In view of the recent enterprises changing trends and the requirements for enterprises reform in the new era, the types of enterprises were classified on the macro perspective, and the panel data of 30 provinces from 2008-2016 were combined to explore the impact mechanism and direction on industrial land use efficiency through fixed effect model. The research results show that higher proportion of regional capital ( including capital from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) leads to negative effects on industrial land use efficiency at the significant level of 5% and 1%.Among the types of property rights, higher proportion of regional state-owned and state-holding industrial enterprises have negative impacts on the industrial land use efficiency at the significant level of 5% and 1%. Among the scale types, higher proportion of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the region will have negative impacts on industrial land use efficiency at the significant level of 1%. Among the types of technologies, higher proportion of high-tech industrial enterprises will have positive impacts on the efficiency of industrial land use at the significant level of 5%. Therefore, different types of industrial enterprises will have significant impacts on the efficiency of industrial land use. In the future, we should focus on internal reform and transformation of industrial enterprises.

It is necessary to research the city scale, especially the change of spatial-temporal pattern and the dynamic evolution of which is the key to promote regional coordinated development. Based on the night-time light data, this paper calculated the city scale at county level in China during the 1992-2015 by average night light index, then analyzed it by ESTDA framework. The result shows: First, the core-periphery structure and the local spatial pattern of city scale is stable, but was becoming fluctuating. The city scale was growing slowly, but the city local correction is weak, and lacks the force of common motivation to jump upward. Second, the spatial pattern of city scale was separated by Jing-Shan economic trough belt, 110°E belt, and 100°E belt, however the Hu Line may be broken in the future. Third, the local spatial dynamics, growth volatility and local dependence of the city scale after 2003 was increased, and the local dynamics of city scale becomed stable in east, but unstable in west. Meanwhile the center of growth volatility and local dependence shifted to the south and northeast; Forth, the main factors affecting the spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic evolution of city scale at county level were the natural factors, traffic conditions, urban administrative levels, spatial effects, policy orientation and economic development level, and so on. Finally, this research has proved that it is scientific to use the night-time light data to calculate the city scale, and it is important to establish a network for different regions to achieve coordinated development.

From the micro-enterprise perspective, 100 equipment manufacturing industries and 100 space units of the Yangtze River Economic Belt were selected as research samples. Based on the research methods of urban networks and the theory of complex networks, the hierarchical system, spatial pattern, network connections and complexity characteristics of the equipment manufacturing networks of the Yangtze River Economic Belt were explored. The research shows that there is a significant gap in the abilities of network organization of node cities, and a pyramidal hierarchical structure has been formed by four levels: regional, sub-regional, local, and sub-local. The organizational capabilities of the equipment manufacturing networks show significant unbalanced characteristics in space, which forming three core areas. The network of contacts generally shows a trend of gradual expansion from the Yangtze River Delta region to the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The whole structure of networks shows strong aggregation and connectivity, and there is a significant relationship between the characteristics of complex networks and the status of the urban networks.

The Yangtze River City Group is under the fastest urbanization process in Jiangsu, which caused the most obvious land use change. Study of land use change and its impact on carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the Yangtze River City Group is of great significance to the study of low-carbon land use in Jiangsu Province. Based on the five-phase 30m land use raster data, soil sample data, forest vegetation inventory data, crop data and empirical data, this research assessed the spatio-temporal change of land use and its impact on carbon storage from 1995 to 2015. The main results were as follows: (1) from 1995 to 2015, about 15.90% of the land area hadtheir land use type changed. Among them, built-up land occupy cultivate land was the main land transfer type, with total transferred area reached to 4 161.78 km2, accounting for 85.86% of the total transferred out of cultivated land; (2) due to the land use changes, total carbon storage decreased by 472.63×104 t, of which soil organic carbon increased by 110.28×104 t, and the vegetation carbon decreased by 582.91×104 t; (3) the transfer of cultivated land to built-up land was the main determinant for the loss of carbon storage, with amount of 406.40×104 t, and accounted for 85.99% of the total carbon storage loss; (4) in the future, by means of increasing ecological land area, controlling built-up land, and optimizing land use structure, the Yangtze River City Group can reduce the disturbance to terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance and increase regional carbon storage.

