorted out the viewpoints of the research connotations of multifunctional rural transition at home and abroad in the past 20 years, and then explored how to divide types of rural territorial multi-functions on village scale in China, and further constructed a multi-functionality evaluation index system and index analysis model. Second, using the well-developed Jintan city located in the south of Jiangsu province as a case, this paper evaluated and graded the territorial functions of ecology, agriculture, industry, living and comprehensive function. Last, the spatial differentiation characters of rural multi-functions have been revealed and the dominated functions of each spatial unit have been identified in Jintan city. Several conclusions were as follow:(1) Ecology-oriented functional areas were mainly distributed in the areas around the Changdang Lake, Zhixi town and western Xuebu town, where the densities of rivers and forests were relatively high; (2) The agriculture function indexes were high in the plain river network region located in both the middle and south of Jintan city; (3) Industry-oriented functional areas were mainly distributed in the Yaotang town and the surroundings of the central urban area, and all those belong to the industrial cluster districts according to the urban planning of Jintan;(4) Living function indexes were high in the surroundings of the city's build-up areas and whose spatial distribution characters were similar to that of rural industry functions; 5) The rural multifunction indexes were gradually weakened from city's core areas to the edges, and there had been a significant correlation between rural multi-functional development and urban-rural relationship; 6) According to the evaluation indexes mentioned above, six functional types had been identified in the 96 regional units, and they were comprehensive development type, ecology-dominated type, agriculture-dominated type, industry-dominated type, living-dominated type and balanced development type, and each one had significant characteristics of spatial concentration within the city of Jintan, and then several development strategies corresponding to those types had been proposed. In conclusion, this paper provided a scientific reference for identifying rural development orientation, accomplishing main-functional zone division, improving policy measures of rural management, and promoting rural sustainable development; meanwhile, it was a meaningful supplement for the quantitative research of rural multifunctional development on village scale in China.

Horizontal farmland eco-compensation transferring payment amount is one of the most important policies to coordinate the relationship between farmland protection and development. It is also a fundamental way for local government to balance ecological conservation and economic development. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the horizontal transferring payment among the 42 local governments in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. The ecological compensation criterion of horizontal transferring payment was calculated by applying choice modeling, with a variation from 683.10 Yuan/hm² to 6169.60 Yuan/hm² based on the citizens' willingness to pay. Moreover, the 42 districts were classified as 17 paying areas and 25 receiving areas. The farmland eco-compensation horizontal transferring payment in Wuhan Metropolitan Area among the 42 districts then were estimated by multiplying the ecological compensation criterion of horizontal transferring payment with its ecological compensation area of horizontal transferring payment, which was 44.03×10⁸Yuan. The results can provide government with scientific basis to construct ecological compensation criterion of horizontal transferring payment institution.

Urban land spatial optimization is the hot topic in the fields of geography and urban planning, which affects not only urban morphology, but also overall land use efficiency. Therefore, to optimize urban spatial structure and improve efficiency spatially, this research conducted urban land spatial optimization. Both the effects of internal factors of spatial units on urban land suitability and the influence of their neighbor units were taken into account. The status of neighbor units is expected to affect the possibility of being changed into urban land as the core unit, which is in accordance with the idea of niche fitness. Niche fitness was decided by the state and the potential of the niche, while the possibility of being converted into urban land was decided by the core unit itself and its neighbor jointly. Therefore, in this manuscript, a method of urban land spatial optimization based on niche theory was proposed. The method was realized by programming in Matlab and was applied for Yangzhou downtown as a case study. The results are as follows:urban land spatial optimization needs to consider the suitability of units and the demand of spatial continuity; unit fitness was the basic for urban land spatial optimization, thus deemed as state value in niche theory; spatial continuity was achieved by the propagation mechanism of unit effect, therefore the effect of neighbor unit is regarded as potential value in niche theory. The proposed method taking into account the interior factors of units and affects of neighbors during spatial allocation process is proved scientific and can achieve reasonable urban land layout, and could be used as an effective tool for urban growth boundary demarcation in spatial planning.

