Abstract: Research on the change trend and sustainability of farmland productivity is of great significance for the assessment of the requisition-compensation balance and the sustainable use of farmland resources. In the past 20 years, afforestation projects and urbanization have had important impacts on the distribution and productivity of farmland in the Han River Basin. Based on time series land cover and MOD17A3 NPP datasets derived from the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, this study investigated the spatial and temporal change trends, stability, and sustainability of net primary productivity (NPP) of farmland in the Han River basin from 2001 to 2019 using trend analysis, coefficient of variation, Hurst index, and GIS spatial analysis. The state of requisition-compensation balance for farmland productivity and their regional differences in the Han River Basin were discussed as well. Firstly, the farmland NPP generally showed a fluctuating upward trend in the Han River Basin from 2001 to 2019, and the growth trend from 2001 to 2010 was significantly faster than that from 2011 to 2019. Secondly, the farmland NPP in the Han River Basin showed a distribution pattern of high in the west and low in the east. 79% of the farmland had NPP values between 400 and 600 g C·m^-2·a^-1, which was concentrated in the valley basins of middle and upper reaches. Moreover, 53.20% of the farmland presented a significant increase in NPP and was mostly distributed in the valley basins of upper-middle reaches and the Nanyang Basin, while only 1.06% of the farmland got a significant decrease in NPP. Thirdly, farmland areas having a stable change in NPP were mainly concentrated in the upper valley basins and the lower reaches such as Jingmen and Yingcheng, while unstable areas were mostly located in Yunyang, Xiangyang and the urban expansion areas of the downstream urban expansion areas of Hanchuan, Tianmen and Wuhan. Furthermore, farmland NPP in the Han River Basin will be in a continuous increasing trend in the future. Besides, 0.56% of the farmland in the Han River Basin was transferred in and 4.70% was transferred out from 2001 to 2019, with significantly less farmland transferred in than transferred out. Farmland productivity in the Han River Basin and its third-level sub-basins all showed a more significant negative balance of requisition and compensation, and was most prominent in the Tangbai River Watershed.