Thermal environment is one of the important factors affecting urban ecological environment. How to minimize the negative impact of thermal environmental problems through rational urban planning is one of the key issues to be solved in urban planning. Based on the change of land use in urban planning, this study used WRF model (Weather Research and Forecasting model, WRF) to simulate near-surface air temperature of Jiangbei New Area in Nanjing city, thereby analyzed the response of the thermal environment to urban planning. The obtaining results were as follows: (1) The use of land use data with high spatiotemporal resolution could significantly improve the accuracy of near-surface air temperature simulated by WRF model. On this basis, the coupled urban canopy model could simulate the near-surface air temperature change more accurately. (2) Thermal environment was significantly affected by the land use change in urban planning. The magnitude of temperature change in the urban land expansion varied over different periods of time, with the maximum increase amplitude of 1.8℃ in the period of 20∶00-22∶00. Compared with natural surface, the urban land was characterized by rapid-warming and slow-cooling. (3) Compared with 2013, the urban heat island in the study region expanded and the urban heat island intensity increased in 2030. Therefore, it is suggested that in addition to controlling the growth of urban land effectively, it is necessary to consider the decentralized layout of urban land in urban planning. It is more beneficial to minimize its impact on thermal environment, which is more conductive to the ecological planning and construction of Jiangbei New area.

With accelerating of economic globalization and regional integration, an increasing number of attention has been paid to the development of the export-oriented economy. Therefore, combined with the characteristics of export-oriented economy, which could be started from several aspects: international economy and trade, utilization of foreign capital, after that the export-oriented economic development in Central China was measured. Additionally, this article analyzed its spatial-temporal pattern by quantitative analysis methods, and used GWR model to measure its influencing factors. The results showed as follows: ① The CV of variation of export-oriented economic development in Central China showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2015, and the regional gap reduced. ② The low-level areas and lower-level areas gathered narrowed but always dominated the Central China, furthermore, the characteristics of spatial agglomeration were conspicuous. Nevertheless, the range of high-level and higher-level areas was fairly minor, and which was more geographically dispersed. The spatial distribution of export-oriented economy in Central China showed a pattern of southeast high northwest low. ③The spatial agglomeration degree of the export-oriented economic development in Central China showed an increasing trend. The number of HH areas had increased significantly, LL areas went ups and downs, but had been dominant. From the perspective of hot-spot analysis, hot spots were mainly formed in the southeast, and cold spots lay southwest to northeast in Central China, it indicated that the level of export-oriented economic development in the southeast was higher. ④The influencing factors of the export-oriented economic development in Central China were as follows: urbanization rate, the proportion of the output value of the secondary industry, distance with the nearest seaport A level or inland river port, the proportion of tertiary industry, the proportion of the number of ports, the proportion of science and technology expenditure in financial expenditure, distance with the nearest central city, and per capita revenue. In particular, urbanization rate had the greatest impact on the export-oriented economic development, per capita revenue had little influence on it. Accordingly, this article concludes with corresponding suggestions to promote the overall level of the export-oriented economic development in Central China.

Improving the spatial correlation degree of Wuhan Metropolitan Area’s resources aggregating ability has great significance for realizing the coordinated development of the region.Based on this, this paper uses the modified gravity model and the social network analysis method to analyze the spatial correlation of the resources aggregating ability in Wuhan Metropolitan Area from 1995 to 2015, the study shows that: (1)The spatial correlation characteristics of resources aggregating ability in Wuhan Metropolitan Area are significant,with an inverted U-shape network density,a slow decreasing network gradation through the years and an U-shape network efficiency;(2)The resources aggregating ability in Wuhan Metropolitan Area presents the characteristics of “Center-Edge” in the Network,Wuhan has the highest degree of centrality, which belongs to the central city in the network, while the other cities belong to the edge city;(3)The first plate(Wuhan,Xiaogan,Tianmen) belongs to “bidirectional spillover” plate,the second plate(Qianjiang,Xianning) belongs to “net beneficial” plate,the third plate (Xiantao,Huanggang) belongs to “net spillover”,the fourth plate(Huangshi,Ezhou) belongs to “broker” plate. According to the above conclusions,we put forward three policy recommendations(multi-way constructs spatial correlation “channel” of resources aggregating ability,enhances radiant driving function of central city,promotes urban division of labor and cooperation) to improve the spatial correlation degree of the resources aggregating ability in Wuhan Metropolitan Area.