In order to understand the fish diversity and the community structure in Northwest Hubei, investigation was carried out in Baguashan, Duheyuan, Yerengu, Nanhe, Wudaoxia and Zhangheyuan nature reserves in Northwest Hubei from 2007 to 2012. We recorded 79 species, belonging to 4 orders,15 families and 51 genera. Among all the species, order Cypriniformes was the most dominant component(70.89%), with 56 species recorded. Feeding diets and ecological groups of fish were similar among the six nature reserves. Carnivorous and omnivorous fish were most abundant, and herbivorous fish were among the minority. Limnophilic fish was far more than diadromous and rheophilic species. The Margalef index (D) at Duheyuann natural reserve was the largest, with a value 2.60, whereas the lowest D was found at Baguashan natural reserve (0.91). The diversity index showed that the nature reserves in the same drainage system had a low βc index and β_R index than those between different drainage systems.The index of similarity (Cj) was high between the natural reserves in the same drainage system and low between different drainage systems, explaining. well the fact that the nature reserves in the same drainage system has the continuity of the geographical environment while the nature reserves between different drainage systems existed the geographical isolation. The hydropower development and overfishing are the greatest threat to the region fish. It is suggested to strengthen the fishery management and establish artificial fish breeding sites, to reduce the negative effects of water-power engineering and restore natural fishery resources.

In order to understand the ecological effects of drainage basin cascade hydropower development on fish communities biodiversity, fisheries resources survey were carried out in the Suijiang section, lower reaches of Jinsha River, during 2011 before impoundment of first phase of Jinsha hydropower project and 2015 after impoundment of hydropower project. Fish community biodiversity variation characteristics were analyzed. Results showed that there were 60 fish species in the Suijiang reaches according to our fourth investigation on fisheries resources, which belonged to 5 order, 12 family, and there were 12 upper Yangtze River endemic fish species in total species. Before the impoundment of Jinsha River first phase hydropower project, lotic fish species such as Pelteobagrus vachelli, Coreius guichenoti, Pelteobagrus nitidus were the dominant species while preferring to the reservoir environment species, such as Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, were major species after the impoundment of Jinsha River hydropower project. Compared to the fish species biodiversity before the impoundment, Margalef richness index, Shannon-Weiner diversity index, and Pielou evenness index were sharply decreased, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05). According to the analyses on the fishes ecological groups, limnophilic fish species were increased from 54% to 71%, river-river migratory fish species were decreased, and river-lake migratory fish species had no change after the impoundment of Jinsha River hydropower project. Abundance/biomass comparison curves showed that fish communities were affected sharply after the impoundment. And the total fishing biomass were increased in the whole reservoir after the impoundment because of the increasement of water primary productivities while the dominant species have smaller body type and simplification trend. In order to scientifically protect the fisheries resources in the Jinsha River, establishing fish natural protected area, carrying out ecological operation, and strengthening the study of the early warning on environmental protection in river basin were suggested as the useful measures.

Change of river system and its impact on flood is one of the hot spots in hydrological studies especially in plain river network region. In the present study, river structure and river network connectivity was analyzed in the coastal areas of East Zhejiang Province under the rapid urbanization. The result showed that drainage density and water surface rates were declined by 20% and 30% respectively during the past 20 years, and that drainage channel was in a more simple way due to the decline in river. The river network connectivity was evaluated based on the hydraulic resistance and Shortest Path Analysis, and the result indicated that river connectivity showed an increasing trend after the first reduction while the river system had a monotonic decreasing, and result from the construction of main channel which would decrease the negative impact of water debilitating on flood risk. The above assessment method was successfully applied to the study area and provided a feasible and effective way to analyze the change and spatial difference in the river connectivity.

Grain supply- consumption balance is an important indicator for national food security. Per capital grain possession is a major indicator in studying the supply-and-demand equilibrium of grain. Agricultural statistics at county-resolution level for the period of 2004-2014 in China was collected and the GIS spatial analysis technique as well as other tools such as Moran's I, Getis-Ord and gravity model were introduced to describe the spatial changes of per capita grain possession at county level. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to explore the driving factors of per capita grain possession. The results showed that:First, per capita grain possession showed an overall trend of rise over the period of 2004-2014. The gravity center of per capita grain possession transferred from the southwest to northeast. Second, per capita grain possession at county level in China showed a strong trend of positive spatial natural correlation, and the similar areas cluster in space. The county-level of internal per capita grain possession spatial disparities have been gradually widened. Spatial pattern of hot spots and cold spots changed significantly during the past 20 years. In 2004, the per capita share of grain in the country was relatively scattered, and the northeast region was the only hot area in the whole country. In 2014, hot spots were still in the northeast, but somewhat smaller than in 2004. Third, the driving factors of different regions showed localization characteristic of no-stationary intercourse. The importance degree was as follows:population > tertiary industrial output > urbanization rate > secondary industrial output > per capita GDP.