Topographic factors affect land use changes to a certain extent and have an important influence on regional land use patterns and spatial structure characteristics. The study area of this study is Fang County in the Northwestern Hubei Province. We used DEM to extract elevation and slope information, and generated the topographic index. With the help of the spatial analysis function of GIS, we systematically analyzed the land use terrain gradient effect of Fang County by using terrain index, distribution index and land use intensity index. Subsequently, we explored the land use spatial structure characteristics of Fang County using the fractal theory. The results showed that: (1) The spatial distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious topographic gradient characteristics. Height, slope and topography had an important influence on the formation of land use patterns in Fang County. (2) Waterbody, transportation land, residential area and industrial and mining land, and arable land were mainly distributed in area with low terrain niche index. Garden land, grassland, and unused land were mainly distributed in area with medium terrain niche index, while forest land were mainly distributed in high terrain niche index area. (3) The comprehensive index of land use intensity in Fang County decreased gradually with the increase of topographic index. (4) The distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious fractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension was between 1.275 3-1.759 3. The orders of stability of all types of land were: waterbody, residential area and industrial and mining land, garden land, forest land, arable land, grass land, transportation land, unused land. The results of this study can provide scientific supports for decision-making of the overall land use planning and land resource allocation in this region.

The Chongqing section of Three Gorges reservoir area was used as the case study area. From the perspective of ecological security，ecological sources were identified via evaluation of ecological sensitivity and ecosystem service value. Ecological security pattern was built via the Minimum Cumulative Resistance model. Based on Ecological security pattern，the land use conflict was identified of the Chongqing section of Three Gorges reservoir area in 2015. we expect the research results will provide reference for the land use planning and management. The results show that: (1)The spatial distribution of cultivated land conflict was relatively scattered，the type of very serious conflict was mainly distributed in Fengjie，Kai，Shizhu and Fuling counties. The type of serious conflict and lower serious conflict were mainly distributed in the peripheral counties of the main city of Chongqing. The type of general conflict and non-conflict were mainly distributed in Changshou and Banan counties;(2)The spatial distribution of construction land conflict was relatively concentrated，the type of very serious conflict was mainly distributed in the main city of Chongqing. The spatial distribution of serious conflict and lower serious conflict were relatively scattered. The type of general conflict and non-conflict were also mainly distributed in the main city of Chongqing，and located on the periphery of very serious conflict;(3)The type of very serious integrated land conflict was mainly distributed in the central of the main city of Chongqing and Fengjie county. The type of serious conflict and lower serious conflict were distributed in every county. The type of general conflict and non-conflict were mainly distributed in the peripheral areas with very serious conflict.

The rational utilization of the characteristics of sediment resources to achieve the optimal allocation of sediment resources is one of the key problems which needs to be solved urgently for the ecological environmental governance in lakes and reservoirs. This paper aims to review the study on sediment resources and the multi-objective optimization methods, summarize the research status of sediment resources and analyze its development trend. Firstly, relevant researches on sediment resources optimal allocation framework were summarized, which mainly focus on the sediment resources optimal allocation, approach to sediment resources utilization, sediment ecological management and optimal allocation methods. Then the existing problems such as the current understanding on sediment resources optimal allocation theory, model construction and application, evaluation and decision-making were analyzed. Finally the future research direction of sediment resources optimal allocation was discussed.

The Yangtze River Economic Belt, as the largest economic belt in the river basin in the world, is an important new engine for China’s “new normal” economic development. In order to ensure the healthy development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China’s government attaches importance to ecological protection, especially the sustainable utilization of water resources. The 11 provinces and cities along the Yangtze River economic belt were regarded as the research object. Based on the concept of “economic-environment-society sustainable green development”, the SE-SBM model and the ML index were established to quantitatively analyze the efficiency of green water resources during the period 2002~2016. Research showed that: (1) the Yangtze River Economic Belt green water resources efficiency showed a slight downward trend and an obvious regional difference, the upstream basin and downstream basin showed decreased, the middle reaches of the river basin was stable and low;(2) the average water resources in Chongqing, Guizhou, Shanghai, Zhejiang reached the effective rate of DEA, the effective value in Jiangxi, Hubei was at a low level and the water resources utilization efficiency fluctuation in Jiangsu, Yunnan was obvious; (3) the index of technological progress was the main factor affecting the efficiency of water resources. The following suggestions were made in this article: build regional systematic development, realize coordinated economic development, improve the technical efficiency， increase the water saving technology, implement the “three water common governance” and strengthen the management of water resources to promote the rational utilization of water resources in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Grain production in the Yangtze River Basin plays an important role in China. Rapid growth in population and economic development in the Yangtze River Basin over the past 30 years has occurred at the cost of encroaching croplands, resulting into the changes in grain production and food security. This paper presented a study on spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of grain production and food security at county level in the Yangtze River Basin in the recent 25 years, based on the statistics of grain production, household registration population, agricultural fertilizer use and grain crops sown areas in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. The spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of grain production and food security were analyzed and identified by using grain change index, exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), gravity centers transfer model and spatial error model (SEM). The results showed: (1) Average annual changing rate of grain production was 0.5%, respectively for 0.6% of the upstream, 0.8% of the middle and -0.7% of the lower reaches. There was a significant spatial heterogeneity in grain production. The upstream area was inferior area and the middle area was dominant growth area, Lower reaches was the weakening area. (2) The cold point clustering of grain yield distributed in the upstream area. The year of 2000 was the turning point for the pattern change in grain production and food security. The cold points clustering pattern of grain production changed from “L” type in southwest boundary to inverted “L” type in northwest boundary after 2000 in the upstream of the basin. The hot spots clustering in the JiangHuai area and the TaiHu Lake Plain disappeared after 2000 and kept gong-term decline in production grain. The changes in spatial-temporal pattern of total grain production and per capital grain were similar. (3) The gravity centers of general surplus-grain counties and important surplus-grain counties were both expressed as moving to southern and western regions. And the gravity centers of grain shortage counties and tight balance of supply-demand counties were both expressed as moving to northern and eastern regions. (4) The sown areas of grain crops and agricultural fertilizer use all had significant positive effects on grain production.

Affected by the development of society and economy and people's needs, the cognition of cultivated land function has gradually changed from single production function to a synthesis of production function,ecological function,landscape function,social function and other functions. The multifunctionality of cultivated land has become a research hot spot issue. Many studies have focused on the evaluation and analysis of a single function, which lack of links between different functions. To identify the association degree of various functions of cultivated land and the correlation in different spaces, based on land utilization alteration data and statistical yearbook data,using cold hot spot analysis and partial correlation analysis to quantitatively analyze the production function, ecological function and landscape function of cultivated land in Qingpu District, Shanghai and classify five dominant functional areas to identify spatial association of whole district and each dominant functional areas. The results showed that:(1) The spatial distribution of each function of cultivated land was significantly different. The distribution of production function and ecological function showed a trend of high in east and low in west,the landscape function was opposite,which was high in west and low in east. On the whole, the cultivated land multifunction was better in the east and the north was poor.(2)Advantage area of production function, ecological function and landscape function were mainly distributed in the northeast, southeast, southwest and north, the inferior areas of all functions were concentrated in the northwest,no significant functional areas centered around Dianshan Lake.(3)In the whole area, it showed a synergistic relationship in production-ecology function and production-landscape function,it had a trade-off relationship in ecology-landscape function,the correlation was obviously different in each dominant function area that compared with the whole area.The conclusion showed that: There were significant trade-offs and synergies relationship between the functions of cultivated land and some differences in each dominant functional region. By analyzing the spatial distribution differences and correlations of arable land various function, slowed down the trade-off relationship and enhanced the synergy relationship between multifunction and targeted protection can be carried out to achieve sustainable use of cultivated land.