In order to detect the contamination and health risk of radionuclide uranium in rice from a uranium mine in East China, a total of 136 rice samples from uranium deposit area and contrast area were analyzed. The method of Single Factor Index was used for assessing rice and carcinogenic risk (CR) for health risk of radionuclide uranium. The results showed that:(1) The average uranium concentrations in rice were 1.46 ng·g^-1, with an order of exploiting mine area > hydrometallurgy plant area > unexploited deposit area > abandoned mine area > the background values of Jiangxi Province > contrast area. (2) The average value of Single Factor Index (1.25) showed that the uranium contamination levels of rice in the whole uranium deposit area were mild concentration. The exploiting mine area and hydrometallurgy plant area were mild concentration and unpolluted in abandoned mine area and contrast area. (3) For the first time, the Slope factor(SF) of carcinogenic risk of rice in Jiangxi Province was 1.04×10³(d·kg)·mg^-1.The CR among adults and children in all sub regions both were exploiting mine area > hydrometallurgy plant area > unexploited deposit area > abandoned mine area > contrast area. By directly consuming rice, children might suffer a certain carcinogenic risk, and no risk for adults in unexploited deposit area, abandoned mine area and contrast area, a certain carcinogenic risk in exploiting mine area and hydrometallurgy plant.

As one of major grain production areas, Anhui Province plays an important role in ensuring food security in China. It is therefore critical to explore its climatic productive potential, and to assess its capacity of food supply in Anhui Province. In this paper, the step rectifying method was used to calculate the climatic potential productivity, based on the relationship between grain production and climatic factors such as solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation. The climatic capacity of food supply and its relative surplus rate were then analyzed, according to the food demand indexes under different living standards. The results showed that the climatic potential productivity exhibited a significantly spatial pattern, characterized by higher in the north and plains than the south and mountain areas. Further, the higher potential areas were mainly concentrated in the along and north region of the Huaihe River with dominance of plenty cultivated land resources. The coordination of climate and land resources was found to favor the utilization of climatic productive potential. During the period of 1961-2013, the climatic potential productivity showed a consistent decrease trend in Anhui Province. The reduction rate is provincially averaged at about 10% in the recent 50 years. In Anhui Province, the present food consumption level belongs to the transition stage from the subsistence type to well-off type. Under the premise of fully taking advantage of climatic potential productivity, the grain yield of the whole province can well satisfy the total food demand under different living standards. Specifically, for the well-off standards, the relative surplus rate of climatic capacity decreases from northeast to southwest, however the residual space of capacity is still considerable in the most parts of the province except few urban and mountainous areas, which can well guarantee the grain self-sufficient in the future development. Overall, the plenty solar radiation, heat, water and arable land resources and their coordination contribute to the high climatic capacity in Anhui Province. While the climatic potential productivity declines mainly induced by the reduction of solar radiation, the climate capacity can ensure food security in the future well-off, society and grain production has a larger promotion space in Anhui Province.

In this paper, no-missing daily precipitation data during 1960-2010 from uniformly distributed stations in the Yangtze River Basin were used, and spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and future trends of extreme precipitation were investigated with the help of trend and mutation analysis, R/S analysis and hydrologic frequency analysis method. The main results are as follows:(1) The regional average of PAV, PINT, PQ95, PF95 and PX1D-PX10D has an upward trend, and the values of the middle and lower reaches are higher than those of the upper reaches, and the changes of the indices in the middle and lower reaches are higher than those of the upper reaches. (2) The spatial distribution of PAV and PF95 is similar, but it shows negative trend in the middle and positive trend on the both sides for PAV, while it shows positive trend in the middle and negative on the both sides for PF95; The spatial distribution of PINT and PQ95 trend is similar, showing upward trend in most parts of the basin, but downward trend in the northwest of the basin. On the other hand, with the increase of duration from PX1D to PX10D, the areas where extreme precipitation decreases have significantly expanded while the area where extreme precipitation increases have significantly narrowed. (3) The extreme precipitation in the Yangtze River basin will remain the current trend in the future, and a majority of the extreme precipitation indices will on the increase in the future which will lead to the increase of flood risk in the basin. (4) Hydrological frequency analysis of extreme precipitation PX1D in Suining Station and PX10D in Anhua Station showed that design precipitation calculated based on the whole data is not sate. The difference will be larger with the increase of return periods, so new methods to estimate design precipitation should be investigated.