The research method: This paper considered the comprehensive benefit of intensive use of cultivated land, and selected 15 indexes from four aspects: input intensity, utilization degree, output benefit and sustainable condition. The methods of entropy weight and mean variance decision were used to determine the index weight synthetically, and the evaluation of intensive utilization of cultivated land was constructed. The system of spatial and temporal variation of cultivated land intensive use level in Northern Jiangsu from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed, and the GWR model was used to analyze the influence factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the level of intensive use of cultivated land and its changing trend in Northern Jiangsu Province, and to seek the mode of saving and intensive use of cultivated land as a reference for alleviating the contradiction between people and land, and guaranteeing the national food security. The results and conclusions were as follows:(1) from the overall level of intensive use of cultivated land in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2015, the trend of the first rising and stable development were presented, and the change of time series could be divided into two different stages. （2）The counties(cities) in Northern Jiangsu were mostly in the middle and high intensive use level and high level. The state of the Central Jiangsu area had improved, but most of the counties(cities) in the Southern Jiangsu maintained the level of low intensive use or not even intensive level. Overall, the intensive use level of cultivated land in Jiangsu showed the spatial distribution characteristics of the north and the south.(3) GWR can scientifically and accurately analyze the factors affecting the intensive use of cultivated land. The results showed that the intensity of input was the most important factor affecting the intensive use of cultivated land in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2015, followed by the continuous situation, and the extent of the impact of the utilization degree had obvious spatial and temporal difference, and the effect of output benefit was increasing gradually.

Shallow lakes are important freshwater resources and have the functions of flood, transportation, agriculture, aquaculture, tourism, drinking and ecological protection. The environmental quality of shallow lakes is highly related to human health and sustainable development of social economy. Rapid urbanization and economic development have resulted, progressively, in deteriorating freshwater conditions. Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China. In order to characterize the the pollution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of Lake Taihu, 32 and 79 sediment samples were collected in May 2013 from Lake Taihu and its tributary rivers,respectively. The contents of twenty organochlorine pesticides in the samples were analyzed by GC-μECD and the risk of sediment contamination was evaluated using sediment quality guidelines(SQGs). The results showed that OCPs were detected in all sediment samples, with residual values ranging from 16.3 to 96.9 ng/g dw, and the average content was 35.0 ng/g dw. HCHs and DDTs were the major components, and the average contents were 12.1 and 7.6 ng/g dw, respectively. The content of HCHs and DDTs accounted for 25.5% to 85.5% of the total OCPs. The ratios of certain metabolites to their parent compounds indicated that the main source of HCHs was lindane, and lindane is  still in use recently. There are still new inputs of parent DDT compound in Taihu Lake Basin, which might come from antifouling paints in fishing ships or other pesticides containing DDT, such as dicofol. A sediment risk assessment based on sediment quality guidelines(SQGs) suggested that γ-HCH and DDTs could be potential contaminants of greater ecotoxicological concern.

How to evaluate the restoration effect of lakes is the difficulty of ecological restoration. By analyzing the relationship among nutrient concentration, water quality, comprehensive trophic level index TLI(Σ) and nitrogen isotope ratios(δ15N) of different organic matter in urban lakes with different restoration states in Wuhan, the feasibility of using the δ15N values of a certain organic matter in water to indicate the water pollution state of urban lakes, and then as an evaluation index of restoration effect was studied. As the result revealed, the water quality of South Lake, East Lake and inner Shahu Lake was below class Ⅴ, Ⅳ and Ⅲ respectively; the eutrophication degree was severe eutrophication, light eutrophication and mesotrophication respectively. The average δ15N value of organic matter in South Lake was 13.193‰(8.394‰~19.380‰) and the highest,  followed by the East Lake of 8.191‰(5.162‰~13.488‰) and the inner Shahu Lake of 2.940‰(0.001‰ ~6.433‰) in the lowest place. The δ15N values of organic matter in different lakes were positively correlated with the concentration of total nitrogen(TN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN), ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N), total phosphorus(TP), water quality and TLI(), among which, the correlation among the δ15N value of suspended organic matter, δ15N value of submerged macrophyte and water pollution parameters was the most significant, these all could effectively characterize the water pollution state of urban lakes. For the convenience of sampling and the generality of the samples, it is suggested that the δ15N of suspended organic matter should be used as a rapid evaluation index for the water pollution state and the effect of water environment treatment.

Four Global Climate Model(GCM) data(GFDL, Had, IPSL and MIROC) recommended by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project drive SWIM, SWAT, HBV and VIC hydrological models to simulate runoff above the Cuntan hydrological station in the Yangtze River and to study the runoff changes under the global warming of 1.5℃ and 2.0℃. The results showed that:(1) In the 1.5℃ warming period, the hydrological model and GCMs simulated annual runoff increases of 5.5%~8.3% and 3.5%~11.4%, respectively; in the 2.0℃ warming period the hydrological model simulated a runoff increase of 4.8% to 6.7%. The IPSL simulated annual runoff showed a slight decrease, and the annual runoffs simulated by HAD and MIROC increased by 6.7% and 19%, respectively. The uncertainties from GCMs are 2.6 and 2.1 times that of hydrological models, respectively.(2) Under the conditions of two different global warming, the proportion of the monthly runoff collection averages is highly consistent with the proportion of monthly runoff during the reference period, but the proportion of the monthly maximum runoff under 1.5℃ and 2.0℃ global warming was 47.8% and 40.5% respectively, indicating that the monthly runoff contribution did not change significantly in the future warming period, but the extreme monthly runoff changed significantly.(3) Under 1.5℃ global warming, daily runoff increases in the dry and wet periods are 3% and 10%, but the change rates of runoff in the dry and wet periods are not large. Under 2.0℃ global warming, the increase in the dry season and the wet season was 3.6% and 8%, respectively, but the contribution rates of runoff in the dry and wet periods all showed a downward trend. Under 1.5℃ and 2.0℃ global warming, the flood flow once in 50 years(P = 2%) will increase by 26.3% and 20.7% respectively over the base period. The floods in the 50-year period of the reference period will likely become once in 20 years, and the average annual maximum runoff volume for many years will also increase over the reference period.

The investigation of the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of rainfall erosivity is significant in regional soil erosion risk assessment as well as water and soil conservation planning. Based on long-period(1961-2016) daily rainfall data from 63 meteorological stations located in Qin-Ba mountains region and its surrounding area, this study calculated values of rainfall erosivity and analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of rainfall erosivity using Kriging spatial interpolation method, Mann-kendall trend test, Pettitt test and other methods. Results showed that the regional average annual rainfall erosivity was 3 696 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a). The rainfall erosivity showed a unimodal intra-annual variation with a maximum value in July accounting for 26.6 % of the total year and also had a strong seasonal pattern with maximum rainfall erosivity in summer and minimum in winter. The rainfall erosivity reached its maximum in the 1980s and minimum in the 1990s. The annual rainfall erosivity had distinct phases, whereas had no significant trends and mutations. It turned out that the spatial distribution of the average annual rainfall erosivity in the region increased from north to south varying from 787 to 8 858 MJ·mm/(hm² ·h·a). Furthermore, the average annual rainfall erosivity of Qin-Ba mountains region generally decreased with the increasing of latitude(P<0.01) and altitude(P<0.01).