Estimation of rural water environment carrying capacity and analysis of its dynamic characteristics would help to understand the equilibrium of supply-demand of rural water resources and the water environment quality status, thus to provide scientific advices of new rural construction planning and water environment sustainable development. The paper takes Zhenjiang Region of the Taihu Lake Basin as the study area, combined with cloud model to improve fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, PSR analytical frame of rural water environment carrying capacity and evaluation index system, and analysis of the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors with radar chart, cloud model generator. The results showed that:the cloud model has the advantage of dealing with the accurate value, which can reflect the volatility and randomness of the data; rural water environment carrying capacity of Taihu Lake Basin in Zhenjiang Region requires higher industry and agricultural wastewater discharge, total water supply and sewage control investment. The value of rural water environment carrying capacity in Zhenjiang Region in 2010-2014 remained a steady upward trend, but overall state is weak loading, and the value of various regions ranked as Danyang > Dantu > Runzhou > Jingkou.

Based on the observed data from eight meteorological observation stations in Enshi area from 1960 to 2015, fog variations and the underlying mechanisms were analyzed by using correlation analysis, linear tendency estimation method, and the Mann-Kendall mutation test (M-K test). The spatial distribution of fog in Enshi during 2000 to 2015 was different from that during 1960 to 1999, with a maximum center of fog being cut off from southwest to northeast, and a minimum center of fog from southwest to northeast. In the last 56 years, except for the continuously decreasing fog days in Xuanen, annual fog days the other stations increased after a shift in 1960s and 1970s, and then decreased in the late period of 20^th Century, followed by a shift in 2012. The changes started in southwest of Enshi, followed by northwest, and then east. The fog in Enshi significantly reduced in the recent 16 years, and fog in the north area decreased (-40~-20 d·(10a)^-1) much more quickly than in south area (-4d·(10a)^-1). And the influence of temperature and precipitation on fog days is different from station to station. During the last 16 years, the reduction of fog days in low mountain was related to temperature and wind speed, while related to the humidity in middle mountain.

In order to understand the fish diversity and the community structure in Northwest Hubei, investigation was carried out in Baguashan, Duheyuan, Yerengu, Nanhe, Wudaoxia and Zhangheyuan nature reserves in Northwest Hubei from 2007 to 2012. We recorded 79 species, belonging to 4 orders,15 families and 51 genera. Among all the species, order Cypriniformes was the most dominant component (70.89%), with 56 species recorded. Feeding diets and ecological groups of fish were similar among the six nature reserves. Carnivorous and omnivorous fish were most abundant, and herbivorous fish were among the minority. Limnophilic fish was far more than diadromous and rheophilic species. The Margalef index (D) at Duheyuann natural reserve was the largest, with a value 2.60, whereas the lowest D was found at Baguashan natural reserve (0.91). The diversity index showed that the nature reserves in the same drainage system had a low βc index and βR index than those between different drainage systems. The index of similarity (Cj) was high between the natural reserves in the same drainage system and low between different drainage systems, explaining well the fact that the nature reserves in the same drainage system has the continuity of the geographical environment while the nature reserves between different drainage systems existed the geographical isolation. The hydropower development and overfishing are the greatest threat to the region fish. It is suggested to strengthen the fishery management and establish artificial fish breeding sites, to reduce the negative effects of water-power engineering and restore natural fishery resources.

Eco-environmental vulnerability assesous contradiction between people and land. The paper used the method of weights of evidence (WOE) to assess the landslide vulnerability and used method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess water and soil erosion, destruction of landscape and pollution vulnerability. The landslide vulnerability evaluation model contains four landslide evaluation factors including slope, aspect, soil properties and rainfall. The paper chose slope, rainfall, soil type and plant cover types as water and soil erosion vulnerability index. Due to the larger landscape of environmental damage by vandalism and greater population density can reflect the extent of the development of land and other natural landscapes, the paper selected population density, plant cover type, slope, rainfall as the main indicators of landscape destruction and pollution. According to the numerical results, three eco-environmental theme's vulnerability was classified into five levels:potential, slight, light, medium, and heavy level by means of the natural breaks law. On this basis, the paper conducted a comprehensive analysis of the study area on each ecological theme. Furthermore, the paper discussed the distribution of ecological fragility of upper reaches of Minjiang River and its spatial distribution under influences of different factors. The results showed that:the landslide vulnerability, water and soil erosion vulnerability, landscape destruction and pollution vulnerability in the study area are generally slight, with a level of 80.43%, 70.44%, and 73.52% respectively. Comprehensive analysis showed that 57.14% of the study area is facing at least one of the ecological problems. 16.6% of the area is facing two or more problems and 1.8% is facing three issues. The paper completed analyses of ecological problems and the underlying influencing factors. The results are expected to benifit ecological security and sustainable development of the Minjiang River Valley and the Yangtze River Basin.