Abstract：The study is based on land use data, digital elevation model data(DEM), agrotype data, rainfall data, Normal Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI), combined with geographic information system(GIS) and Remote sensing technique,to calculate Rainfall Erosivity Factor(R), soil erodibility factor(K), vegetation cover factor(C), soil and water conservation measure factor(P), With the help of InVEST model,the soil erosion characteristics of the mountain ecosystem in Qihe river basin was studied in 2015.The results showed that:(1) The area of micro erosion, mild erosion, moderate erosion, strength erosion, extreme erosion and severe erosion are 932.80 km2, 617.13, 282.46, 159.58, 141.64 and 93.84 km², respectively. The total amount of soil erosion was 7 225 839.54 t, the average soil erosion modulus is 32.45 t/(hm²·a);(2)The soil erosion status of each land use type was analyzed,Soil erosion occurs mainly in woodland, grassland and cultivated land.Grassland and woodland are mostly distributed in high elevation areas with large undulating topography. The potential soil erosion is larger and the soil erosion intensity is larger. Although the total area of unused land is small, but the erosion modulus is the largest;(3)Soil erosion in Qihe river basin is closely related to terrain factors such as slope, altitude and terrain undulation,The soil erosion modulus increased first and then decreased with the elevation, and the soil erosion modulus reached the peak at the altitude of 1 200 m, and the soil erosion modulus increased with the increase of the slope and the relief.With the increase of the slope and the relief, the instability of slope soil becomes larger, and the possibility of downward displacement under external force becomes larger;Soil erosion is serious in areas with altitude of 600-1 200 m, slope over 15 degrees and relief degree of 700-500 m, which is the key areas to control soil erosion.Soil erosion is an important indicator for the response of mountain ecological vulnerability. The study of soil erosion in mountainous watershed is of great significance for assessing the quality of regional eco-environment.

Based on dimidiate pixel model, we estimated the Fractional vegetation coverage(FVC) of Wolong Nature Reserve in 2000 and 2015 respectively and explored changes of vegetation coverage in the fifteen years. Furtherly, spatial characteristics of vegetation cover changes were analyzed and their responses to topographical factors were revealed. The results showed that:(1)The vegetation coverage of Wolong Nature Reserve was generally good in both 2000 and 2015. Most of the regions were covered with high vegetation coverage. The overall spatial pattern showed a trend of high in the southeast and low in the northwest.(2) The area of high coverage during the study period reduced significantly, while other coverage level areas increased with different extent, and the average coverage of vegetation decreased a little.(3) Three types of vegetation coverage changes were established in the study, i.e. stability, degradation and improvement. It was found that type of stability distributed dominantly in all elevation ranges. In the case of their spatial distribution, type of degradation was relatively significant in both low and high altitude areas, while types of stability and improvement were relatively significant in the elevation range of 1 500-3 250 m.(4) An obvious change in vegetation coverage was found among varied aspects. The vegetation coverage degraded on the sunny slope and improved on the shady slope. The study explored the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of vegetation coverage in Wolong Nature Reserve, which has important reference value for both evaluation of local ecological environment and vegetation restoration in the reserve management. 

In order to explore the changes of soil quality and fertility after artificial vegetation restoration in disturbed area of hydropower station. The rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of the dominant species of Arthraxon hispidus under three typical slopes of Vegetation Concrete Base Spraying technique(CBS), Thick Layer Base Material Spraying technique(TBS) and Framed beams soil covering(FBSC) were collected in Xiangjiaba Dam. And the soil nutrient and microbial ecological stoichiometric ratio were studied. The results showed that:(1) The average nutrient content of CBS and TBS was significantly higher than that of FBSC. The soil nutrient content of CBS and FBSC soil had a certain enrichment in the rhizosphere, and the enrichment of organic carbon was the most obvious, while the soil total nutrient of TBS was deficient in the rhizosphere soil.(2) The soil microbial biomass of the rhizosphere soil was significantly higher than the non-rhizosphere soil in the CBS and FBSC, MBC/MBN and MBC/MBP were higher in non-rhizosphere soil. The microbial ecological stoichiometric ratio was Significant differences in three ecological restoration models(P<0.05). The rhizosphere MBC/MBN of the TBS plot was significantly higher than that of the CBS and FBSC plots(P<0.05), while its MBC/MBN was lowest in the non-rhizosphere soil. The ratio of soil microbial carbon to phosphorus in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere was FBSC>TBS>CBS.(3) The correlation analysis indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, organic carbon and total nitrogen had significant positive correlation.(P<0.01). The microbial biomass phosphorus had a significant positive correlation with soil organic carbon and total phosphorus(P<0.01). Soil MBC/MBN only had a significant negative correlation with microbial nitrogen(P<0.01). Comprehensive evaluation of the artificial soil restoration technology in the disturbed area of Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station after more than ten years, CBS and TBS had a better effect on the accumulation of total nutrient content of soil in this area, plant growth and development of FBSC was limited by phosphorus nutrition.

Under the background of increasingly serious rural life pollution, accelerating the promotion of cooperative governance and guiding the rural residents to choose the right way of life garbage disposal are effective ways to achieve the goal of “beautiful countryside”. Based on the survey data of rural residents in Hubei Province, we applied for the Binary Logistic regression model, and explored the impact of psychological perception and environmental intervention on participation behavior of rural residents' domestic garbage in cooperative governance. The results were as follows:(1) Psychological perception was an important factor that affects participation behavior of rural residents’ domestic garbage in cooperative governance. With the decrease of environmental tolerance, the awareness of environmental protection and possibility of rural residents participating in cooperative governance of domestic waste increased.(2) Environmental punishment system could promote rural residents to participate in the cooperative management of domestic garbage.(3) Interaction analysis showed that environmental protection publicity policy and environmental punishment system could enhance the positive effect of rural residents’ environmental awareness on their participation in cooperative governance. In order to promote rural environmental pollution control and achieve the goal of “rural beauty”, the government should strengthen publicity and guidance, and promote rural residents to choose environmentally friendly ways to deal with domestic waste.

Using the daily precipitation data in China and the IRESST global sea surface temperature data during 1979-2010, the effects of the Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific El Nio/La Nia events on the extreme precipitation and the general precipitation events in eastern China during the period from maturity to recession were studied to reveal the proportion of the extreme precipitation and general precipitation of the total influencing by the two kinds of ENSO events. The results show that, the extreme precipitation accounts for more than half of the total precipitation in winter, spring, and summer, which proportion is the biggest in winter and smallest in summer. Besides, the proportion that the extreme precipitation accounts for in the north of the Yangtze River is higher than that in the south of the Yangtze River. Furthermore, when the two types of ENSO occur, the spatial distribution characteristics of the extreme precipitation anomalies in eastern China are basically consistent with that of the total precipitation anomalies in the region. However, the features of the general precipitation anomalies in this area show a large difference from those of the total and extreme precipitation. The above shows that the two types of ENSO events affect the distribution feature of total precipitation anomalies in eastern China mainly through affecting the extreme precipitation anomalies. From the comparison of the two types of ENSO events, the effect of the Eastern-Pacific ENSO on the extreme precipitation in eastern China is significantly stronger than that of the Central-Pacific ENSO. In addition, under the influence of two types of ENSO events, the distribution characteristics of the extreme precipitation are also different. On this basis, the impact of the four strongest ENSO events during the period of 1979-2010 on the extreme precipitation in eastern China are analyzed. It turns out that the influence of the strongest ENSO events on the extreme precipitation is also much stronger than that of the general precipitation, and the anomalous distribution features of the extreme precipitation are basically consistent with the total precipitation anomalies. However, when the strongest ENSO events occur, the abnormal magnitude variation of the extreme precipitation and total precipitation in eastern China are greater than that of the general ENSO events.

On the basis of the microscopic survey data from sampling farmers in Hubei province, this paper examined the farmers’ willingness on agricultural insurance to natural disasters, using the descriptive statistics and probit model. The results show that the occurrence frequency and loss degree of flood and drought stimulate farmers to insure. As for disease and insect infestation, the effect of occurrence frequency is obvious while the loss degree is not obvious. Compared with the frequency of natural disasters, the loss degree has more influence on the farmers’ willingness to insure. There is a clear deviation between farmers’ insurance will and actual behavior, there is a excessive phenomenon in the areas with good natural conditions and a lack in the areas with serious natural disasters. Policy suggestions: the areas with good natural conditions should reduce insurance investment. Agricultural insurance should be tilted to the areas with serious natural disasters. We can solve the problem of serious natural disasters in the form of disaster relief.